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Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury [Kõva köide]

Edited by (Consultant, Medical Protocol Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), Edited by (Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kings College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Profes), Edited by
  • Formaat: Hardback, 592 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 1810 g, Approx. 125 illustrations (125 in full color); Illustrations, Contains 1 Hardback and 1 Digital (delivered electronically)
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128233478
  • ISBN-13: 9780128233474
Teised raamatud teemal:
Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain InjurySuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 592 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 1810 g, Approx. 125 illustrations (125 in full color); Illustrations, Contains 1 Hardback and 1 Digital (delivered electronically)
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Sep-2022
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128233478
  • ISBN-13: 9780128233474
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780128233474.html
Märksõnad:

Diagnosis and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury will improve readers’ understanding of the complexities of diagnosis and management of traumatic brain injuries. Featuring chapters on drug delivery, different treatments, and rehabilitation, this volume discusses in detail the impact early diagnosis and effective management has on the long-term prognosis of these injuries and the lives of those affected. This book will be relevant for neuroscientists, neurologists, clinicians, and anyone working to better understand these injuries.

  • Covers both the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic brain cord injury
  • Contains chapter abstracts, key facts, dictionary, and summary points to aid in understanding
  • Features chapters on epidemiology and pain
  • Includes MRI usage, biomarkers, and stem cell and gene therapy for management of spinal cord injury
  • Discusses pain reduction, drug delivery, and rehabilitation
Contributors xix
Preface xxv
Section A Setting the scene and introductory chapters
1 Traumatic brain injury and in-hospital mortality- CT perfusion and beyond
Sudharsana RaoAnde
Jai Jai Shiva Shankar
Introduction
3(1)
Neuroimaging for TBI
4(4)
Plain head computed tomography (CT)
5(1)
CT angiography (CTA)
6(1)
CT perfusion
7(1)
Magnetic resonance perfusion (MR perfusion)
7(1)
Diffusion tensor imaging
8(1)
CT perfusion and in-hospital mortality
8(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
10(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
11(1)
Key facts of TBI
11(1)
Summary points
11(1)
References
12(3)
2 Predictors of outcome in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury
Rosalia Zangari
Paolo Gritti
Francesco Biroli
Introduction
15(1)
Predictors and outcome measures
16(5)
Acute predictors
16(4)
Sub-acute predictors
20(1)
ICU neuromonitoring
20(1)
Biomarkers
20(1)
Pediatric TBI
21(1)
Prognostic models
21(1)
Epidemiological considerations: the importance of outcome prediction considering between-country differences
21(1)
Approaches to predictive models in TBI: Discordance between clinical research and clinical management of TBI
22(1)
Recommendation for developing a predictive model in TBI
22(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
22(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
23(1)
Key facts of potential strategies in TBI outcome research
23(1)
Summary points
24(1)
References
24(3)
3 Thirty years post-injury: Impact of traumatic brain injury on later Alzheimer's disease
Hiraoka Takashi
Hanayama Kozo
Introduction
27(1)
Understanding traumatic brain injury as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease
28(1)
Similarities in the long-term prognosis of mild repetitive and severe isolated traumatic brain injury
28(1)
Post-traumatic brain injury Alzheimer's disease
29(1)
Amyloid-p pathology in traumatic brain injury
30(1)
Tubulin-associated unit pathology in traumatic brain injury
31(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
31(3)
Mini-dictionary of terms
34(1)
Key facts of post-traumatic brain injury delayed-onset cognitive and psychiatric disorders
35(1)
Summary points
35(1)
Acknowledgments
36(1)
References
36(4)
4 Drug interventions and stem cells in traumatic brain injury: Translation from experimental model to bedside
Maha Tabet
Mohammad Amine Reslan
Muhammad Ali Haidar
Hawraa Issa
Maya El Dor
Reem Abedi
Leila Nasrallah
Ali Eid
Kazem Zibara
Firas H. Kobeissy
Introduction
40(1)
The pathophysiology of TBI
40(1)
