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Digital Signal Processing Techniques and Applications in Radar Image Processing [Kõva köide]

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Digital Signal Processing Techniques and Applications in Radar Image ProcessingSuurem pilt
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780470180921.html
Märksõnad:
Wang, a research engineer specializing in DSP processor design, has written this textbook for radar imaging for both engineering students and colleagues. The author covers the fundamentals of DSP techniques and applications, including signal characteristics in analog and digital domains, advance signal sampling, interpolation techniques, antenna theory and the algorithms used for radar image processing. Satellite image files processed by Range-Doppler and Stolt interpolation algorithms are also presented, and MATLAB is used to display these signals during the various processing stages. Annotation ©2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

A self-contained approach to DSP techniques and applications in radar imaging

The processing of radar images, in general, consists of three major fields: Digital Signal Processing (DSP); antenna and radar operation; and algorithms used to process the radar images. This book brings together material from these different areas to allow readers to gain a thorough understanding of how radar images are processed.

The book is divided into three main parts and covers:


* DSP principles and signal characteristics in both analog and digital domains, advanced signal sampling, and interpolation techniques
*

Antenna theory (Maxwell equation, radiation field from dipole, and linear phased array), radar fundamentals, radar modulation, and target-detection techniques (continuous wave, pulsed Linear Frequency Modulation, and stepped Frequency Modulation)
*

Properties of radar images, algorithms used for radar image processing, simulation examples, and results of satellite image files processed by Range-Doppler and Stolt interpolation algorithms


The book fully utilizes the computing and graphical capability of MATLAB? to display the signals at various processing stages in 3D and/or cross-sectional views. Additionally, the text is complemented with flowcharts and system block diagrams to aid in readers' comprehension.

