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1 Second Language Acquisition Facit Saltus (`Takes a Leap') |
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1 | (42) |
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1.1 Preview of the Volume: Second Language Acquisition in Adulthood is a Discontinuous Process |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 The Term `Discontinuity' and its Meaning for SLA |
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3 | (2) |
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1.3 The Core Idea of the Discontinuity Hypothesis |
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5 | (3) |
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1.4 `Gemination' of the Same Twice-learned Items in a Learner's Competence |
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8 | (1) |
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1.5 Second Language Acquisition is `Quantized' |
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9 | (2) |
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1.6 Falsifiability Criteria for the Discontinuity Hypothesis |
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11 | (4) |
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1.7 Increasing Amount of Exposure to Input Cannot Explain All Developmental Transition States |
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15 | (2) |
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1.8 Discontinuity is Neither Automatization Nor Restructuring |
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17 | (2) |
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1.9 Discontinuity Does Not Mirror the Lexicon/Grammar Distinction |
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19 | (1) |
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1.10 Discontinuity Operationalizes Two Different Kinds of L2 Grammar |
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20 | (2) |
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1.11 Discontinuity Differs From Developmental Theories of `Incrementalism' |
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22 | (2) |
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1.12 Diagnostics of Discontinuity |
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24 | (4) |
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1.13 Discontinuity and Individual Differences |
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28 | (3) |
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31 | (8) |
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1.15 Breakdown of the Volume |
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39 | (4) |
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2 Discontinuity as Chunks Feed into Grammar |
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43 | (21) |
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2.1 Chapter Preview: Frequency Takes the Floor |
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43 | (1) |
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2.2 Three Aspects of the `Frequency Factor' in Language Processing and Language Acquisition |
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44 | (1) |
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2.3 Chunks, Not Formulas, Are the Building Blocks of SL |
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45 | (3) |
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2.4 Chunks Feed into L2 Grammar |
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48 | (3) |
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2.5 Chunks Feed into L2 Constructions |
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51 | (1) |
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2.6 One Example of Gemination of TL Representation in L2 Italian |
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52 | (6) |
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2.7 How Much Grammar Can Be Found in Chunks and Constructions |
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58 | (2) |
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2.8 Chunking (and SL) Operates on Sociolinguistic Variants as Well |
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60 | (2) |
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2.9 To Sum Up: Some Language Properties Are Not a Property of Input |
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62 | (2) |
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3 Discontinuity in the Maturing and in the Adapting Brain |
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64 | (32) |
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3.1 Chapter Preview: Discontinuity Across a Learner's Age |
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64 | (2) |
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3.2 Beyond the `Fundamental Difference' Versus `Full Access' Debate |
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66 | (2) |
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3.3 Learning by Patches is Typical of Adult SLA |
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68 | (1) |
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3.4 Discontinuity in Brain Maturation and Brain Adaptation |
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69 | (1) |
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3.5 The Difference Between a `Sensitive' and a `Critical' Period for Language Acquisition |
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70 | (2) |
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3.6 Discontinuity in the Maturing Brain |
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72 | (6) |
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3.7 Lifelong Effects of the Early Acquisition of Additional Languages |
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78 | (2) |
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3.8 Discontinuity and an Adult's Brain Adaptation |
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80 | (1) |
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3.9 The Critical Period Hypothesis Revised |
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81 | (3) |
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3.10 Specific Features of SLA in Adulthood |
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84 | (9) |
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3.11 To Sum Up: The Balance Between Loss and Compensation in Late SLA |
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93 | (3) |
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4 Discontinuity and the Neurocognition of Second Language |
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96 | (39) |
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4.1 Chapter Preview: Discontinuity Fits a Divergence Model of L1--L2 Acquisition |
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96 | (1) |
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4.2 The Notion of Convergence and the Single-network Hypothesis |
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97 | (1) |
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4.3 The Notion of Divergence and the Declarative/Procedural Model |
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98 | (1) |