Possible treatments for TBI: Drug interventions
40(5)
Introduction to stem cells and their therapeutic potential
45(1)
Pre-clinical studies utilizing stem cells for the treatment of TBI
45(2)
Clinical studies utilizing stem cells
47(1)
Limitations of stem cells use
47(4)
Application to other fields of neuroscience
51(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
51(1)
Key facts of stem cells
51(1)
Summary points
51(1)
References
52(6)
5 Management of traumatic brain injury from the aspect of emergency department and case studies
Bedriye Miige Sonmez
Introduction
58(1)
Emergency department considerations
58(1)
Management of mild brain injury (CCS score 13-15)
59(1)
Management of moderate TBI
59(1)
Management of sTBI
60(1)
Airway
60(1)
Rapid sequence intubation
60(1)
Breathing
61(1)
Circulation
62(1)
Disability
62(1)
Medical treatment of brain injury
62(1)
Intravenous fluids
62(1)
Correction of anticoagulation
63(1)
Tranexamic acid
63(1)
Transfusion in TBI
64(1)
Management of elevated ICP
64(1)
Body positioning
64(1)
Hyperosmolar agents
64(1)
Hyperventilation
64(1)
Temperature management
64(1)
Sedation and analgesia
65(1)
Seizure management
65(1)
Corticosteroids
65(1)
Calcium channel blockers
65(1)
Conclusions and future directions
66(1)
Case 1
66(1)
Case 2
66(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
67(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
67(1)
Key facts of advanced trauma life support
67(1)
Summary points
68(1)
References
68(3)
6 Neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: An overview
Dolores Villalobos
Umberto Bivona
Maria Paola Ciurli
Introduction
71(3)
The role of brain injury severity and structural pathophysiologic changes
72(1)
The role of post-injury variables
73(1)
The role of pre-morbid variables
73(1)
The role of environmental variables
74(1)
Methodological issues related to the neuropsychiatric assessment
74(1)
Classification of the main neuropsychiatric disorders
75(3)
Agitation
75(1)
Aggression
76(1)
Irritability
76(1)
Disinhibition
76(1)
Substance abuse disorders
76(1)
Depression and apathy
76(1)
Anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
76(1)
Psychosis, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive symptoms
77(1)
Sleep disturbances
77(1)
A brief consideration of possible interventions
78(1)
Conclusion
78(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
78(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
79(1)
Key facts of neuropsychiatric disorders after severe traumatic brain injury: An overview
80(1)
Summary points
80(1)
References
80(8)
Section B Clinical features of traumatic brain injury
7 Cerebral hemorrhages in traumatic brain injury
Andrei Irimia
Kenneth A. Rostowsky
E. Meng Law
Helena C. Chui
Introduction
88(1)
The BBB and NVC after TBI
88(1)
NVC, TBI, and aging
88(1)
Vascular pathophysiology after TBI
89(1)
TBI hemorrhage identification and localization
89(2)
Differential etiology of TBI-related hemorrhages
91(1)
(Epi)genetic risk for hemorrhage after experimental TBI
92(1)
Novel approaches for TBI CMB neuroimaging CMBs
92(2)
TBI hemorrhages and AD
94(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
95(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
96(1)
Key facts of cerebral hemorrhages after traumatic brain injury
96(1)
Summary points
97(1)
Acknowledgments
97(1)
References
97(4)
8 Linking fibrinogen, coagulopathy prophylaxis, and traumatic brain injury
Ryuta Nakae
Shoji Yokobori
Introduction
101(1)
Fibrinogen
102(1)
TBI-induced coagulation/fibrinolysis cascade
102(1)
Time course of fibrinogen concentration in the acute phase of TBI
103(2)
Fibrinogen concentration and outcome in TBI
105(1)
Therapeutic target level of fibrinogen
105(1)
Measurements of fibrinogen
105(1)
Correlation between fibrinogen and fibrinolytic parameters
106(1)
Treatment by replenishment of fibrinogen
106(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
106(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
107(1)
Key facts about fibrinogen
107(1)
Summary points
107(1)
References
108(3)
9 Linking traumatic brain injury and nosocomial infections
Marwan Bouras
Karim Asehnoune
Antoine Roquilly
Introduction
111(7)
Post-traumatic immunosuppression
112(2)
Post-traumatic critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency
114(1)
Post-traumatic dysbiosis
114(1)
Glucocorticoids: A therapeutic avenue in the prevention of nosocomial infections after trauma
115(3)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
118(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
118(1)
Key facts of ventilatory-associated pneumonia
118(1)
Summary points
119(1)
References
119(4)
10 Long-term sequelae of mild-repetitive and severe traumatic brain injury: Clinical manifestations, neuropathology and diagnosis by tau PET imaging
