Preface |
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xxi | |
Website Materials |
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xxiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
Author |
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xxvii | |
Section I Systems Engineering Concepts, Issues, and Methods in Product Design |
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Products, Processes, and Product Development |
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3 | (20) |
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Introduction and Objectives |
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3 | (1) |
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Understanding Products, Customers, Processes, and Systems |
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4 | (7) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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Designing a Complex Product |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Systems, Subsystems, and Components |
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10 | (1) |
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Systems Work with Other Systems |
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10 | (1) |
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Product Families and Component Sharing |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (6) |
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Processes in Product Development |
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12 | (1) |
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Flow Diagram of Product Development |
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13 | (2) |
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Managing the Complex Product |
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15 | (2) |
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Life Cycle Stages of a Product |
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17 | (4) |
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Program Phases, Reviews, and Milestones |
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17 | (4) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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Chapter 2 Systems Engineering and Other Disciplines in Product Design |
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23 | (26) |
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23 | (1) |
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Systems Engineering Fundamentals |
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23 | (4) |
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What Is Systems Engineering? |
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23 | (3) |
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Managing a Complex Product |
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26 | (1) |
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Systems Engineering Processes in Product Development |
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27 | (8) |
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Systems Engineering Process |
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27 | (1) |
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Five Loops in the Systems Engineering Process |
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28 | (2) |
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Major Tasks in the Systems Engineering Process |
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30 | (3) |
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30 | (1) |
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Functional Analysis and Allocation |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Verification versus Validation |
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33 | (1) |
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Subsystems and Components Development |
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33 | (1) |
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Example of Cascading a Requirement from the Product Level to a Component Level |
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34 | (1) |
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Iterative Nature of the Loops within the Systems Engineering Process |
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35 | (1) |
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Incremental and Iterative Development Approach |
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35 | (1) |
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Systems Engineering "V" Model |
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35 | (5) |
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NASA Description of the Systems Engineering Process |
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40 | (2) |
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Managing the Systems Engineering Process |
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42 | (1) |
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Relationship between Systems Engineering and Program Management |
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42 | (1) |
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Role of Systems Engineers |
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43 | (2) |
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Integrating Engineering Specialties into the Systems Engineering Process |
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44 | (1) |
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Role of Computer-Assisted Technologies in Product Design |
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45 | (1) |
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Importance of Systems Engineering |
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45 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of the Systems Engineering Process |
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46 | (1) |
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Some Challenges in Complex Product Development |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Decision Making and Risks in Product Programs |
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49 | (24) |
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49 | (1) |
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Problem-Solving Approaches |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (4) |
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Alternatives, Outcomes, Payoffs, and Risks |
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51 | (1) |
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Maximum Expected Value Principle |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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Techniques Used in Decision Making |
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55 | (6) |
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Analytical Hierarchical Method |
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56 | (3) |
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Weighted Total Score for Concept Selection |
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59 | (2) |
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Informational Needs in Decision Making |
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61 | (1) |
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Decision Making in Product Design |
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61 | (3) |
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Key Decisions in Product Life Cycle |
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61 | (1) |
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Trade-Offs during Design Stages |
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62 | (2) |
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Risks in Product Development and Product Uses |
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64 | (3) |
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Definition of Risk and Types of Risks in Product Development |
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64 | (2) |
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Types of Risks during Product Uses |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (3) |
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67 | (1) |
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Risk Priority Number and Nomographs |
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68 | (1) |
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Problems in Risk Measurements |
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69 | (1) |
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Importance of Early Decisions during Product Development |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Product Attributes, Requirements, and Allocation of Functions |
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73 | (24) |
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73 | (1) |
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Attributes and Requirements |
