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Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

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Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits 2nd editionSuurem pilt
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"Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Second Edition provides a comprehensive treatment of optical communication technology, its principles and theory, treating students as well as experienced engineers to an in-depth exploration of this field. Diode lasers are still of significant importance in the areas of optical communication, storage, and sensing. Using the the same well received theoretical foundations of the first edition, the Second Edition now introduces timely updates in the technology and in focus of the book. After 15 years of development in the field, this book will offer brand new and updated material on GaN-based and quantum-dot lasers, photonic IC technology, detectors, modulators and SOAs, DVDs and storage, eye diagrams and BERconcepts, and DFB lasers. Appendices will also be expanded to include quantum-dot issues and more on the relation between spontaneous emission and gain"--

"Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Second Edition provides a comprehensive treatment of optical communication technology, its principles and theory, treating students as well as experienced engineers to an in-depth exploration of this field.Diode lasers are still of significant importance in the areas of optical communication, storage, and sensing. Using the the same well received theoretical foundations of the first edition, the Second Edition now introduces timely updates in the technology and in focus of the book. After 15 years of development in the field, this book will offer brand new and updated material on GaN-based and quantum-dot lasers, photonic IC technology, detectors, modulators and SOAs, DVDs and storage, eye diagrams and BERconcepts, and DFB lasers. Appendices will also be expanded to include quantum-dot issues and more on the relation between spontaneous emission and gain"--



Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Second Edition provides a comprehensive treatment of optical communication technology, its principles and theory, treating students as well as experienced engineers to an in-depth exploration of this field. Diode lasers are still of significant importance in the areas of optical communication, storage, and sensing. Using the the same well received theoretical foundations of the first edition, the Second Edition now introduces timely updates in the technology and in focus of the book. After 15 years of development in the field, this book will offer brand new and updated material on GaN-based and quantum-dot lasers, photonic IC technology, detectors, modulators and SOAs, DVDs and storage, eye diagrams and BER concepts, and DFB lasers. Appendices will also be expanded to include quantum-dot issues and more on the relation between spontaneous emission and gain.

Arvustused

The book is very clearly written and has many demonstrated examples. It is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to learn about basic optoelectronic devices with every-day applications.  (Optics and Photonics News, 4 January 2013)

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
List of Fundamental Constants
xxiii
1 Ingredients
1(44)
1.1 Introduction
1(4)
1.2 Energy Levels and Bands in Solids
5(2)
1.3 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions: The Creation of Light
7(3)
1.4 Transverse Confinement of Carriers and Photons in Diode Lasers: The Double Heterostructure