Keisuke Takahata
Kenji Tagai
Makoto Higuchi
Masaru Mimura
Introduction
123(1)
Clinical symptoms and neuropathology of chronic states of TBI
124(3)
Crowing need for neuroimaging biomarkers of chronic pathologies of TBI
127(1)
PET imaging of TBI with first-generation tau PET tracers
127(1)
Challenges for quantification of tau load in TBI by tau PET imaging
128(2)
Development of second-generation tau PET tracer
130(1)
PET imaging of TBI with second-generation tau PET tracer
130(2)
Future directions of research
132(1)
Conclusion
132(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
132(1)
Key facts of neurodegenerative diseases following TBI
132(1)
Key facts of tau PET imaging
133(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
133(1)
Summary points
133(1)
Acknowledgments
133(1)
References
133(4)
11 Evaluating the integrity of white matter after traumatic brain injury and the utility of diffusion tensor imaging
Eunkyung Kim
Min-Gu Kang
Byung-Mo Oh
Introduction
137(1)
The vulnerable white matter tracts in TBI
138(1)
Clinical and neurophysiological evaluation of injury to white matter
138(1)
Key facts of clinical and neurophysiological assessment after TBI
139(1)
DTI: A primer
140(1)
DTI and the white matter integrity
140(1)
Key facts of DTI
141(1)
DTI sequences and analysis tools: Strengths and weaknesses
141(1)
Moderate-to-severe TBI: DTI Study
142(1)
DTI in special populations: Mild TBI and blast-induced TBI
142(1)
Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) in patients with TBI
143(1)
Limitation of DTI as a clinical tool
144(2)
Conclusion
146(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
146(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
146(1)
Summary points
147(1)
References
147(4)
12 Cerebral activation of attention and working memory in traumatic brain injury
Athena Stein
Kartik K. Iyer
Karen M. Barlow
Introduction: Executive dysfunction in traumatic brain injury
151(1)
The neural basis of attention and working memory
152(4)
The dual-network model of attention
153(1)
Inhibitory control
153(2)
Working memory
155(1)
Developmental changes in brain networks
156(1)
Maturation of attention networks
156(1)
Maturation of inhibition
157(1)
Maturation of working memory
157(1)
Disruptions following TBI
157(4)
Brain network disruption following TBI
157(1)
Deficits in attention and inhibition following TBI
157(2)
Deficits in working memory following TBI
159(2)
Structural and functional changes following TBI
161(1)
Cortical thickness
161(1)
Cortical-striatal loop
161(1)
Modulating cortical activations in TBI using non-invasive brain stimulation
161(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
163(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
164(1)
Key facts of working memory and attention
165(1)
Summary points
165(1)
References
165(5)
13 Traumatic brain injury: Linking intracranial pressure, arterial pressure, and the pressure reactivity index
Alwyn Gomez
Carleen Batson
Logan Froese
Frederick A. Zeiler
Introduction
170(1)
Cerebral autoregulation
170(1)
Development of the pressure reactivity index (PRx)
170(2)
Association of PRx with outcomes
172(4)
Global outcomes following TBI
172(2)
PRx thresholds
174(1)
PRx and imaging findings
175(1)
PRx and cerebral oxygen metabolism
175(1)
PRx in targeted therapy
176(1)
Limitation of PRx
176(1)
Future of cerebrovascular reactivity
176(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
177(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
177(1)
Key facts of cerebrovascular reactivity in TBI
177(1)
Summary points
178(1)
Acknowledgments
178(1)
References
178(4)
14 Cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds in traumatic brain injury
Alwyn Gomez
Carleen Batson
Logan Froese
Frederick A. Zeiler
Introduction
182(1)
Defining cerebral perfusion pressure
182(1)
Cerebral autoregulation
182(1)
CBF variability in TBI
183(1)
CPP targets in TBI
183(3)
Global CPP targeted therapy
184(1)
Personalized CPP targets
185(1)
ARDS in TBI
186(1)
Future directions
186(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
187(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
187(1)
Key facts of CPP thresholds in TBI
188(1)
Summary points
188(1)
Acknowledgments
188(1)
References
188(3)
15 Brain swelling in traumatic brain injury
Silvia De Rosa
Lucia Cattin
Luca Ricciardi
Alba Scerrati
Introduction
191(1)
Historical background
191(1)
Overview on the blood-brain barrier
192(1)
The pathogenesis of brain edema
192(3)
Cytotoxic edema
194(1)
Vasogenic edema
194(1)
Clinical translation
195(1)
Clinical classification
196(3)
Focal/perifocal traumatic brain swelling
197(1)
Diffuse/global traumatic brain swelling