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73 | (4) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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Why "Specify" Requirements? |
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75 | (1) |
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How Are Requirements Developed? |
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75 | (1) |
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Characteristics of a Good Requirement |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Environmental Requirements |
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78 | (1) |
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Human Factors Requirements |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Designed-to-Conform versus Manufactured-to-Conform Requirements |
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79 | (1) |
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Where Are Requirements Stored? |
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79 | (1) |
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Requirements Allocation and Analysis |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (4) |
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Cascading Attribute Requirements to Lower Levels |
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81 | (2) |
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Dividing the Product into Manageable Levels |
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83 | (1) |
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Relating Attribute Structure to Systems |
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84 | (1) |
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An Example: Attributes, System Decomposition, and Requirements on Vehicle Exterior Lighting System |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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Relationship between System Components and Requirements |
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86 | (2) |
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Requirements of Exterior Lighting System |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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An Example: Attributes, Requirements, and Trade-Offs in Suspension Systems of a Sports Car |
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88 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Requirements |
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90 | (1) |
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Role of Standards in Setting Requirements |
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91 | (4) |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of Standards |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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Standards Development Process |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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Chapter 5 Understanding and Managing Interfaces |
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97 | (22) |
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97 | (1) |
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Interface Definition, Types, and Requirements |
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97 | (4) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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Interface Matrix and N-Squared Diagram |
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102 | (2) |
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Examples of Interface Diagrams and Interface Matrices |
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104 | (7) |
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Laptop Computer Interfaces |
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104 | (1) |
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Automotive Fuel System Interfaces |
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105 | (6) |
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Illustration of Use of Information Contained in Interface Matrix |
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111 | (1) |
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Clustering and Sequencing of Matrix Data |
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112 | (1) |
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Teamwork in Interface Management |
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113 | (3) |
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Establishment of Interface Control |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Product Evaluation, Verification, and Validation |
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119 | (24) |
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Objectives and Introduction |
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119 | (1) |
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Why Evaluate, Verify, and Validate? |
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119 | (1) |
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Testing, Verification, and Validation |
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119 | (1) |
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Distinctions between Product Verification and Product Validation |
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120 | (1) |
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Overview on Evaluation Issues |
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120 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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Evaluation Methods: An Overview |
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123 | (2) |
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Methods of Data Collection and Analysis |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Objective Measures and Data Analysis Methods |
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126 | (1) |
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Subjective Methods and Data Analysis |
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127 | (7) |
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127 | (2) |
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Analysis of 10-Point Ratings Data |
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129 | (5) |
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Paired Comparison-Based Methods |
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134 | (1) |
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Evaluations During Product Development |
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134 | (7) |
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Verification Plan and Tests |
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136 | (1) |
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Validation Plan and Tests |
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136 | (5) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Program Planning and Management |
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143 | (16) |
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143 | (1) |
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Program Versus Project Management |
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143 | (3) |
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Program Management Functions |
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144 | (1) |
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Development of Detailed Project Plans |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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Steps in Project Planning |
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146 | (1) |
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Tools Used in Project Planning |
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146 | (4) |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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Program (or Project) Evaluation and Review Technique |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Project Management Software |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Systems Engineering Management Plan |
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150 | (5) |
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150 | (4) |
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Checklist for Critical Information |
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154 | (1) |
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Role of Systems Engineers |
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154 | (1) |
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Value of Systems Engineering Management Plan |
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154 | (1) |
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Complexity in Program Management |
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155 | (2) |
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Timings: Project Management |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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Challenges in Project Management |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Cost Considerations and Models |