10(3)
1.5 Semiconductor Materials for Diode Lasers
13(7)
1.6 Epitaxial Growth Technology
20(4)
1.7 Lateral Confinement of Current, Carriers, and Photons for Practical Lasers
24(7)
1.8 Practical Laser Examples
31(14)
References
39(1)
Reading List
40(1)
Problems
40(5)
2 A Phenomenological Approach to Diode Lasers
45(46)
2.1 Introduction
45(1)
2.2 Carrier Generation and Recombination in Active Regions
46(3)
2.3 Spontaneous Photon Generation and LEDs
49(3)
2.4 Photon Generation and Loss in Laser Cavities
52(3)
2.5 Threshold or Steady-State Gain in Lasers
55(5)
2.6 Threshold Current and Power Out Versus Current
60(10)
2.6.1 Basic P-I Characteristics
60(4)
2.6.2 Gain Models and Their Use in Designing Lasers
64(6)
2.7 Relaxation Resonance and Frequency Response
70(4)
2.8 Characterizing Real Diode Lasers
74(17)
2.8.1 Internal Parameters for In-Plane Lasers: (αi), ni, and g versus J
75(3)
2.8.2 Internal Parameters for VCSELs: ni and g versus J, (αi), and αm
78(1)
2.8.3 Efficiency and Heat Flow
79(1)
2.8.4 Temperature Dependence of Drive Current
80(4)
2.8.5 Derivative Analysis
84(2)
References
86(1)
Reading List
87(1)
Problems
87(4)
3 Mirrors and Resonators for Diode Lasers
91(66)
3.1 Introduction
91(1)
3.2 Scattering Theory
92(3)
3.3 S and T Matrices for Some Common Elements
95(12)
3.3.1 The Dielectric Interface
96(2)
3.3.2 Transmission Line with No Discontinuities
98(2)
3.3.3 Dielectric Segment and the Fabry-Perot Etalon
100(4)
3.3.4 S-Parameter Computation Using Mason's Rule
104(1)
3.3.5 Fabry-Perot Laser
105(2)
3.4 Three- and Four-Mirror Laser Cavities
107(6)
3.4.1 Three-Mirror Lasers
107(4)
3.4.2 Four-Mirror Lasers
111(2)
3.5 Gratings
113(10)
3.5.1 Introduction
113(2)
3.5.2 Transmission Matrix Theory of Gratings
115(6)
3.5.3 Effective Mirror Model for Gratings
121(2)
3.6 Lasers Based on DBR Mirrors
123(18)
3.6.1 Introduction
123(1)
3.6.2 Threshold Gain and Power Out
124(3)
3.6.3 Mode Selection in DBR-Based Lasers
127(1)
3.6.4 VCSEL Design
128(7)
3.6.5 In-Plane DBR Lasers and Tunability
135(4)
3.6.6 Mode Suppression Ratio in DBR Laser
139(2)
3.7 DFB Lasers
141(16)
3.7.1 Introduction
141(2)
3.7.2 Calculation of the Threshold Gains and Wavelengths
143(6)
3.7.3 On Mode Suppression in DFB Lasers
149(2)
References
151(1)
Reading List
151(1)
Problems
151(6)
4 Gain and Current Relations
157(90)
4.1 Introduction
157(1)
4.2 Radiative Transitions
158(16)
4.2.1 Basic Definitions and Fundamental Relationships
158(4)
4.2.2 Fundamental Description of the Radiative Transition Rate
162(3)
4.2.3 Transition Matrix Element
165(5)
4.2.4 Reduced Density of States
170(4)
4.2.5 Correspondence with Einstein's Stimulated Rate Constant
174(1)
4.3 Optical Gain
174(18)
4.3.1 General Expression for Gain
174(7)
4.3.2 Lineshape Broadening
181(4)
4.3.3 General Features of the Gain Spectrum
185(2)
4.3.4 Many-Body Effects
187(3)
4.3.5 Polarization and Piezoelectricity
190(2)
4.4 Spontaneous Emission
192(7)
4.4.1 Single-Mode Spontaneous Emission Rate
192(1)
4.4.2 Total Spontaneous Emission Rate
193(5)
4.4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor
198(1)
4.4.4 Purcell Effect
198(1)
4.5 Nonradiative Transitions
199(19)
4.5.1 Defect and Impurity Recombination
199(3)
4.5.2 Surface and Interface Recombination
202(9)
4.5.3 Auger Recombination
211(7)
4.6 Active Materials and Their Characteristics
218(29)
4.6.1 Strained Materials and Doped Materials
218(2)
4.6.2 Gain Spectra of Common Active Materials
220(3)
4.6.3 Gain versus Carrier Density
223(4)
4.6.4 Spontaneous Emission Spectra and Current versus Carrier Density
227(2)
4.6.5 Gain versus Current Density
229(4)
4.6.6 Experimental Gain Curves
233(1)
4.6.7 Dependence on Well Width, Doping, and Temperature