197(1)
Mild/moderate TBI (GCS<8)
197(2)
Severe TBI (GCS≤8)
199(1)
Conclusion(s)
199(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
200(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
200(1)
Key facts of cerebral edema
200(1)
Summary points
200(1)
Acknowledgments
201(1)
Conflict of interest
201(1)
References
201(5)
16 Post-coma syndrome in the context of severe acquired brain injury: Traumatic brain injury and beyond
Rita Formisano
Marta Aloisi
Marianna Contradar
Definition issues
206(2)
Severe acquired brain injury
206(1)
Disorders of consciousness
206(1)
Coma
206(1)
Vegetative State/Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome
207(1)
Minimally Conscious State (MCS)
207(1)
Functional Locked-in Syndrome
208(1)
Covert cognition
208(1)
Prognostic indicators
208(3)
Clinical predictive factors
208(1)
Evaluation scales
209(1)
Instrumental diagnostic and prognostic indicators
210(1)
Neurophysiology
210(1)
Neuroimaging
211(1)
Sequelae of severe Acquired BRAIN Injury (sABI)
211(1)
Post-traumatic amnesia
211(1)
Intervention -- A multidisciplinary approach
212(2)
Pharmacotherapeutic approach
213(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
214(1)
Neurophysiology and neuroimaging
214(1)
Neuropsychology
214(1)
Neurorehabilitation
215(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
215(1)
Key facts of post-coma syndrome
215(1)
Summary points
215(1)
References
216(7)
Section C Diagnosis and evaluation
17 Features of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 and its applications for traumatic brain injury assessment
Yu-Hao Lee
Shih-Wei Huang
Tsan-Hon Liou
Introduction
223(1)
ICF framework
224(1)
WHODAS 2.0
224(4)
Reliability
228(1)
Validity
228(1)
Current research on the use of the WHODAS 2.0 in TBI care
228(1)
Comparison of disability in spinal cord injury and TBI, as assessed using the WHODAS 2.0
228(1)
Evaluation of post-concussion syndrome in patients with mild TBI
228(1)
Association between history of lifetime TBI and disabling functional restrictions
228(1)
Assessment of chronic TBI with the WHODAS 2.0
228(1)
Psychometric properties of the WHODAS 2.0
229(1)
Prediction of institutionalization among patients with TBI
229(1)
Conclusion
229(1)
Applications to other neuroscience fields
229(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
229(1)
Key facts of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0
230(1)
Summary points
230(1)
References
230(3)
18 Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic injury: The brain and beyond
Dimitrios Metaxas
Georgios Alexiou
Olga Ygropoulou
Dimitrios Rizos
Spyridon Voulgaris
Introduction
233(1)
Biomarkers in traumatic brain injury
234(1)
Biomarkers in pediatric traumatic brain injury
234(1)
Biomarkers and neuroimaging
234(1)
Biomarkers as predictors of severity and prognosis of TBI
235(1)
Biomarkers predicting late sequalae of TBI in children
235(1)
Recognizing abusive trauma
236(1)
Applications to other areas of neurosciences
236(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
236(1)
Key facts of traumatic brain injury
236(1)
Key facts of biomarkers
236(1)
Summary points
237(1)
References
237(3)
19 Brain injury biomarkers: Proteins and autoantibodies interplay
Samar Abdelhady
Hawraa Issa
Ohanes Ashekyan
Muhammad Ali Haidar
Oumaima Outani
Yasmine Samir
Eslam Belal
Zaynab Shakkour
Stefania Mondello
Firas H. Kobeissy
Introduction
240(1)
The immunological cascade of events post-TBI
240(3)
Innate immune response in TBI: A tug of war between pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators
240(1)
Astrocyte-derived immunomodulatory mechanisms post-TBI
241(1)
Adaptive immune response in TBI: The role of T- and B-lymphocytes
241(1)
The glymphatic system disruption: A source of biomarkers in TBI
242(1)
Autoantibodies as biomarkers in TBI: An overview
243(3)
A list of identified autoantibodies post-TBI
243(2)
Evaluation of the prospective power of autoantibodies as prognostic markers in TBI
245(1)
B-lymphocytes as a therapeutic target post-TBI
246(1)
Conclusion
246(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience: The efficacy of CFAP in assessing the diagnostic power of different neuroimaging modalities
247(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
247(1)
Key-facts of TBI biomarkers
248(1)
Key facts of the glymphatic system (GS)
248(1)
Summary points
248(1)
References
248(4)
20 Chitinase-3-like protein 1: Features and applications as a biomarker in traumatic brain injury
C.S. Carabias
A. Lagares
Introduction
252(1)
Preclinical studies of YKL-40 in TBI
253(8)
Pericontusional astrocytic YKL-40 transcription is driven by cytokines released from macrophages infiltrating the necrotic area
253(1)
CHI3L1: Friend or foe following TBI?
