Preface |
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Contributors |
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I Oxidative Stress and Diabetes |
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1 Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Neuropathy |
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Introduction and Epidemiology |
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3 | (1) |
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Natural History and Prognosis |
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4 | (1) |
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Hyperglycemia as a Crucial Cause of Diabetic Neuropathy |
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5 | (2) |
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Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Neuropathy |
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7 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Treatment in Diabetic Neuropathy |
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8 | (2) |
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Therapeutic Potential of a New Antioxidant Protein Delivery in Diabetic Neuropathy |
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10 | (1) |
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From Experimental Evidence of Neuropathy in Animals to the Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy in Man |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (4) |
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2 Cerebral Ischemia in Diabetics and Oxidative Stress |
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Introduction -- Diabetes and Cerebral Ischemia |
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15 | (1) |
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Pathophysiological Roles of Free Radicals |
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15 | (1) |
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Diabetes and Free Radicals |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Free Radical Production during Ischemia/Reperfusion |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Mitochondrial Production of Free Radicals |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Free Radicals and Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Cell Death Pathways |
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19 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cerebral Ischemia |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (4) |
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3 Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Oxidative Stress |
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25 | (8) |
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Vengadeshprabhu Karuppagounder |
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Rajarajan A. Thandavarayan |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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ROS and RNS in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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The Modulation of Cell Signaling Pathways |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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4 Diabetic Retinopathy and Oxidative Stress |
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Jose Javier Garcia-Medina |
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Monica Del-Rio-Vellosillo |
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Maria Dolores Pinazo-Duran |
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33 | (2) |
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Oxidative Stress Mechanisms |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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5 Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Diabetes |
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41 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress: ROS and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) |
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41 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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Diabetes, Inflammation and Oxidative Stress |
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44 | (1) |
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ROS Production and Diabetic Complications |
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44 | (1) |
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Antioxidants and Diabetes |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Antioxidants, Mitochondria and Diabetes |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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6 Iron, Oxidative Stress and Diabetes |
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51 | (1) |
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Distribution of Iron in the Body |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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55 | (1) |
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Iron and Oxidative Stress |
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55 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress in Diabetes |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (1) |
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The Role of Iron in Diabetes without Overt Iron Overload |
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60 | (1) |
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The Role of Iron in Complications of Diabetes |
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61 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | |
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II Antioxidants and Diabetes |
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7 α-Tocopherol Supplementation, Lipid Profile, and Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetes Mellitus Type |
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2 | (77) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (3) |
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A Possible Mechanism Underlying the Effects of α-Tocopherol in Diabetes Mellitus |
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70 | (1) |
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α-Tocopherol Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |
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71 | (4) |
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Is Vitamin E Supplementation Recommended for Diabetic Complications? |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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8 Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on Antioxidant Enzymes in Diabetic Patients |
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79 | (2) |
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Combinations Containing S. Miltiorrhiza |
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81 | (4) |
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Active Components in S. miltiorrhiza |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (2) |
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9 Antioxidant Spices and Herbs Used in Diabetes |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (4) |
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10 Resveratrol and Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus |
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99 | (1) |
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The Role of Resveratrol in the Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus |
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100 | (2) |
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The Role of Resveratrol in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus |
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102 | (5) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (4) |
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11 Vitamin D, Oxidative Stress and Diabetes: Is There a Link? |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting Vitamin D Status |
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114 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Development and Complications |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Vitamin D as an Antioxidant |
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115 | (2) |
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Antioxidant Effect of Vitamin D in Diabetes: Direct vs. Indirect Effect |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (2) |
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12 Glutamine and Antioxidant Potential in Diabetes |
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Introduction to Glutamine |
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121 | (1) |
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Immunomodulatory Effects of GLN |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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GLN and Hyperglycemia-Induced Complications |
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123 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of GLN in Attenuating Oxidative Stress |
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124 | (2) |
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Proposed Molecular Mechanisms Other than Antioxidant Effects |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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13 The Anti-Oxidative Component of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) in the Brain in Diabetes |
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Introduction: Oxidative Stress in Diabetes |
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129 | (1) |
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Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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DHA and Oxidative Stress in the Brain |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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14 Diabetic Nephropathy and Tocotrienol |
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135 | (1) |
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Biological Markers Involved in the Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Experimental Study Stating the Use of Tocotrienol in Diabetic Nephropathy |
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136 | (1) |
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Tocotrienol and Diabetic Nephropathy: Possible Mechanism of Action |
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137 | (1) |
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Effect on Glycemic Index and Renal Physiology |
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137 | (2) |
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Prevention of Renal Oxidative Stress |
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139 | (1) |
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Inhibitory Effect on Proinflammatory and Profibrotic Cytokines |
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139 | (1) |
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Effect on NF-κB Signaling and Renal Apoptosis |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (4) |
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15 Polyphenols, Oxidative Stress, and Vascular Damage in Diabetes |
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145 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress, Nitric Oxide, and Endothelial Dysfunction |