234(4)
References
238(2)
Reading List
240(1)
Problems
240(7)
5 Dynamic Effects
247(88)
5.1 Introduction
247(1)
5.2 Review of
Chapter 2
248(9)
5.2.1 The Rate Equations
249(1)
5.2.2 Steady-State Solutions
250(1)
Case (i) Well Below Threshold
251(1)
Case (ii) Above Threshold
252(1)
Case (iii) Below and Above Threshold
253(2)
5.2.3 Steady-State Multimode Solutions
255(2)
5.3 Differential Analysis of the Rate Equations
257(19)
5.3.1 Small-Signal Frequency Response
261(5)
5.3.2 Small-Signal Transient Response
266(4)
5.3.3 Small-Signal FM Response or Frequency Chirping
270(6)
5.4 Large-Signal Analysis
276(12)
5.4.1 Large-Signal Modulation: Numerical Analysis of the Multimode Rate Equations
277(2)
5.4.2 Mode Locking
279(4)
5.4.3 Turn-On Delay
283(3)
5.4.4 Large-Signal Frequency Chirping
286(2)
5.5 Relative Intensity Noise and Linewidth
288(20)
5.5.1 General Definition of RIN and the Spectral Density Function
288(4)
5.5.2 The Schawlow-Townes Linewidth
292(2)
5.5.3 The Langevin Approach
294(1)
5.5.4 Langevin Noise Spectral Densities and RIN
295(6)
5.5.5 Frequency Noise
301(2)
5.5.6 Linewidth
303(5)
5.6 Carrier Transport Effects
308(3)
5.7 Feedback Effects and Injection Locking
311(24)
5.7.1 Optical Feedback Effects---Static Characteristics
311(6)
5.7.2 Injection Locking---Static Characteristics
317(3)
5.7.3 Injection and Feedback Dynamic Characteristics and Stability
320(1)
5.7.4 Feedback Effects on Laser Linewidth
321(7)
References
328(1)
Reading List
329(1)
Problems
329(6)
6 Perturbation, Coupled-Mode Theory, Modal Excitations, and Applications
335(60)
6.1 Introduction
335(1)
6.2 Guided-Mode Power and Effective Width
336(3)
6.3 Perturbation Theory
339(3)
6.4 Coupled-Mode Theory: Two-Mode Coupling
342(34)
6.4.1 Contradirectional Coupling: Gratings
342(11)
6.4.2 DFB Lasers
353(3)
6.4.3 Codirectional Coupling: Directional Couplers
356(14)
6.4.4 Codirectional Coupler Filters and Electro-optic Switches
370(6)
6.5 Modal Excitation
376(2)
6.6 Two Mode Interference and Multimode Interference
378(3)
6.7 Star Couplers
381(1)
6.8 Photonic Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and Routers
382(8)
6.8.1 Arrayed Waveguide Grating De/Multiplexers and Routers
383(6)
6.8.2 Echelle Grating based De/Multiplexers and Routers
389(1)
6.9 Conclusions
390(5)
References
390(1)
Reading List
391(1)
Problems
391(4)
7 Dielectric Waveguides
395(56)
7.1 Introduction
395(1)
7.2 Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Dielectric Boundary
396(4)
7.3 Dielectric Waveguide Analysis Techniques
400(27)
7.3.1 Standing Wave Technique
400(3)
7.3.2 Transverse Resonance
403(7)
7.3.3 WKB Method for Arbitrary Waveguide Profiles
410(8)
7.3.4 2-D Effective Index Technique for Buried Rib Waveguides
418(3)
7.3.5 Analysis of Curved Optical Waveguides using Conformal Mapping
421(3)
7.3.6 Numerical Mode Solving Methods for Arbitrary Waveguide Profiles
424(3)
7.4 Numerical Techniques for Analyzing PICs
427(7)
7.4.1 Introduction
427(2)
7.4.2 Implicit Finite-Difference Beam-Propagation Method
429(3)
7.4.3 Calculation of Propagation Constants in a z-invariant Waveguide from a Beam Propagation Solution
432(2)
7.4.4 Calculation of Eigenmode Profile from a Beam Propagation Solution
434(1)
7.5 Goos-Hanchen Effect and Total Internal Reflection Components
434(3)
7.5.1 Total Internal Reflection Mirrors
435(2)
7.6 Losses in Dielectric Waveguides
437(14)
7.6.1 Absorption Losses in Dielectric Waveguides
437(1)
7.6.2 Scattering Losses in Dielectric Waveguides
438(1)
7.6.3 Radiation Losses for Nominally Guided Modes
438(7)
References
445(1)
Reading List
446(1)
Problems
446(5)
8 Photonic Integrated Circuits
451(58)
8.1 Introduction
451(1)
