Veterinary practitioners and students are presented with many different and complex cases, and are expected to offer an accurate diagnosis quickly. The differential diagnosis list is one of the most important aspects of the problem-oriented approach to clinical diagnosis. Finding good lists in a readily available form can be difficult, and can involve laborious reference to multiple texts and sources.
Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Medicine brings this information together in one place in an easy reference format.
A rapid reference that concentrates solely on differential diagnosis lists of major problems in small animal medicine;
Details differential diagnoses from diverse findings such as history, physical examination, diagnostic imaging and laboratory test results;
Includes radiographs, ultrasounds, selected diagnostic algorithms colour pictures and suggestions for further testing
Saves time spent searching multiple texts and sources, by bringing the information together in one place in an easy reference format. Veterinary practitioners and students are presented with many different and complex cases, and are expected to offer an accurate diagnosis quickly. The differential diagnosis list is one of the most important aspects of the problem-oriented approach to clinical diagnosis. Finding good lists in a readily available form can be difficult, and can involve laborious reference to multiple texts and sources.
Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Medicine brings this information together in one place in an easy reference format.
- A rapid reference that concentrates solely on differential diagnosis lists of major problems in small animal medicine;
- Details differential diagnoses from diverse findings such as history, physical examination, diagnostic imaging and laboratory test results;
- Includes radiographs, ultrasounds, selected diagnostic algorithms colour pictures and suggestions for further testing
- Saves time spent searching multiple texts and sources, by bringing the information together in one place in an easy reference format.
Arvustused
"Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Medicine provides an excellent reference tool for formulating differential diagnostic problem lists for small animal patients... The author has succeeded in providing a textbook that allows veterinary students and clinicians with all levels of experience to promptly formulate a complete differential diagnosis list for problems in small animal medicine. The text provides an inclusive and concise reference in an easy-to-navigate format and is recommended for use in private clinical or academic settings." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association "Veterinary students [ and] general practitioners should all find this book helpful...saves valuable time...useful source of information for anyone who needs a differential diagnosis list quickly..." Doody's Review Service "It is a very user-friendly text that takes a very systematic approach to medicine... compact and could easily slip into a drawer and be accessed easily and quickly. I will definitely keep it in my drawer as a quick reference." Tech News
Introduction. Part I: Historical signs:.
Chapter 1.1. General, systemic
and metabolic historical signs. 1.1 (i) Polyuria/polydipsia. 1.1 (ii) Weight
loss. 1.1 (iii) Weight gain. 1.1 (iv) Polyphagia. 1.1 (v)
Anorexia/inappetence. 1.1 (vi) Failure to grow. 1.1 (vii) Syncope/collapse.
1.1 (viii) Weakness.
Chapter 1.2. Gastro-intestinal/abdominal historical
signs. 1.2 (i) Ptyalism/salivation/hypersalivation. 1.2 (ii)
Gagging/retching. 1.2 (iii) Dysphagia. 1.2 (iv) Regurgitation. 1.2 (v)
Vomiting. 1.2 (vi) Diarrhoea. 1.2 (vii) Melaena. 1.2 (viii) Haematemesis. 1.2
(ix) Haematochezia. 1.2 (x) Constipation/obstipation. 1.2 (xi) Faecal
tenesmus/dyschezia. 1.2 (xii) Faecal incontinence. 1.2 (xiii)
Flatulence/borborygmus.
Chapter 1.3. Cardio-respiratory historical signs. 1.3
(i) Coughing. 1.3 (ii) Dyspnoea/tachypnoea. 1.3 (iii) Sneezing and nasal
discharge. 1.3 (iv) Epistaxis. 1.3 (v) Haemoptysis. 1.3 (vi) Exercise
intolerance.
Chapter 1.4. Dermatological historical signs. 1.4 (i)Pruritus.
Chapter 1.5. Neurological historical signs. 1.5 (i) Seizures. 1.5 (ii)
Trembling/shivering. 1.5 (iii) Ataxia/ conscious proprioceptive deficits. 1.5
(iv) Paresis/paralysis. 1.5 (v) Coma/stupor. 1.5 (vi) Altered behaviour. 1.5
(vii) Deafness. 1.5 (viii) Multifocal neurological disease.