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159 | (18) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (7) |
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Nonrecurring and Recurring Costs |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Revenues Buildup over Time as the Product Is Sold |
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160 | (1) |
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Make versus Buy Decisions |
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161 | (2) |
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Fixed versus Variable Costs |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Product Termination Costs |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (5) |
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An Example: Automotive Product Program Cash Flow |
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167 | (1) |
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Effect of Interest and/or Inflation |
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168 | (4) |
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Product Pricing Approaches |
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172 | (2) |
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Traditional Costs-Plus Approach |
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172 | (1) |
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Market Price-Minus Profit Approach |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (3) |
Section II Quality, Human Factors, and Safety Engineering Approaches |
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Chapter 9 Quality Management and Six-Sigma Initiatives |
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177 | (12) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Key Concepts in Quality Management |
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178 | (1) |
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Quality Gurus and Their Findings |
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178 | (1) |
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Product Quality Measurements |
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179 | (3) |
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Customer Satisfaction and Kano Model of Quality |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (3) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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Malcolm Baldridge Award Criteria |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Overview of Tools Used in Quality Management |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 Human Factors Engineering in Product Design |
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189 | (20) |
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189 | (1) |
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Human Factors Engineering |
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190 | (4) |
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190 | (1) |
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Human Factors Engineering Approach |
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191 | (2) |
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Human Factors Research Studies |
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193 | (1) |
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Human Factors Engineer's Responsibilities in Designing Complex Products |
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194 | (1) |
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Importance of Human Factors Engineering |
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195 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Ergonomically Designed Products |
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195 | (1) |
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Why Apply Human Factors Engineering? |
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195 | (1) |
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Human Factors Engineering Is Not Commonsense |
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196 | (1) |
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Brief Overview of Human Characteristics and Capabilities |
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196 | (2) |
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196 | (1) |
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Information Processing Capabilities |
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197 | (1) |
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Other Factors Affecting Human Capabilities |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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User Performance Measurements |
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201 | (3) |
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Types and Categories of User Performance Measures |
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202 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Effective Performance Measures |
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202 | (2) |
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Human Factors Methods: An Overview |
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204 | (1) |
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Considerations in the Applications of Human Factors Guidelines |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (3) |
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208 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Safety Engineering in Product Design |
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209 | (22) |
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209 | (1) |
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Background: Safety Engineering |
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209 | (5) |
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Definition of Safety Engineering |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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Importance and Need of Safety Engineering |
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211 | (1) |
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3Es of Safety Engineering and Countermeasures |
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212 | (1) |
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Methods Used in Safety Engineering |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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Definition of an Accident |
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214 | (1) |
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Accident Causation Theories |
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215 | (3) |
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Safety Performance Measures |
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218 | (3) |
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Why Measure Safety Performance? |
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218 | (1) |
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Currently Used Accident Measures |
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218 | (1) |
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Accident-Based Incident Rates |
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219 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Current Accident-Based Measures |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Safety Analysis Methodologies |
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221 | (2) |
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Two Possibilities: Accident versus Hazard |
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221 | (1) |
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Accident Analysis Methods |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Product Safety and Liability |
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223 | (2) |
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Terms and Principles Used in Product Litigations |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Security Considerations in Product Design |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (4) |
Section III Tools Used in Product Development, Quality, Human Factors, and Safety Engineering |
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Chapter 12 Methods and Tool Box |
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231 | (10) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (4) |
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Classification of Methods |
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235 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Data Presentation Methods |
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237 | (1) |
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Methods in Product Development, Quality, Human Factors, Safety, and Program Management |