253(7)
CHI3L1 is not involved in the ultrastructural characteristics of TBI lesions
260(1)
YKL-40 may play a role in immune cell trafficking into the injured brain
260(1)
CHI3L1 is a potential pathological fingerprint of blast-induced neurotrauma
261(1)
Clinical studies of YKL-40 in TBI
261(11)
Release patterns of CSF YKL-40 are related to the trauma-induced pro-inflammatory response that negatively impacts patient clinical outcomes
261(3)
CSF YKL-40 levels as a reflection of post-concussion syndrome severity
264(1)
YKL-40 concentration as an objective and complementary assessment of impairment of consciousness levels and radiologic lesion burden in head injury patients
264(8)
Future directions
272(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
272(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
272(1)
Key facts of CHI3L1: Features and applications as a biomarker in TBI
273(1)
Summary points
273(1)
References
273(4)
21 Microrna biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: A new narrative
Steven D. Hicks
Introduction
277(1)
Characteristics of the ideal biomarker
277(1)
Unique properties of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
278(1)
Measurement of miRNAs
279(1)
The response of miRNAs to TBI
280(1)
Use of miRNAs for mTBI diagnosis
280(1)
Predicting TBI outcomes with miRNAs
281(1)
Clinical management of mTBI
282(1)
Top miRNA candidates
282(1)
Future directions for miRNA research in TBI
283(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
284(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
285(1)
Key facts of micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs)
285(1)
Summary points
285(1)
Conflicts of interest
286(1)
References
286(3)
22 Pediatric minor head injury imaging
Anastasios Nasios
Spyridon Voulgaris
George Alexiou
Introduction
289(2)
Epidemiology of pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI)
289(1)
Types of injury in the pediatric population
289(1)
Minor pTBI features
290(1)
Imaging
291(5)
Imaging techniques available in pTBI
291(1)
Conventional imaging techniques
292(2)
Advanced imaging techniques
294(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
296(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
296(1)
Key facts of concussions
297(1)
Summary points
297(1)
References
297(4)
23 Transcranial Doppler ultrasound in acute traumatic brain injury
Alexey O. Trofimov
Anatoly Y. Sheludyakov
Andrew Y. Abashkin
Darya I. Agarkova
Michael Dobrzeniecki
Zhanna B. Semenova
Denis E. Bragin
Introduction
301(1)
Physical basis for transcranial Doppler ultrasound
302(1)
Technical features and ultrasound neurovascular anatomy
302(4)
Cerebrovascular disorders in severe traumatic brain injury
306(3)
Hypoperfusion
307(1)
Vasospasm
308(1)
Hyperemia
309(1)
TCD peculiarities in certain clinical forms of traumatic brain injury
309(1)
TCD-patterns at cerebral contusions
309(1)
TCD-patterns at traumatic ICH
310(1)
TCD-patterns after surgical removal of ICH
311(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
311(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
312(1)
Key facts of transcranial Doppler ultrasound
312(1)
Summary points
312(1)
References
312(3)
24 Computed tomography assessment of brain swelling
Matheus Fernandes de Oliveira
Anselmo Alves Boa Sorte Jr.
