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Digital Signal Processing for RFID [Kõva köide]

(Leibnitz University of Hannover), (Leibnitz University of Hannover)
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This book discusses the fundamentals of RFID and the state-of-the-art research results in signal processing for RFID, including MIMO, blind source separation, anti-collision, localization, covert RFID and chipless RFID. Aimed at graduate students as well as academic and professional researchers/engineers in RFID technology, it enables readers to become conversant with the latest theory and applications of signal processing for RFID

This book discusses the fundamentals of RFID and the state-of-the-art research results in signal processing for RFID, including MIMO, blind source separation, anti-collision, localization, covert RFID and chipless RFID. Aimed at graduate students as well as academic and professional researchers/engineers in RFID technology, it enables readers to become conversant with the latest theory and applications of signal processing for RFID.

Key Features:

  • Provides a systematic and comprehensive insight into the application of modern signal processing techniques for RFID systems
  • Discusses the operating principles, channel models of RFID, RFID protocols and analog/digital filter design for RFID
  • Explores RFID-oriented modulation schemes and their performance
  • Highlights research fields such as MIMO for RFID, blind signal processing for RFID, anti-collision of multiple RFID tags, localization with RFID, covert RFID and chipless RFID
  • Contains tables, illustrations and design examples

 

Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
Abbreviations xv
1 Introduction
1(5)
1.1 What is RFID?
1(1)
1.2 A Brief History of RFID
2(1)
1.3 Motivation and Scope of this Book
2(3)
1.4 Notations
5(1)
References
5(1)
2 Fundamentals of RFID Systems
6(34)
2.1 Operating Principles
6(2)
2.2 Passive, Semi-Passive/Semi-Active and Active RFID
8(2)
2.3 Analogue Circuits for RFID
10(1)
2.4 Circuit Analysis for Signal Transfer in RFID
11(6)
2.4.1 Equivalent Circuit of Antennas in Generic Communication Links
12(1)
2.4.2 Load Modulation
13(2)
2.4.3 Backscattering Modulation
15(2)
2.5 Signal Analysis of RFID Systems
17(4)
2.5.1 Qualitative Analysis
17(2)
2.5.2 Quantitative Analysis
19(2)
2.6 Statistical Channel Models
21(7)
2.6.1 Backgrounds of Rayleigh, Ricean and Nakagami Fading
21(5)
2.6.2 Statistical Channel Models of RFID Systems
26(1)
2.6.3 Large Scale Path Loss
27(1)
2.7 A Review of RFID Protocol
28(8)
2.7.1 Physical Layer
29(3)
2.7.2 MAC Layer
32(4)
2.8 Challenges in RFID
36(1)
2.9 Summary
36(4)
Appendix 2.A Modified Bessel Function of the First Kind
37(1)
References
38(2)
3 Basic Signal Processing for RFID
40(29)
3.1 Bandpass Filters and their Applications to RFID
40(14)
3.1.1 Lowpass Filter Performance Specification
40(2)
3.1.2 Lowpass Filter Design
42(5)
3.1.3 Bandpass Filter Design
47(2)
3.1.4 Bandpass Filters for RFID Systems
49(5)
3.2 Matching Filters and their Applications to RFID
54(4)
3.3 A Review of Optimal Estimation
58(6)
3.3.1 Linear Least Square Estimation
58(1)
3.3.2 Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation
59(2)
3.3.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation
61(1)
3.3.4 Comparison of the Three Estimation Algorithms
62(2)
3.4 Summary
64(5)
Appendix 3.A Derivation of Poles of the Chebyshev Filter
67(1)
References
68(1)
4 RFID-Oriented Modulation Schemes
69(26)
4.1 A Brief Review of Analogue Modulation
69(3)
4.2 Amplitude- and Phase-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis
72(9)
4.2.1 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
72(2)
4.2.2 Symbol Error Rate Analysis of M-QAM
74(6)
4.2.3 Numerical Results for M-QAM
80(1)
4.3 Phase-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis