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237 | (1) |
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Integration of Tools in Applications |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Product Development Tools |
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241 | (38) |
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241 | (1) |
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Benchmarking and Breakthrough |
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241 | (13) |
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242 | (12) |
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254 | (1) |
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Differences between Benchmarking and Breakthrough |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (3) |
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An Example of Pugh Diagram Application |
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255 | (2) |
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Quality Function Deployment |
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257 | (9) |
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An Example of the Quality Function Deployment Chart |
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263 | (1) |
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Cascading Quality Function Deployments |
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264 | (1) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Quality Function Deployment |
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264 | (2) |
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Failure Modes and Effects Analysis |
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266 | (3) |
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An Example of a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis |
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269 | (1) |
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Failure Modes and Effects and Criticality Analysis |
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269 | (1) |
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Other Product Development Tools |
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269 | (7) |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (2) |
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Computer-Aided Design Tools |
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275 | (1) |
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Prototyping and Simulation |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Technology Assessment Tools |
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276 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Traditional and New Quality Tools |
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279 | (36) |
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279 | (1) |
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Traditional Quality Tools |
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279 | (17) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Example: Pareto Chart of Customer Complaints |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (3) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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Example: C-E Diagram for Misaimed Headlamps |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Example: Checklist for Door Trim Defects |
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285 | (1) |
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Example: Check Sheet for Defects in Painted Car Body |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Example: Histogram of Resistance of an Electrical Component |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Example: Scatterplot of Sitting Height versus Standing Height of 30 Human Operators |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Example: Stratification of Anthropometric Data by Gender |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Some Examples of Control Charts |
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291 | (5) |
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291 | (3) |
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Attributes Control Charts |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (11) |
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296 | (3) |
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296 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Example: Understanding Causation of Headlamp Misaim |
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296 | (3) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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Example: Grouping Causes of Headlamp Misaim |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (4) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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Example: Alternatives to Reduce Product Development Time |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Example: Relationship between Vehicle Parameters and Vehicle Performance |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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Examples of Matrix Data Analysis |
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305 | (1) |
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Process Decision Program Chart |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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Example: PDPC for Reducing Problems in a Product Development Process |
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305 | (1) |
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Arrow Diagrams (Networks) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (6) |
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Example: Experiment to Select a Display with the Highest Luminance |
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308 | (2) |
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Multivariate Experiment Designs |
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310 | (1) |
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Taguchi's Three-Step Product Design Approach |
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311 | (1) |
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Taguchi's Product Robustness and Quadratic Costs |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 Human Factors Engineering Tools |
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315 | (24) |
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315 | (1) |
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Databases on Human Characteristics and Capabilities |
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315 | (1) |
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Anthropometric and Biomechanical Human Models |
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316 | (1) |
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Human Factors Checklists and Scorecards |
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316 | (6) |
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317 | (1) |
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An Example: A Checklist for Evaluation of an Automotive Control |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (4) |
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An Example: Ergonomic Scorecard for Automotive Interior Evaluation |
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317 | (4) |
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321 | (5) |
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An Example: Task Analysis for Opening a Liftgate and Removing a Jack of a Sports Utility Vehicle |
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322 | (1) |
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Human Performance Evaluation Models |
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322 | (4) |
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Laboratory, Simulator, and Field Studies |
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326 | (1) |
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Human Performance Measurement Methods |
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326 | (8) |
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Range of Human Performance Measures |
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327 | (1) |
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Types and Categories of Human Performance Measures |
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328 | (1) |
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Examples of Behavioral Human Performance Measures Used in the Literature |
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328 | (1) |
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Methods to Measure Human Operator Workload |
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329 | (10) |
|
Operator Performance Measurements |
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329 | (1) |
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Physiological Measurements |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (3) |