Gustavo Fernandes Leobas
Introduction
315(1)
Parameters to evaluate brain swelling in computed tomography
316(3)
Marshall scale
319(1)
Rotterdam scale
320(1)
Criteria to guide practical management
321(1)
Special conditions
322(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
323(1)
Key facts of brain swelling and computed tomography
323(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
323(1)
Summary points
323(1)
References
324(3)
25 Machine learning and prediction of traumatic brain injury mortality
Joao Gustavo Rocha Peixoto dos Santos
Wellingson Silva Paivar
Introduction
327(1)
TBI mortality
328(1)
Predicting TBI mortality
328(1)
Predictors of outcome
328(2)
Admission characteristics
329(1)
Clinical course
329(1)
Outcomes
330(1)
Prognostic models
330(4)
Building a prognostic model
330(1)
Important prognostic models
331(2)
Machine learning
333(1)
Conclusions
334(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
334(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
334(2)
Key facts of quality of life of patients after TBI
335(1)
Key facts of Glasgow coma scale score
335(1)
Key facts of pupillary abnormalities
335(1)
Key facts of abbreviated injury score (AIS)
335(1)
Key facts of CT Marshall classification
335(1)
Summary points
336(1)
References
336(3)
26 Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: A focus on screening, diagnosis, and treatment
Aysa Hacioglu
Zuleyha Karaca
Fahrettin Kelestimur
Introduction
339(1)
Screening of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
340(4)
Predictive factors of post-TBI pituitary dysfunction
340(1)
Screening algorithms of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injuries
341(3)
Diagnosis of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
344(2)
Central adrenal insufficiency
344(1)
Growth hormone deficiency
344(1)
Central hypogonadism
345(1)
Central hypothyroidism
345(1)
Central diabetes insipidus
346(1)
Treatment of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injuries
346(3)
Central adrenal insufficiency
346(2)
Growth hormone deficiency
348(1)
Central hypogonadism
348(1)
Central hypothyroidism
349(1)
Central diabetes insipidus
349(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
349(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
350(1)
Key facts of screening strategies, diagnostic and treatment modalities of pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury
350(1)
Summary points
350(1)
References
351(6)
Section D Treatments: Experimental and clinical
27 European aspects of guidelines used in traumatic brain injury
Alvaro Cordoba
Bernardina Fracbe
Jose Maria Dominguez Roldan
Introduction
357(3)
Current data update and analysis
360(4)
Other areas of neuroscience
364(1)
Discussion
364(1)
Mini dictionary terms
365(1)
Key facts of adherence of guidelines for treatment of severe head injury
365(1)
Summary points
365(1)
References
365(1)
Further reading
366(1)
28 Anesthesia in traumatic brain injury
Siddharth Chavali
Girija Prasad Rath
Introduction
367(1)
Preoperative management
367(2)
Pathophysiology
367(1)
Airway management
368(1)
Systemic complications of brain injury
368(1)
Anesthetic management
369(5)
Neuropharmacology of commonly used anesthetic agents
370(2)
Autoregulation and anesthetic agents
372(1)
Hemodynamic management
372(1)
Management of intraoperative intracranial hypertension
373(1)
Intraoperative monitoring
374(1)
Postoperative sequelae
374(1)
Anesthetic agents and neuronal injury
374(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
375(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
375(1)
Key facts of anesthetics for injured brain
376(1)
Summary points
376(1)
References
376(3)
29 Treatment of raised intracranial pressure in traumatic head injury
Alvaro Cordoba
Bernardina Frache
Introduction
379(1)
Analysis of the treatment during the so called "brain decade"
379(3)
Recommendations
381(1)
Intracranial pressure monitoring
382(2)
Current data update and analysis
382(2)
Role of the cranial decompression
384(2)
Corticosteroids
385(1)
Progesterone
385(1)
Erythropoietin
385(1)
Amantadine
386(1)
Tranexamic acid
386(1)
Citicoline
386(1)
Anti-inflammatory therapies
386(1)
Role of the ultrasound. Transcranial Doppler TCD
386(1)
Hypothermia
387(1)
Discussion
387(1)
Applications in other areas of neuroscience
387(6)
Mini dictionary terms
393(1)
Key facts
393(1)
Summary points
393(1)
References
393(2)
Further reading
395(2)
30 Seizures after traumatic brain injury and their treatment
Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
Michele Rechia Fighera
Ana Flavia Furian
M.S. Oliveira
Leonardo Magno Rambo
Gabriel Correa Lima
Introduction
397(2)
Pathophysiology of TBI-induced epileptogenesis
399(4)
Epidemiological and clinical presentation
399(1)
Translational considerations of PTE mechanisms
400(2)
Pre-clinical studies in animal models of PTE
402(1)
Early intervention after TBI to prevent PTS and PTE
403(3)
Conclusions
406(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
406(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
406(1)
Kay facts of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE)