8.2 Tunable, Widely Tunable, and Externally Modulated Lasers
452(32)
8.2.1 Two- and Three-Section In-plane DBR Lasers
452(6)
8.2.2 Widely Tunable Diode Lasers
458(5)
8.2.3 Other Extended Tuning Range Diode Laser Implementations
463(11)
8.2.4 Externally Modulated Lasers
474(7)
8.2.5 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
481(3)
8.2.6 Transmitter Arrays
484(1)
8.3 Advanced PICs
484(7)
8.3.1 Waveguide Photodetectors
485(3)
8.3.2 Transceivers/Wavelength Converters and Triplexers
488(3)
8.4 PICs for Coherent Optical Communications
491(18)
8.4.1 Coherent Optical Communications Primer
492(3)
8.4.2 Coherent Detection
495(1)
8.4.3 Coherent Receiver Implementations
495(3)
8.4.4 Vector Transmitters
498(1)
References
499(4)
Reading List
503(1)
Problems
503(6)
APPENDICES
1 Review of Elementary Solid-State Physics
509(20)
A1.1 A Quantum Mechanics Primer
509(1)
A1.1.1 Introduction
509(2)
A1.1.2 Potential Wells and Bound Electrons
511(5)
A1.2 Elements of Solid-State Physics
516(1)
A1.2.1 Electrons in Crystals and Energy Bands
516(4)
A1.2.2 Effective Mass
520(2)
A1.2.3 Density of States Using a Free-Electron (Effective Mass) Theory
522(5)
References
527(1)
Reading List
527(2)
2 Relationships between Fermi Energy and Carrier Density and Leakage
529(16)
A2.1 General Relationships
529(3)
A2.2 Approximations for Bulk Materials
532(5)
A2.3 Carrier Leakage Over Heterobarriers
537(5)
A2.4 Internal Quantum Efficiency
542(2)
References
544(1)
Reading List
544(1)
3 Introduction to Optical Waveguiding in Simple Double-Heterostructures
545(14)
A3.1 Introduction
545(1)
A3.2 Three-Layer Slab Dielectric Waveguide
546(1)
A3.2.1 Symmetric Slab Case
547(1)
A3.2.2 General Asymmetric Slab Case
548(2)
A3.2.3 Transverse Confinement Factor, Γx
550(1)
A3.3 Effective Index Technique for Two-Dimensional Waveguides
551(4)
A3.4 Far Fields
555(2)
References
557(1)
Reading List
557(2)
4 Density of Optical Modes, Blackbody Radiation, and Spontaneous Emission Factor
559(6)
A4.1 Optical Cavity Modes
559(2)
A4.2 Blackbody Radiation
561(1)
A4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor, βsp
562(1)
Reading List
563(2)
5 Modal Gain, Modal Loss, and Confinement Factors
565(14)
A5.1 Introduction
565(1)
A5.2 Classical Definition of Modal Gain
566(2)
A5.3 Modal Gain and Confinement Factors
568(2)
A5.4 Internal Modal Loss
570(1)
A5.5 More Exact Analysis of the Active/Passive Section Cavity
571(1)
A5.5.1 Axial Confinement Factor
572(1)
A5.5.2 Threshold Condition and Differential Efficiency
573(3)
A5.6 Effects of Dispersion on Modal Gain
576(3)
6 Einstein's Approach to Gain and Spontaneous Emission
579(14)
A6.1 Introduction
579(3)
A6.2 Einstein A and B Coefficients
582(2)
A6.3 Thermal Equilibrium
584(1)
A6.4 Calculation of Gain
585(4)
A6.5 Calculation of Spontaneous Emission Rate
589(3)
Reading List
592(1)
7 Periodic Structures and the Transmission Matrix
593(16)
A7.1 Introduction
593(1)
A7.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
593(2)
A7.3 Application to Dielectric Stacks at the Bragg Condition
595(2)
A7.4 Application to Dielectric Stacks Away from the Bragg Condition
597(3)
A7.5 Correspondence with Approximate Techniques
600(1)
A7.5.1 Fourier Limit
601(1)
A7.5.2 Coupled-Mode Limit
602(1)
A7.6 Generalized Reflectivity at the Bragg Condition
603(2)
Reading List
605(1)
Problems
605(4)
8 Electronic States in Semiconductors
609(20)
A8.1 Introduction
609(1)
A8.2 General Description of Electronic States
609(2)
A8.3 Bloch Functions and the Momentum Matrix Element
611(4)
A8.4 Band Structure in Quantum Wells
615(1)
A8.4.1 Conduction Band
615(1)
A8.4.2 Valence Band
616(7)
A8.4.3 Strained Quantum Wells
623(4)
References
627(1)
Reading List
628(1)