Chapter 1.6.
Ocular historical signs. 1.6 (i) Blindness/visual impairment. 1.6 (ii)
Epiphora/tear overflow.
Chapter 1.7. Musculoskeletal historical signs. 1.7
(i) Forelimb Lameness. 1.7 (ii) Hindlimb lameness. 1.7 (iii) Multiple
joint/limb lameness.
Chapter 1.8. Reproductive historical signs. 1.8 (i)
Failure to observe oestrus. 1.8 (ii) Irregular seasons. 1.8 (iii) Infertility
in the female with normal oestrus. 1.8 (iv) Male infertility. 1.8(v)
Vaginal/Vulval discharge. 1.8 (vi) Abortion. 1.8 (vii) Dystocia. 1.8(viii)
Neonatal mortality.
Chapter 1.9. Urological historical signs. 1.9 (i)
Pollakiuria/dysuria/stranguria. 1.9 (ii) Polyuria/polydipsia. 1.9 (iii)
Anuria/oliguria. 1.9 (iv) Haematuria. 1.9 (v) Urinary incontinence. Part II:
Physical signs:.
Chapter 2.1. General/miscellaneous physical signs. 2.1 (i)
Abnormalities of body temperature. 2.1 (ii) Enlarged lymph nodes. 2.1 (iii)
Diffuse pain. 2.1 (iv) Peripheral oedema. 2.1 (v) Hypertension. 2.1 (vi)
Hypotension.
Chapter 2.2. Gastro-intestinal/abdominal physical signs. 2.2 (i)
Oral lesions. 2.2 (ii) Abdominal distension. 2.2 (iii) Abdominal pain. 2.2
(iv) Perianal swelling. 2.2 (v) Jaundice. 2.2 (vi) Abnormal liver palpation.
Chapter 2.3. Cardiorespiratory physical signs. 2.3 (i) Dyspnoea/tachypnoea.
2.3 (ii) Pallor. 2.3 (iii) Shock. 2.3 (iv) Cyanosis. 2.3 (v) Ascite. 2.3 (vi)
Peripheral oedema. 2.3 (vii) Abnormal respiratory sounds. 2.3 (viii) Abnormal
heart sounds. 2.3 (ix) Abnormalities in heart rate. 2.3 (x) Jugular
distension/positive hepatojugular reflux. 2.3 (xi) Increased size of jugular
pulse. 2.3 (xii) Alterations in arterial pulses.
Chapter 2.4. Dermatological
signs. 2.4 (i) Scaling. 2.4 (ii) Pustules and papules (including miliary
dermatitis). 2.4 (iii) Nodules. 2.4 (iv) Pigmentation disorders (coat or
skin). 2.4 (v) Alopecia. 2.4 (vi) Erosive/ulcerative skin disease. 2.4 (vii)
Otitis externa. 2.4 (viii) Pododermatitis. 2.4 (ix) Disorders of the claws.
2.4 (x) Anal sac disease/perianal disease.
Chapter 2.5. Neurological signs.
2.5 (i) Abnormal cranial nerve responses. 2.5 (ii) Vestibular disease (head
tilt, nystagmus, circling, leaning, falling, rolling). 2.5 (iii) Horner's
syndrome. 2.5 (iv) Hemineglect syndrome. 2.5 (v) Spinal disorders.
Chapter
2.6. Ocular signs. 2.6 (i) Red eye. 2.6 (ii) Corneal opacification. 2.6 (iii)
Corneal ulceration. 2.6 (iv) Lens lesions. 2.6 (v) Retinal lesions. 2.6 (vi)
Intraocular haemorrhage/hyphaema. 2.6 (vii) Abnormal appearance of anterior
chamber.
Chapter 2.7. Musculo-skeletal signs. 2.7 (i) Muscular atrophy or
hypertrophy. 2.7 (ii) Trismus. 2.7 (iii) Weakness.
Chapter 2.8. Uro-genital
physical signs. 2.8 (i) Abnormal kidney palpation. 2.8 (ii) Bladder
abnormalities. 2.8 (iii) Abnormal palpation of prostate. 2.8 (iv) Abnormal
palpation of uterus. 2.8 (v) Testicular abnormalities. 2.8 (vi) Penis
abnormalities. Part III: Radiographic and ultrasonographic signs:.