Digital Signal Processing Techniques and Applications in Radar Image Processing serves as an ideal textbook for graduate students and practicing engineers who wish to gain firsthand experience in applying DSP principles and technologies to radar imaging.
Preface xiii
List of Symbols xvii
List of Illustrations xxi
1 Signal Theory and Analysis 1
1.1 Special Functions Used in Signal Processing
1
1.1.1 Delta or Impulse Function δ(t)
1
1.1.2 Sampling or Interpolation Function sinc (t)
2
1.2 Linear System and Convolution
3
1.2.1 Key Properties of Convolution
5
1.2.1.1 Commutative
5
1.2.1.2 Associative
5
1.2.1.3 Distributive
5
1.2.1.4 Timeshift
5
1.3 Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals
6
1.3.1 Trigonometric Fourier Series
6
1.3.2 Compact Trigonometric Fourier Series
6
1.3.3 Exponential Fourier Series
7
1.4 Nonperiodic Signal Representation by Fourier Transform
11
1.5 Fourier Transform of a Periodic Signal
16
1.6 Sampling Theory and Interpolation
19
1.7 Advanced Sampling Techniques
24
1.7.1 Sampling with Bandpass Signal
24
1.7.2 Resampling by Evenly Spaced Decimation
25
1.7.3 Resampling by Evenly Spaced Interpolation
25
1.7.4 Resampling by Fractional Rate Interpolation
26
1.7.5 Resampling from Unevenly Spaced Data
28
1.7.5.1 Jacobian of Transformation
28
2 Discrete Time and Frequency Transformation 35
2.1 Continuous and Discrete Fourier Transform
35
2.2 Key Properties of Discrete Fourier Transform
38
2.2.1 Shifting and Symmetry
39
2.2.2 Linear and Circular Convolution
39
2.2.3 Sectioned Convolution
41
2.2.3.1 Overlap-and-Add Method
42
2.2.3.2 Overlap-and-Save Method
42
2.2.4 Zero Stuffing and Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Resolution
43
2.3 Widows and Discrete Fourier Transform
48
2.4 Fast Fourier Transform
50
2.4.1 Radix-2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Algorithms
50
2.5 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
53
2.5.1 Two-Dimensional DCT
57
2.6 Continuous and Discrete Signals in Time and Frequency Domains
57
2.6.1 Graphical Representation of DFT
57
2.6.2 Resampling with Fractional Interpolation Based on DFT
60
3 Basics of Antenna Theory 63
3.1 Maxwell and Wave Equations
63
3.1.1 Harmonic Time Dependence
65
3.2 Radiation from an Infinitesimal Current Dipole
67
3.2.1 Magnetic Vector Potential Due to a Small but Finite Current Element
68
3.2.2 Field Vectors Due to Small but Finite Current Radiation
69
3.2.3 Far-Field Region
70
3.2.4 Summary of Radiation Fields
72
3.3 Radiation from a Half-Wavelength Dipole
73
3.4 Radiation from a Linear Array
74
3.4.1 Power Radiation Pattern from a Linear Array
78
3.5 Power Radiation Pattern from a 2D Rectangular Array
80
3.6 Fundamentals of Antenna Parameters
81
3.6.1 Radiation Beamwidth
81
3.6.2 Solid Angle, Power Density, and Radiation Intensity
82
3.6.3 Directivity and Gain
84
3.6.4 Antenna Impedance
84
3.6.5 Antenna Efficiency
85
3.6.6 Effective Area and Antenna Gain
85
3.6.7 Polarization
89
3.7 Commonly Used Antenna Geometries
89
3.7.1 Single-Element Radiators
89
3.7.2 Microstrip Antennas and Antenna Array
91
4 Fundamentals of Radar 93
4.1 Principles of Radar Operation
93
4.2 Basic Configuration of Radar
96
4.2.1 Waveform Generator
96
4.2.2 Transmitter
96
4.2.3 Antenna System
96
4.2.4 Receiver
97
4.2.5 Computer Signal Processor
97
4.2.6 Timing and Control
97
4.3 The Radar Range Equation
97
4.4 Cross Section and Clutter
100
4.4.1 Target Cross Section
100
4.4.2 Cross Section and the Equivalent Sphere
101
4.4.3 Cross Section of Real Targets
101
4.4.4 Radar Cross Section (RCS)
101
4.4.5 Clutter
102
4.5 Doppler Effect and Frequency Shift
103
4.5.1 Doppler Frequency
104
4.6 Radar Resolution and Ambiguity Function
110
5 Radar Modulation and Target Detection Techniques 116
5.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM) Radar
116
5.1.1 Continuous-Wave (CW) Radar
117
5.1.2 Pulse Modulation Radar
117
5.2 Target Detection Techniques of AM-Based Radar
119
5.2.1 Doppler Frequency Extraction
119
5.2.2 Motion Direction Detection
121
5.3 Frequency Modulation (FM)-Radar
123
5.3.1 Pulsed Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) Radar
124
5.3.2 Continuous-Wave Linear Frequency Modulation Radar
129
5.3.3 Stepped Frequency Modulation Radar
130
5.4 Target Detection Techniques of FM-Based Radar
133
5.4.1 In-Phase Quadrature-Phase Demodulator
133
5.4.2 Matched Filter and Pulse Compression
134
5.4.3 Target Detection Techniques of LFM Radar
141
5.4.4 Target Detection Techniques of SFM Radar
149
6 Basics of Radar Imaging 155
6.1 Background
155
6.2 Geometry of Imaging Radar
157
6.3 Doppler Frequency and Radar Image Processing
159
6.3.1 Broadside SAR
161
6.3.2 SAR with Squint Angle
174
6.3.2.1 SAR with a Small Squint Angle
176
6.3.2.2 SAR with a Low Squint Angle
180
6.4 Range Migration and Curvature
185
6.5 Geometric Distortions of the Radar Image
188
6.5.1 Layover
188
6.5.2 Foreshortening
189
6.5.3 Shadowing
189
6.5.4 Slant-to-Ground Range Distortion
189
6.5.5 Speckle
189
6.6 Radar Image Resolution
189
6.6.1 Example of Real Aperture Radar (RAR) Resolution: ERS-1/2-Imaging Radars
191
7 System Model and Data Acquisition of SAR Image 194
7.1 System Model of Range Radar Imaging
194
7.1.1 System Model
194
7.1.2 Reconstruction of Range Target Function
196
7.2 System Model of Cross-Range Radar Imaging
199
7.2.1 Broadside Radar Case
199
7.2.1.1 System Model
199
7.2.1.2 Principle of Stationary Phase
203
7.2.1.3 Spatial Fourier Transform of Cross-Range Target Response
207
7.2.1.4 Reconstruction of Cross-Range Target Function
210
7.2.2 Squint Radar Case
213
7.2.2.1 System Model
213
7.2.2.2 Spatial Fourier Transform of Cross-Range Target Response
216
7.2.2.3 Reconstruction of Cross-Range Target Function
219
7.3 Data Acquisition, Sampling, and Power Spectrum of Radar Image
221
7.3.1 Digitized Doppler Frequency Power Spectrum
223
7.3.1.1 Broadside SAR
223
7.3.1.2 Squint SAR
223
8 Range–Doppler Processing on SAR Images 226
8.1 SAR Image Data Generation
227
8.2 Synthesis of a Broadside SAR Image Data Array
231
8.2.1 Single-Target Case
231
8.2.2 Multiple-Target Case
235
8.3 Synthesis of a Squint SAR Image Data Array
240
8.3.1 Single-Target Case
240
8.3.2 Multiple-Target Case
242
8.4 Range–Doppler Processing of SAR Data
246
8.4.1 Range Compression
248
8.4.2 Corner Turn
249
8.4.3 Range Cell Migration Correction
249
8.4.3.1 Computation of Range Migration Amount
249
8.4.3.2 Fractional Range Sample Interpolation
252
8.4.3.3 Range Sample Shift
252
8.4.4 Azimuth Compression
254
8.4.4.1 Doppler Frequency Centroid
254
8.4.4.2 Doppler Frequency Change Rate β
254
8.4.4.3 Pulse Duration Time Ta
254
8.5 Simulation Results
255
8.5.1 Broadside SAR with Single Target
255
8.5.2 Broadside SAR with Multiple Targets
261
8.5.3 Squint SAR with Single Target
267
8.5.4 Squint SAR with Multiple Targets
275
9 Stolt Interpolation Processing on SAR Images 285
9.1 Wavenumber Domain Processing of SAR Data
285
9.2 Direct Interpolation from Unevenly Spaced Samples
288
9.3 Stolt Interpolation Processing of SAR Data
290
9.3.1 System Model of Broadside SAR with Six Targets
294
9.3.2 Synthesis of Broadside SAR Data Array
296
9.3.3 Simulation Results
298
9.3.4 System Model of Squint SAR with Six Targets
305
9.3.5 Synthesis of Squint SAR Data Array
307
9.3.6 Simulation Results
309
9.4 Reconstruction of Satellite Radar Image Data
320
9.5 Comparison Between Range—Doppler and Stolt Interpolation on SAR Data Processing
328
Further Reading 333
Index 335
Bu-Chin Wang has worked as a research engineer in DSP-based data modem design; worked in projects related to speech processing and DSP processor design; and cofounded Summit Micro Design, where he completed projects related to QAM data modem chip set, DSP processor, and various PC-based board-level products. He has been awarded five U.S. patents in fields related to DSP applications, and he currently works as an inventor and entrepreneur in DSP-related areas.