407(1)
Summary points
407(1)
References
407(4)
31 Neurosurgical treatment of critical brain damage: The early postsurgical period and algorithms
Alexey O. Trofimov
Anatoly Y. Sheludyakov
Andrew Y. Abashkin
Darya I. Agarkova
Artem A. Kopylov
Svyatoslav B. Korolev
Michael Dobrzeniecki
Xenia A. Trofimova
Denis E. Bragin
Dmitry S. Martynov
Introduction
411(1)
Critical damage: Physiological features and surgical treatment nuances
412(1)
"Damage control": A path between the Scylla and the Charybdis
413(3)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
416(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
417(1)
Key facts of the surgical treatment of polytraumazed patient with TBI
417(1)
Summary points
417(1)
References
418(3)
32 Hypertonic saline usage in traumatic brain injury: A focus on pediatrics
Andrew Wu
Tina Slusher
Andrew Kiragu
Introduction
421(1)
Overview of traumatic brain injury and hyperosmolar therapy
422(2)
Cerebral edema
422(1)
Traumatic brain injury-associated cerebral edema
423(1)
Use of hyperosmolar therapy in TBI
424(1)
History and evolution of the use of HTS for TBI
424(1)
Pathophysiology/mechanism of HTS use for TBI
424(1)
Current use of HTS in the pediatric clinical setting
425(2)
Indications
425(1)
Contraindications
426(1)
Dosing
426(1)
Momtoring
426(1)
Potential adverse effects
427(1)
Literature review
427(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
427(5)
Mini-dictionary of terms
432(1)
Key facts of TBI in children
433(1)
Summary points
433(1)
References
433(4)
33 Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic brain injury
Alvaro Cordoba
Arterial lesions: Dissections and pseudoaneurysms
437(1)
Endovascular treatment of traumatic aneurysms
438(1)
Therapeutic arterial occlusion
438(3)
Mechanical thrombectomy
440(1)
Stenting
440(1)
Carotid-cavernous fistula
441(2)
Treatment
443(3)
Conservative
443(1)
Surgical management
443(1)
Radiosurgery
443(1)
Endovascular management
443(3)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
446(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
446(1)
Key facts: Treatment of vascular lesions in traumatic head injury
446(1)
Summary points
447(1)
References
447(1)
Further reading
448(1)
34 Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV) in traumatic brain injury
Christopher S. Thomas
Evert A. Eriksson
Introduction
449(1)
Airway pressure release ventilation
449(1)
Positive end expiratory pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure
450(1)
APRV in traumatic brain injury
450(1)
Conclusion
451(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
452(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
452(1)
Key facts of APRV in traumatic brain injury
452(1)
Summary points
452(1)
References
453(2)
35 Linking death, the paranasal sinuses, and traumatic head trauma
Ayhan Kanat
Elena Romana Gasenzer
Introduction
455(1)
The significance of the paranasal sinuses
455(1)
Anatomy of paranasal sinuses
455(1)
Frontal sinus
455(1)
Management: A change in surgical paradigm
456(1)
Sphenoid sinus
456(1)
Maxillary sinus
456(1)
Cribiform plate fractures
457(1)
History and physical examination
457(1)
Imaging of paranasal sinus trauma
457(1)
Pathogenesis
457(1)
Cerebral perfusion pressure
458(1)
Oxidative stress
459(1)
Blood-brain barrier disruption
459(1)
The debate about the protective effect of the paranasal sinuses
459(1)
Music and paranasal sinus
459(1)
Conclusion
459(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
460(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
460(1)
Key facts of paranasal sinuses
460(1)
Key facts of crumple zone
460(1)
Summary points
460(1)
References
460(4)
36 Cannabidiol in traumatic brain injury
Enza Palazzo
Monica Iannotta
Carmela Belardo
Rosmara Infantino
Flavia Ricciardi
Serena Boccella
Francesca Guida
Livio Luongo
Sabatino Maione
Introduction
464(1)
Cannabidiol targets
465(1)
Phytocannabinoids
465(3)
Neuroprotective role of cannabidiol
468(1)
Cannabidiol in TBI-related anxiety and depression
469(1)
Cannabidiol in TBI and post-traumatic stress disorder-related aggression
470(1)
Cannabidiol in TBI-related gut microbiota dysfunctions
470(1)
Cannabidiol and clinical trials
470(2)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
472(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
472(1)
Key facts of cannabidiol
473(1)
Summary points
473(1)
References
473(4)
37 Valproic acid: A new narrative on its features and effects in traumatic brain injury
Glenn Wakam
Michael Kemp
Hasan Alam
Background
477(1)
Epigenetic changes following TBI
478(1)
Valproic acid: A histone deacetylase inhibitor
479(1)
Effects of valproic acid in pre-clinical models of traumatic brain injury
479(1)
Underlying mechanisms of VPA-neuroprotection
479(3)
Dosing, safety, and future work
482(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
482(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
482(1)
Key facts of traumatic brain injury and valproic acid
482(1)
Summary points
482(1)
References
483(2)
38 Dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury
Muthu Kumaradoss MohanMarugaRaja
Agilandeswari Devarajan