Chapter
3.1. Thoracic radiography. 3.1 (i) Artefactual causes of increased lung
opacity. 3.1 (ii) Increased bronchial pattern. 3.1 (iii) Increased alveolar
pattern. 3.1 (iv) Increased interstitial pattern. 3.1 (v) Increased vascular
pattern. 3.1 (vi) Decreased vascular pattern. 3.1 (vii) Cardiac diseases
which may be associated with a normal cardiac silhouette. 3.1 (viii)Increased
size of cardiac silhouette. 3.1 (ix)Decreased size of cardiac silhouette. 3.1
(x) Abnormalities of ribs. 3.1 (xi) Abnormalities of oesophagus. 3.1 (xii)
Abnormalities of trachea. 3.1 (xiii) Pleural effusion. 3.1 (xiv)
Pneumothorax. 3.1 (xv) Abnormalities of diaphragm. 3.1 (xvi) Mediastinal
abnormalities.
Chapter 3.2. Abdominal radiography. 3.2 (i) Liver. 3.2(ii)
Spleen. 3.2 (iii) Stomach. 3.2 (iv) Intestines. 3.2 (v) Ureters. 3.2 (vi)
Bladder. 3.2 (vii) Urethra. 3.2 (viii) Kidneys. 3.2 (ix) Loss of
intra-abdominal contrast. 3.2 (x) Prostate. 3.2 (xi) Uterus. 3.2 (xii)
Abdominal masses. 3.2 (xiii) Abdominal calcification/mineral density.
Chapter
3.3. Skeletal radiography. 3.3 (i) Fractures. 3.3 (ii) Altered shape of long
bones. 3.3 (iii) Dwarfism. 3.3 (iv) Delayed ossification/growth plate
closure. 3.3 (v) Increased radiopacity. 3.3 (vi) Periosteal reactions. 3.3
(vii) Bony masses. 3.3 (viii) Osteopenia. 3.3 (ix) Osteolysis. 3.3 (x) Mixed
osteolytic/osteogenic lesions. 3.3 (xi) Joint changes.
Chapter 3.4.
Radiography of the head and neck. 3.4(i) Increased radiopacity/bony
proliferation of the maxilla. 3.4(ii) Decreased radiopacity of the maxilla.
3.4(iii) Increased radiopacity/bony proliferation of mandible. 3.4 (iv)
Decreased radiopacity of mandible. 3.4 (v) Increased radio-opacity of
tympanic bulla. 3.4 (vi)Decreased radiopacity of the nasal cavity. 3.4 (vii)
Increased radiopacity of the nasal cavity. 3.4(viii) Increased radiopacity of
the frontal sinuses. 3.4 (ix) Increased radiopacity of pharynx. 3.4 (x)
Thickening of soft tissues of head and neck. 3.4 (xi) Decreased radiopacity
of soft tissues of head and neck. 3.4 (xii) Increased radiopacity of soft
tissues of head and neck.
Chapter 3.5. Radiography of the spine. 3.5 (i)
Variation in vertebral shape and size. 3.5 (ii) Changes in vertebral
radiopacity. 3.5 (iii) Abnormalities in the intervertebral space. 3.5 (iv)
Contrast radiography of the spine (myelography).
Chapter 3.6. Thoracic
ultrasonography. 3.6 (i) Pleural effusion. 3.6 (ii) Mediastinal masses. 3.6
(iii)Pericardial effusion. 3.6 (iv) Enlarged chamber size. 3.6 (v) Changes in
ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance.
Chapter 3.7.
Abdominal ultrasonography. 3.7 (i) Renal disease. 3.7 (ii) Hepato-biliary
disease. 3.7 (iii) Splenic disease. 3.7 (iv) Pancreatic disease. 3.7 (v)
Adrenal disease. 3.7 (vi) Urinary bladder disease. 3.7 (vii) Gastrointestinal
disease. 3.7 (viii) Ovarian and uterine disease. 3.7 (ix) Prostatic disease.
3.7 (x)Ascites.