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146 | (2) |
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Polyphenols and Antioxidant Mechanisms in Diabetes |
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148 | (3) |
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Polyphenols and Vascular Regeneration in Diabetes |
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151 | (3) |
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Conclusions and the Road Ahead |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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16 Vitamin E and Vascular Protection in Diabetes |
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Hagit Goldenstein John Ward |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Haptoglobin Gene and Protein Structure |
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157 | (1) |
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Geographical Distribution |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Different Hp Types Differ in Their Ability to Inhibit Hb Redox Activities |
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159 | (1) |
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Hp and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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Epidemiological Studies of Vitamin E Supplementation for Hp 2--2 Diabetic Individuals |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Acknowledgments and Disclosure |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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17 The Use of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Cardiovascular Protection in Patients with Diabetes |
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165 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Ginkgo biloba Extract |
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166 | (1) |
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Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract on Glucose Metabolism |
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166 | (1) |
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Protective Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extracts on Cardiovascular Health |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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18 The Protective Role of Taurine in Cardiac Oxidative Stress under Diabetic Conditions |
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173 | (1) |
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Diabetes-Induced Oxidative Stress |
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174 | (1) |
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The Role of Mitochondria in ROS Production |
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174 | (1) |
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Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE) Mediated ROS Production |
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174 | (1) |
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The Role of NADPH Oxidase in ROS Production |
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174 | (1) |
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The Role of CaMKII in ROS Production |
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175 | (1) |
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The Role of Fatty Acids in ROS Production |
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175 | (1) |
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The Role of the Polyol Pathway in ROS Production |
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175 | (1) |
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The Role of Nrf2 in ROS Production |
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175 | (1) |
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The Role of Xanthine Oxidase in ROS Production |
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175 | (1) |
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The Role of Increased Hexosamine Flux in ROS Production |
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175 | (1) |
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The Role of PKC Activation in ROS Production |
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176 | (1) |
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The Role of Angiotensin II Activation in ROS Production |
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176 | (1) |
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Endogenous Antioxidant Mechanisms |
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176 | (1) |
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The Beneficial Role of Taurine |
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176 | (1) |
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Mechanisms of the Anti-Hyperglycemic Action of Taurine |
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177 | (1) |
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The Antioxidant Mechanism of Taurine against Cardiac Oxidative Stress under Diabetic Conditions |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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19 Statins, Diabetic Oxidative Stress and Vascular Tissue |
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183 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Diabetes |
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183 | (1) |
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Statins: Discovery and Mechanisms |
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184 | (1) |
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Impact of Statins on Oxidative Stress |
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184 | (2) |
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Diabetic Macrovascular Disease: Clinical Evidence |
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186 | (1) |
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Diabetic Microvascular Disease: Clinical Evidence |
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187 | (1) |
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Summary and Future Directions |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (3) |
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20 Resveratrol and Cerebral Arterioles during Type 1 Diabetes |
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191 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Impaired Cerebrovascular Function in T1D |
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192 | (1) |
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Influence of Resveratrol on Vascular Function |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (3) |
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21 Herbal Chrysanthemi Flos, Oxidative Damage and Protection against Diabetic Complications |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Effects of CF on Diabetes and its Complications |
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203 | (4) |
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Effect of CF on Other Biological Activities |
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207 | (1) |
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Chemical Constituents of CF and Their Activities |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (3) |
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22 Antioxidant Supplements and Diabetic Retinopathy |
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Jose Javier Garcia-Medina |
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Monica Del-Rio-Vellosillo |
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Maria Dolores Pinazo-Duran |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (5) |
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Final Comments and Future Directions |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (3) |
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23 Lutein and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Retinal Neurodegeneration in Diabetes |
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223 | (1) |
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General Information about Lutein |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (1) |
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Retinal Neurodegeneration in Diabetes |
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225 | (1) |
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ROS Accumulation in the Diabetic Retina |
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225 | (1) |
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General Influences of ROS in Pathogenesis |
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226 | (1) |
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Lutein's Suppressive Effects on ROS in the Retina |
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226 | (1) |
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Lutein's Neuroprotective Effects in the Diabetic Retina |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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24 Epidemiologic Evidence on Antioxidant-Related Micronutrients and Diabetic Retinopathy |
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231 | (1) |
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Association Between Antioxidant-Related Micronutrients and Diabetic Retinopathy |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (2) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (2) |
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25 Oxidative Stress and the Lung in Diabetes: The Use of Pomegranate Juice |
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237 | (1) |
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The Lung as a Target Organ in Diabetes |
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238 | (1) |
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Polyphenols as Antioxidants |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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Clinical Evidence Regarding Pomegranate |
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241 | (1) |
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Antidiabetic Properties of Pomegranate |
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241 | (1) |
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The Effect of Pomegranate on Diabetic Lung Injury |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (3) |
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26 Antioxidants, Oxidative Stress and Preeclampsia in Type 1 Diabetes |
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247 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Pregnancies Complicated by T1DM |
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248 | (1) |
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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in PE |
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249 | (1) |
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Antioxidant Supplementation and PE: Findings from Experimental Studies |
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250 | (2) |
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Antioxidant Supplementation and PE: Findings from Clinical Trials |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (3) |
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255 | (2) |
Index |
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257 | |