Vipin V. Dhote
Introduction
485(1)
Omega-3 fatty acids
486(2)
Creatine
488(1)
Vitamins
489(1)
Zinc
489(1)
Magnesium
489(1)
Other dietary supplements for TBI
489(1)
Promising dietary supplements for TBI
490(1)
Conclusion
490(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
490(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
491(1)
Key facts of dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury: Omega-3 fatty acids
491(1)
Key facts of dietary supplementation for traumatic brain injury: Sports induced TBI
492(1)
Summary points
492(1)
References
492(5)
Section E Rehabilitation in traumatic brain injury
39 Virtual reality and cognitive rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury
Maria Grazia Maggio
Rocco Salvatore Calabrd
Introduction
497(1)
CR strategies
498(1)
Virtual reality
498(3)
VR advantages and application in CR
501(1)
VR in TBI CR: Current knowledge
501(1)
Conclusions
502(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
502(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
503(1)
Key facts of virtual reality
503(1)
Key fact for cognitive rehabilitation
503(1)
Summary points
504(1)
References
504(3)
40 How the elderly and young compare in response to traumatic brain injury rehabilitation
Doo Young Kim
Sung-Bom Pyun
Introduction
507(1)
Characteristics of young and elderly patients with TBI
507(1)
Assessment of young and elderly patients with TBI
508(4)
International classification of functioning, disability, and health model for TBI
508(1)
Initial assessment of young and elderly patients with TBI
509(1)
Assessment of functional impairments in young and elderly patients with TBI
510(1)
Assessment of physical function in young and elderly patients with TBI
510(1)
Assessment of cognitive and language functions in young and elderly patients with TBI
511(1)
Assessment of ADL in young and elderly patients with TBI
512(1)
Comparison of responses to rehabilitation in the elderly and young patients with TBI
512(1)
Application to other areas of neuroscience
513(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
513(1)
Key facts on DTI
514(1)
Key facts on fMRI
514(1)
Summary points
514(1)
References
514(3)
41 Rehabilitation of social cognition after traumatic brain injury
Garzon Heredia Alicia
Aliain Philippe
Azouvi Philippe
Vallat-Azouvi Claire
Introduction
517(1)
First historical programs: Rehabilitation of social cognition in other pathologies
517(1)
Rehabilitation of social cognition in traumatic patients with brain injury
518(6)
Rehabilitation programs targeting one domain of social cognition
518(6)
Rehabilitation programs of interpersonal and communication skills of theory of mind
524(2)
Helffenstein and Wechsler (1982): Interpersonal process recall remediation (IPR)
524(1)
Dahlberg et al. (2007): Social communication skills treatment in group design
525(1)
Finch et al. (2017): Remediation of social communication program with group or individual design
525(1)
Winegardner et al. (2016): Perspective group training
525(1)
Gabbatore et al. (2015): Cognitive pragmatic treatment
525(1)
Multi-component rehabilitation programs of social cognition
526(1)
Westerhof-Evers et al. (2017): T-SCEmo program
526(1)
McDonald et al. (2008): Social skills treatment-perception of emotions, emotional regulation and social behavior
526(1)
Conclusion
527(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
527(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
528(1)
Key facts of rehabilitation in social cognition
528(1)
References
528(3)
42 Psycho-educational intervention on caregivers within the rehabilitation process: From the post-acute to the homecoming phases
Umberto Bivona
Eva Azicnuda
Marta Rapiti
Daniela Silvestro
Introduction
531(2)
Caregivers as primary resources within the neuro-rehabilitation process
533(1)
Caregiver as victims themselves of the brain injury occurred to their loved one
534(3)
Caregivers' burden
535(1)
Caregivers' concerns and needs across the different stages post-TBI
536(1)
Caregivers `coping strategies'
536(1)
Conclusion
537(1)
Applications to other areas of neuroscience
538(1)
Mini-dictionary of terms
538(1)
Key facts of psycho-educational intervention
539(1)
Summary points
539(1)
References
539(4)
43 Recommended resources and sites for the neuroscience of traumatic brain injury
Rajkumar Rajendram
Vinood B. Patel
Victor R. Preedy
Introduction
543(1)
Resources
544(1)
Other resources
544(9)
Mini-dictionary of terms
553(1)
Key facts of traumatic brain injury
554(1)
Summary points
554(1)
Acknowledgments
554(1)
References
554(1)
Index 555
Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guys, Kings and St. Thomas Medical School, Kings College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.



Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendrams focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of Kings College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at Kings College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at Kings College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at Kings College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.