Chapter 3.8 Ultrasonography of other regions. 3.8 (i) Testes.
3.8 (ii) Eyes. 3.8 (iii) Neck. Part IV: Laboratory findings:.
Chapter 4.1.
Biochemical findings. 4.1 (i) Albumin. 4.1 (ii) Alanine transferase. 4.1
(iii) Alkaline phosphatase. 4.1(iv) Ammonia. 4.1 (v) Amylase. 4.1 (vi)
Aspartate aminotransferase. 4.1 (vii) Bilirubin. 4.1 (viii) Bile
acids/dynamic bile acid test. 4.1 (ix) C-reactive protein. 4.1 (x)
Cholesterol. 4.1 (xi) Creatinine. 4.1 (xii) Creatine kinase. 4.1 (xiii)
Ferritin. 4.1 (xiv) Fibrinogen. 4.1 (xv) Folate. 4.1 (xvi) Fructosamine. 4.1
(xvii) Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. 4.1 (xviii) Gastrin. 4.1 (xix)
Globulins. 4.1 (xx) Glucose. 4.1 (xxi) Iron. 4.1 (xxii) Lactate
dehydrogenase. 4.1 (xxiii) Lipase. 4.1 (xxiv) Triglycerides. 4.1 (xxv)
Trypsin-like immuno-reactivity. 4.1 (xxvi) Urea. 4.1 (xxvii)Vitamin
B12(cobalamin). 4.1 (xxviii) Zinc.
Chapter 4.2. Haematological findings. 4.2
(i) Regenerative anaemia. 4.2 (ii) Poorly/non-regenerative anaemia. 4.2 (iii)
Polycythaemia. 4.2 (iv) Thrombocytopenia. 4.2 (v) Thrombocytosis. 4.2 (vi)
Neutrophilia. 4.2 (vii) Neutropenia. 4.2 (viii) Lymphocytosis. 4.2 (ix)
Lymphopenia. 4.2 (x) Monocytosis. 4.2 (xi) Eosinophilia. 4.2 (xii)
Eosinopenia. 4.2 (xiii) Mastocythaemia. 4.2 (xiv) Basophilia. 4.2 (xv)
Increased buccal mucosal bleeding time (disorders of primary haemostasis).
4.2 (xvi) Increased prothrombin time (disorders of extrinsic and common
pathways). 4.2 (xvii) Increased partial thromboplastin time or activated
clotting time (disorders of intrinsic and common pathways). 4.2 (xviii)
Increased fibrin degradation products. 4.2 (xix) Decreased fibrinogen levels.
4.2 (xx) Decreased antithrombin III levels.
Chapter 4.3. Electrolyte and
blood gas findings. 4.3 (i) Total Calcium. 4.3 (ii) Chloride. 4.3 (iii)
Magnesium. 4.3 (iv) Potassium. 4.3 (v) Phosphate. 4.3 (vi) Sodium. 4.3 (vii)
pH. 4.3 (viii) pa02. 4.3 (ix) total C02. 4.3 (x) Bicarbonate. 4.3 (xi) Base
excess.
Chapter 4.4. Urinalysis findings. 4.4 (i) Alterations in specific
gravity. 4.4 (ii) Abnormalities in urine chemistry. 4.4 (ii) a. Glucose. 4.4
(ii) b. Blood. 4.4 (ii) c. Haemoglobin. 4.4 (ii) d. Bilirubin. 4.4 (ii) e.
Myoglobin. 4.4 (ii) f. Urobilinogen. 4.4 (ii) g. Nitrite. 4.4 (ii) h.
Protein. 4.4 (ii) i. pH. 4.4 (ii) j. ketones. 4.4 (iii) Abnormalities in
urine sediment. 4.4 (iii) a. Increased white blood cells. 4.4 (iii) b.
Increased red blood cells. 4.4 (iii) c. Casts. 4.4 (iii) d. Crystals
(predisposing factors). 4.4 (iv) Infectious agents.
Chapter 4.5 Cytological
findings. 4.5 (i) Tracheal/Bronchoalveolar lavage. 4.5 (ii) Nasal flush
cytology. 4.5 (iii) Liver cytology. 4.5 (iv) Kidney cytology. 4.5 (v) Skin
scrapes/hair plucks/tape impression. 4.5 (vi) Cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
4.5 (vii) Fine needle aspiration of cutaneous/subcutaneous masses.