9 Fermi's Golden Rule
629(10)
A9.1 Introduction
629(1)
A9.2 Semiclassical Derivation of the Transition Rate
630(2)
A9.2.1 Case I: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Constant
632(3)
A9.2.2 Case II: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Delta Function
635(1)
A9.2.3 Case III: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Lorentzian
636(1)
Reading List
637(1)
Problems
638(1)
10 Transition Matrix Element
639(8)
A10.1 General Derivation
639(2)
A10.2 Polarization-Dependent Effects
641(4)
A10.3 Inclusion of Envelope Functions in Quantum Wells
645(1)
Reading List
646(1)
11 Strained Bandgaps
647(10)
A11.1 General Definitions of Stress and Strain
647(3)
A11.2 Relationship Between Strain and Bandgap
650(5)
A11.3 Relationship Between Strain and Band Structure
655(1)
References
656(1)
12 Threshold Energy for Auger Processes
657(4)
A12.1 CCCH Process
657(2)
A12.2 CHHS and CHHL Processes
659(2)
13 Langevin Noise
661(14)
A13.1 Properties of Langevin Noise Sources
661(1)
A13.1.1 Correlation Functions and Spectral Densities
661(3)
A13.1.2 Evaluation of Langevin Noise Correlation Strengths
664(1)
A13.2 Specific Langevin Noise Correlations
665(1)
A13.2.1 Photon Density and Carrier Density Langevin Noise Correlations
665(1)
A13.2.2 Photon Density and Output Power Langevin Noise Correlations
666(1)
A13.2.3 Photon Density and Phase Langevin Noise Correlations
667(2)
A13.3 Evaluation of Noise Spectral Densities
669(1)
A13.3.1 Photon Noise Spectral Density
669(1)
A13.3.2 Output Power Noise Spectral Density
670(1)
A13.3.3 Carrier Noise Spectral Density
671(1)
References
672(1)
Problems
672(3)
14 Derivation Details for Perturbation Formulas
675(2)
Reading List
676(1)
15 Multimode Interference
677(8)
A15.1 Multimode Interference-Based Couplers
677(1)
A15.2 Guided-Mode Propagation Analysis
678(1)
A15.2.1 General Interference
679(2)
A15.2.2 Restricted Multimode Interference
681(1)
A15.3 MMI Physical Properties
682(1)
A15.3.1 Fabrication
682(1)
A15.3.2 Imaging Quality
682(1)
A15.3.3 Inherent Loss and Optical Bandwidth
682(1)
A15.3.4 Polarization Dependence
683(1)
A15.3.5 Reflection Properties
683(1)
Reference
683(2)
16 The Electro-Optic Effect
685(8)
References
692(1)
Reading List
692(1)
17 Solution of Finite Difference Problems
693(4)
A17.1 Matrix Formalism
693(2)
A17.2 One-Dimensional Dielectric Slab Example
695(1)
Reading List
696(1)
Index 697
Larry A. Coldren is the Fred Kavli Professor of Optoelectronics and Sensors at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has authored or coauthored over a thousand journal and conference papers, seven book chapters, and a textbook, and has been issued sixty-three patents. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, OSA, and IEE, the recipient of the 2004 John Tyndall and 2009 Aron Kressel Awards, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Scott W. Corzine obtained his PhD from the University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, for his work on vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). He worked for ten years at HP/Agilent Laboratories in Palo Alto, California, on VCSELs, externally modulated lasers, and quantum cascade lasers. He is currently with Infinera in Sunnyvale, California, working on photonic integrated circuits.

Milan L. Mashanovitch obtained his PhD in the field of photonic integrated circuits at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB), in 2004. He has since been with UCSB as a scientist working on tunable photonic integrated circuits and as an adjunct professor, and with Freedom Photonics LLC, Santa Barbara, which he cofounded in 2005, working on photonic integrated circuits.