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4.4 The Declarative/Procedural Model |
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99 | (9) |
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4.5 Problems with the DPM (and Possible Integrations) |
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108 | (6) |
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4.6 Discontinuity and L2 Neurocognition: Experimental Studies |
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114 | (9) |
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4.7 Studies Questioning the Developmental Relevance of the N400/P600 Dichotomy |
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123 | (1) |
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4.8 What is Learned at Discrete Stages of Learning is Just Combinatorial Grammar |
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124 | (4) |
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4.9 The N400--P600 Dichotomy Could Reveal L1--L2 Common Processing Strategies |
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128 | (1) |
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4.10 A Different View of the N400--P600 `Biphasic Pattern': Neural Cues of Gemination in L2 Processing and Representations |
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129 | (2) |
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4.11 To Sum Up: SL and GL Divide the Labor of SLA in Adulthood |
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131 | (4) |
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5 Statistical Learning of a Second Language |
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135 | (43) |
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5.1 Chapter Preview: What Parts of the L2 Are Affected by SL |
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135 | (1) |
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5.2 The Distinction Between Combinatorial and Non-combinatorial Grammar |
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136 | (2) |
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5.3 Second Language Acquisition as a Form of Supervised SL |
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138 | (1) |
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5.4 Did the SL Approach Change the Problem of Language Acquisition |
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139 | (1) |
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5.5 Is Probabilistic Information also Relevant to the Structural Properties of the Language |
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140 | (3) |
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5.6 Syntax that Can Be Learned Statistically (in a Miniature Artificial Grammar) |
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143 | (3) |
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5.7 The Potential Contribution of SL for the Acquisition of L2 Syntax |
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146 | (5) |
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5.8 On Syntax as `Structural Integration': P600 Effects also Signal Identical Violations in Non-linguistic Domains |
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151 | (3) |
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5.9 Are the Patterns that Statistical Learners Extract from the Input Actually `Syntactic Structures' |
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154 | (4) |
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5.10 Adjacency, Non-adjacency and SL |
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158 | (3) |
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5.11 Non-adjacent Dependencies in SL Correspond to What We Have Previously Labeled as Combinatorial Grammar |
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161 | (5) |
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5.12 Neural Correlates of the Processing of Supra-regular (Phrase-Structures) Versus Regular (Finite State) Grammars |
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166 | (6) |
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5.13 What `L2 Chunks Feed Into Grammar' Means in the Perspective of SL |
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172 | (3) |
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5.14 To Sum Up: The Distinctive Features of SL and Discontinuity in SLA |
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175 | (3) |
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6 Parts of L2 Grammar That Resist Statistical Learning |
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178 | (42) |
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6.1 Chapter Preview: Two Kinds of Grammar, Two Kinds of Learning |
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178 | (1) |
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6.2 The Discontinuity from Statistical `Counting' to Grammatical `Computation' |
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179 | (1) |
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6.3 The Switch Between Concatenation and `External Merge' |
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180 | (8) |
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6.4 Discontinuity and Downstream, Top-down L2 Processing |
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188 | (2) |
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6.5 The Benefits of Frequency Do Not Extend to Displaced Items (`Internal Merge') and to Empty Categories |
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190 | (6) |
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6.6 There are Parts of the Second Language that Cannot Be Learned like a Song |
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196 | (1) |
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6.7 Non-combinatorial Grammar and Non-adjacency of Items in a Sentence |
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197 | (1) |
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6.8 Non-combinatorial Grammar and Long-distance Dependencies: The Shallow Structure Hypothesis |
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198 | (6) |
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6.9 Non-combinatorial Grammar at the Interfaces |
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204 | (9) |
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6.10 Non-combinatorial Grammar and Uninterpretable Features |
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213 | (2) |
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6.11 Non-combinatorial Grammar and Functional Morphology: The `Bottleneck' Hypothesis |
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215 | (1) |
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6.12 Is Non-combinatorial Grammar Important for SLA |
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216 | (2) |
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6.13 To Sum Up: Whether Something Can Be Learned or Not Depends on How it Can Be Learned |
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218 | (2) |
Conclusions |
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220 | (5) |
References |
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225 | (26) |
Index |
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251 | |