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Secondary Task Performance Measurement |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (4) |
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Chapter 16 Safety Engineering Tools |
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339 | (30) |
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339 | (1) |
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Hazard Identification and Risk Reduction Tools |
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339 | (3) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Checklists to Uncover Hazards |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
|
Systems Safety Analysis Tools |
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342 | (9) |
|
Failure Modes and Effects Analysis |
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342 | (2) |
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344 | (7) |
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344 | (1) |
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344 | (7) |
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Accident Data Analysis Tools |
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351 | (2) |
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Purpose of Accident Data Collection |
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351 | (1) |
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Flow of Accident Data Collection |
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351 | (1) |
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Accident Data Reporting Thresholds |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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Accident Data Sources and Users |
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352 | (1) |
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Safety Performance Monitoring, Evaluation, and Control |
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353 | (4) |
|
Interview and Observational Techniques for Nonaccident Measurement of Safety Performance |
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353 | (1) |
|
Critical Incident Technique |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
|
Before versus After Studies |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (8) |
|
Definitions of Reliability and Maintainability |
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357 | (1) |
|
Reliability of a Series System |
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357 | (1) |
|
Reliability of a Parallel System |
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358 | (2) |
|
Reliability of Hybrid Systems |
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|
360 | (2) |
|
Designing for Reliability |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Approaches for Reliability Improvements |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
A Reliability Engineer's Tasks |
|
|
364 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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|
365 | (4) |
Section IV Applications, Case Studies, and Integration |
|
|
Chapter 17 Applications of Systems Engineering Tools: A Case Study on an Automotive Powertrain System |
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|
369 | (16) |
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|
369 | (1) |
|
Automotive Powertrain Project |
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|
369 | (15) |
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|
369 | (1) |
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|
369 | (1) |
|
System, Subsystems, and Sub-Subsystems |
|
|
370 | (1) |
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|
370 | (1) |
|
Transmission Sub-Subsystems |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
Drivetrain Sub-Subsystems |
|
|
371 | (1) |
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|
371 | (1) |
|
Decomposition Tree for the Powertrain System |
|
|
371 | (2) |
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|
373 | (1) |
|
Requirements of the Powertrain System |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
Attributes of the Powertrain System |
|
|
373 | (4) |
|
Cascading Vehicle Attribute Requirements to Powertrain Requirements |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Trade-Offs in Powertrain Development |
|
|
377 | (7) |
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|
384 | (1) |
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|
384 | (1) |
|
Chapter 18 Case Studies and Integration |
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|
385 | (36) |
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|
385 | (1) |
|
Case Study 1 Motorcycle Systems |
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385 | (3) |
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|
385 | (1) |
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|
385 | (1) |
|
Motorcycle Attributes to Systems Relationships |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
Case Study 2 Benchmarking and Evaluation of Steering Wheels |
|
|
388 | (4) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
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|
388 | (2) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Evaluation in a Driving Simulator |
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
Case Study 3 Pugh Analysis of an Automotive Concept |
|
|
392 | (3) |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Problem: New Product Concept |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Case Study 4 Cyclone Grinder Development |
|
|
395 | (7) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Customer Requirements for the Grinder |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Functional Requirements for the Grinder |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Systems and Components of Grinder |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Grinder Development Project Schedule |
|
|
397 | (3) |
|
Key Concepts for Successful Cyclone Grinder Design |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Case Study 5 Smart Car Design and Production |
|
|
402 | (5) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Smart Car's Customer Needs |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Benchmarking the Smart Car |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Key Product Design Development Issues |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Key Business and Supply Chain Issues |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
Case Study 6 Problems during Boeing 777 Development |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Project Description and Uncovered Problems |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Case Study 7 Boeing 787 Dreamliner Design and Production |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Project and Product Description |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Case Study 8 Flexible Assembly Line for Laptop Computers |
|
|
411 | (3) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Assembly-Line Configuration |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
Case Study 9 Specifications for an Electric Car |
|
|
414 | (4) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Application of the Matrix Data Analysis |
|
|
415 | (3) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (3) |
|
Chapter 19 Challenges and Future Issues in Systems Engineering |
|
|
421 | (10) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Challenges in Systems Engineering |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Need for Tools in Complex Product Development |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Tools to Manage Multifunctional and Multiple Requirements |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
Coordination of Global Design Teams |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Engineering Integration |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Ergonomic Needs in Designing Products |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Future Technological Challenges |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Bright Future for Systems Engineers |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of a Good Systems Engineer |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Teaching Systems Engineering |
|
|
426 | (4) |
|
Objectives of the Projects |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Brief Descriptions of the Projects |
|
|
428 | (2) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
Appendix 1: Product Development Case Studies |
|
431 | (2) |
Appendix 2: Benchmarking, Quality Function Deployment, and Design Specifications |
|
433 | (2) |
Appendix 3: Vehicle Systems Analyses: Requirements, Interfaces, Trade-Offs, and Verification |
|
435 | (2) |
Appendix 4: Business Plan and Systems Engineering Management Plan for the Proposed Vehicle |
|
437 | (2) |
Appendix 5: Conceptual Design of the Proposed Vehicle |
|
439 | (2) |
Appendix 6: Vehicle Assembly Process Plan |
|
441 | (2) |
Appendix 7: Term Project: Final Report |
|
443 | (2) |
Appendix 8: Calculations of Centerline and Control Limits |
|
445 | (6) |
Index |
|
451 | |