Chapter
4.6. Hormones/endocrine testing. 4.6 (i) Thyroxine. 4.6 (ii) Parathyroid
hormone. 4.6 (iii) Cortisol (Baseline or post-ACTH stimulation test). 4.6
(iv) Insulin. 4.6 (v) ACTH. 4.6 (vi) Vitamin D (1,25
dihydroxycholecalciferol). 4.6 (vii) Testosterone. 4.6 (viii) Progesterone.
4.6 (ix) Oestradiol. 4.6 (x) Atrial natriuretic peptide. 4.6 (xi) Modified
water deprivation test (in investigation of polyuria/polydipsia).
Chapter 4.7
Faecal analysis findings. 4.7 (i) Faecal blood. 4.7 (ii) Faecal parasites.
4.7 (iii) Faecal culture. 4.7 (iv) Faecal fungal infections. 4.7 (v)
Undigested food residues. PART V: Electrodiagnostic testing:.
Chapter 5.1.
ECG findings. 5.1 (i) Alterations in P wave. 5.1 (ii) Alterations in QRS
complex. 5.1 (iii) Alterations in P-R relationship. 5.1 (iv) Alterations in
S-T segment. 5.1 (v) Alterations in Q-T interval. 5.1 (vi) Alterations in T
wave. 5.1 (vii) Alterations in baseline. 5.1 (viii) Rhythm alterations. 5.1
(xi) Alterations in rate.
Chapter 5.2. Electromyographic findings.
Chapter
5.3 Nerve conduction velocity findings.
Chapter 5.4 Electroencephalography
findings. PART VI: Diagnostic procedures:. 6.1 FNA. 6.2 Broncho-alveolar
lavage. 6.3 Gastro-intestinal endoscopic biopsy. 6.4 ECG procedure. 6.5 MRI
brain, spine, nose. 6.5 (i) Brain. 6.5 (ii) Spine. 6.5 (iii) Nasal passages.
6.6 Ultrasound guided biopsy. 6.7 CSF collection. 6.8 Bone marrow
aspiration/biopsy. 6.9 Thoracocentesis. 6.10 Pericardiocentesis. 6.11
Cystocentesis. 6.12 Abdominocentesis/ Diagnostic peritoneal lavage. 6.13
Central venous measurement. 6.14 ACTH stimulation test. 6.15 Low dose
dexamethasone supression test/high dose dexamethasone suppression test. 6.16
Bile acid stimulation test. 6.17 In saline autoagglutination test. 6.18
Preparation of a blood smear. 6.19 Water deprivation test. 6.20 Serial blood
glucose curve. 6.21 Indirect blood pressure measurement by Doppler technique.
6.22 Skin scraping. 6.23 Schirmer tear test. 6.24 Nasal flush cytology/nasal
biopsy. 6.25 Barium meal/swallow. 6.26 Intravenous urography. 6.27 Contrast
cystography pneumo, double, vagino-urethro. 6.28 Myelography. 6.29 Contrast
echocardiography. 6.30 Cranial nerve examination. 6.31 Buccal mucosal
bleeding time. 6.32 Arterial blood sampling. PART VII: Diagnostic Algorithms.
7.1 Bradycardia. 7.2 Tachycardia. 7.3 Hypoalbuminaemia. 7.4 Non-regenerative
anaemia. 7.5 Regenerative anaemia. 7.6 Jaundice. 7.7 Hypokalaemia. 7.8
Hyperkalaemia. 7.9 Hypocalcaemia. 7.10Hypercalcaemia. 7.11 Systemic
hypertension. Appendix A: History Record. Appendix B Physical Examination
Record. Appendix C Neurological Examination Chart. Appendix D Cardiology
Consultation Form. Bibliography and further reading
Alex Gough is a partner in a referral and first opinion practice in Bath, UK, where he sees referrals in small animal medicine and cardiology. He is the author of Differential Diagnosis in Small Animal Medicine, also published by Wiley-Blackwell, and is a frequent contributor to UK Vet and the Veterinary Times.