81(4)
4.4 Frequency-Shift Keying and Performance Analysis
85(5)
4.5 Summary
90(5)
Appendix 4.A Derivation of SER Formula (4.24)
91(2)
Appendix 4.B Derivation of SER Formula (4.40)
93(1)
References
94(1)
5 MIMO for RFID
95(43)
5.1 Introduction
95(2)
5.2 MIMO Principle
97(3)
5.3 Channel Modelling of RFID-MIMO Wireless Systems
100(2)
5.4 Design of Reader Transmit Signals
102(3)
5.4.1 Signal Design
102(1)
5.4.2 Simulation Results
103(2)
5.5 Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems
105(17)
5.5.7 A Review of Real Orthogonal Design
105(5)
5.5.2 Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems
110(1)
5.5.3 Two Space-Time Decoding Approaches for RFID-MIMO Systems
111(2)
5.5.4 Simulation Results
113(9)
5.6 Differential Space-Time Coding for RFID-MIMO Systems
122(5)
5.6.1 A Review of Unitary DSTC
122(3)
5.6.2 Application of Unitary DTSC to RFID
125(1)
5.6.3 Simulation Results
126(1)
5.7 Summary
127(11)
Appendix 5.A Alamouti Space-Time Coding for Narrowband Systems
129(4)
Appendix 5.B Definition of Group
133(1)
Appendix 5.C Complex Matrix/Vector Gaussian Distribution
133(1)
Appendix 5.D Maximum Likelihood Receiver for Unitary STC
134(2)
References
136(2)
6 Blind Signal Processing for RFID
138(28)
6.1 Introduction
138(3)
6.2 Channel Model of Multiple-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems
141(2)
6.2.1 Channel Model of Single-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems
141(1)
6.2.2 Channel Model of Multiple-Tag RFID-MIMO Systems
141(2)
6.3 An Analytical Constant Modulus Algorithm
143(7)
6.4 Application of ACMA to Multiple-Tag RFID Systems
150(10)
6.5 Summary
160(6)
References
164(2)
7 Anti-Collision of Multiple-Tag RFID Systems
166(54)
7.1 Introduction
166(2)
7.2 Tree-Splitting Algorithms
168(26)
7.2.1 Mean Identification Delay
171(2)
7.2.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach I
173(2)
7.2.3 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency: Approach II
175(10)
7.2.4 Numerical Results
185(9)
7.2.5 Variants of TS Algorithms
194(1)
7.3 Aloha-Based Algorithm
194(18)
7.3.1 Mean Identification Delay
195(2)
7.3.2 Collision Analysis and Transmission Efficiency
197(1)
7.3.3 Numerical Results
198(2)
7.3.4 Adaptive Frame Size Aloha Algorithms
200(12)
7.4 Summary
212(8)
Appendix 7.A Inclusion-Exclusion Principle
213(1)
Appendix 7.B Probability of Successful Transmissions in Some Particular Time Slots in Aloha
214(1)
Appendix 7.C Probability of an Exact Number of Successful Transmissions in Aloha
215(2)
References
217(3)
8 Localization with RFID
220(29)
8.1 Introduction
220(3)
8.2 RFID Localization
223(9)
8.2.1 Geometric Class
224(4)
8.2.2 Proximity Class
228(4)
8.3 RFID Ranging -- Frequency-Domain PDoA Approach
232(3)
8.4 RFID AoA Finding -- Spatial-Domain PDoA
235(6)
8.5 NLoS Issue
241(3)
8.6 Summary
244(5)
References
245(4)
9 Some Future Perspectives for RFID
249(20)
9.1 Introduction
249(1)
9.2 UWB Basics
250(4)
9.2.1 UWB Definition
250(1)
9.2.2 UWB Modulation Schemes
251(1)
9.2.3 UWB Channel Models
251(3)
9.3 Covert RFID
254(5)
9.3.1 Basics of Time Reversal
254(3)
9.3.2 Covert RFID
257(2)
9.4 Chipless RFID
259(6)
9.4.1 Spectral-Signature-Based Chipless RFID
260(3)
9.4.2 Time-Domain Reflectometry-Based Chipless RFID
263(2)
9.5 Concluding Remarks
265(4)
References
265(4)
Index 269
Dr Feng Zheng, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany Feng Zheng received his Ph.D. degree from Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1993. He held an Alexander-von-Humboldt Research Fellowship at University of Duisburg and was an Associate Professor in Chinese Academy of Sciences. Dr Thomas Kaiser, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany Thomas Kaiser received the Ph.D. degree in 1995 with distinction and the German habilitation degree in 2000, both from Gerhard-Mercator-University, Duisburg, and in electrical engineering.