Preface |
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xiii | |
How to Use This Book |
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xvii | |
Thank You |
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xxi | |
Dedication |
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xxiii | |
Symbols Used In This Book |
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xxiv | |
A Maths Review |
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xxvi | |
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1 Why Is My Evil Lecturer Forcing Me To Learn Statistics? |
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1 | (36) |
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1.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 What the hell am I doing here? I don't belong here |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Initial observation: finding something that needs explaining |
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3 | (1) |
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1.5 Generating and testing theories and hypotheses |
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4 | (4) |
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1.6 Collecting data: measurement |
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8 | (5) |
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1.7 Collecting data: research design |
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13 | (5) |
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18 | (13) |
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31 | (3) |
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1.10 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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1.12 Key terms that I've discovered |
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34 | (3) |
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35 | (2) |
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2 The Spine of Statistics |
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37 | (36) |
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2.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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38 | (1) |
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2.2 What is the SPINE of statistics? |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (3) |
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2.4 Populations and samples |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (3) |
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2.6 E is for estimating parameters |
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46 | (2) |
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2.7 S is for standard error |
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48 | (2) |
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2.8 I is for (confidence) interval |
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50 | (5) |
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2.9 N is for null hypothesis significance testing |
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55 | (14) |
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2.10 Reporting significance tests |
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69 | (1) |
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2.11 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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2.13 Key terms that I've discovered |
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70 | (3) |
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71 | (2) |
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3 The Phoenix of Statistics |
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73 | (30) |
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3.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (5) |
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3.3 NHST as part of wider problems with science |
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80 | (4) |
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3.4 A phoenix from the EMBERS |
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84 | (2) |
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3.5 Sense, and how to use it |
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86 | (1) |
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3.6 Pre-registering research and open science |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (5) |
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92 | (8) |
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3.9 Reporting effect sizes and Bayes factors |
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100 | (1) |
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3.10 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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3.12 Key terms that I've discovered |
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101 | (2) |
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101 | (2) |
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4 The Ibm Spss Statistics Environment |
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103 | (32) |
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4.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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104 | (1) |
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4.2 Versions of IBM SPSS Statistics |
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105 | (1) |
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4.3 Windows, Mac OS, and Linux |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (4) |
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4.6 Entering data into IBM SPSS Statistics |
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110 | (10) |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (3) |
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4.9 Exporting SPSS output |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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4.13 Extending IBM SPSS Statistics |
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127 | (3) |
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4.14 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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4.16 Key terms that I've discovered |
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131 | (4) |
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132 | (3) |
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5 Exploring Data With Graphs |
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135 | (34) |
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5.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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136 | (1) |
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5.2 The art of presenting data |
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137 | (2) |
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5.3 The SPSS Chart Builder |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (5) |
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5.5 Boxplots (box-whisker diagrams) |
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145 | (2) |
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5.6 Graphing means: bar charts and error bars |
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147 | (9) |
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156 | (1) |
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5.8 Graphing relationships: the scatterplot |
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156 | (7) |
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163 | (3) |
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5.10 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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5.12 Key terms that I've discovered |
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167 | (2) |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (42) |
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6.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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6.4 Overview of assumptions |
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172 | (1) |
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6.5 Additivity and linearity |
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173 | (1) |
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6.6 Normally distributed something or other |
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173 | (6) |
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6.7 Homoscedasticity/homogeneity of variance |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (3) |
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183 | (10) |
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6.11 Spotting linearity and heteroscedasticity/heterogeneity of variance |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (12) |
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6.13 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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6.15 Key terms that I've discovered |
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209 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (38) |
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7.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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212 | (1) |
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7.2 When to use non-parametric tests |
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213 | (1) |
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7.3 General procedure of non-parametric tests in using SPSS Statistics |
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214 | (2) |
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7.4 Comparing two independent conditions: the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Mann-Whitney test |
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216 | (7) |
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7.5 Comparing two related conditions: the Wilcoxon signed-rank test |
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223 | (7) |
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7.6 Differences between several independent groups: the Kruskal--Wallis test |
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230 | (11) |
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7.7 Differences between several related groups: Friedman's ANOVA |
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241 | (5) |
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7.8 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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7.10 Key terms that I've discovered |
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247 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (26) |
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8.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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250 | (1) |
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8.2 Modeling relationships |
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251 | (6) |
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8.3 Data entry for correlation analysis |
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257 | (1) |
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8.4 Bivariate correlation |
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257 | (9) |
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8.5 Partial and semi-partial correlation |
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266 | (4) |
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8.6 Comparing correlations |
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270 | (1) |
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8.7 Calculating the effect size |
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271 | (1) |
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8.8 How to report correlation coefficents |
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271 | (2) |
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8.9 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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8.11 Key terms that I've discovered |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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9 The Linear Model (Regression] |
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275 | (50) |
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9.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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276 | (1) |
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9.2 An introduction to the linear model (regression) |
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277 | (6) |
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9.3 Bias in linear models? |
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283 | (5) |
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9.4 Generalizing the model |
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288 | (1) |
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9.5 Sample size and the linear model |
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289 | (1) |
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9.6 Fitting linear models: the general procedure |
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290 | (1) |
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9.7 Using SPSS Statistics to fit a linear model with one predictor |
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291 | (1) |
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9.8 Interpreting a linear model with one predictor |
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292 | (3) |
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9.9 The linear model with two or more predictors (multiple regression) |
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295 | (3) |
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9.10 Using SPSS Statistics to fit a linear model with several predictors |
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298 | (5) |
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9.11 Interpreting a linear model with several predictors |
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303 | (12) |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (2) |
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9.14 Reporting linear models |
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320 | (1) |
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9.15 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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9.17 Key terms that I've discovered |
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322 | (3) |
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322 | (3) |
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325 | (32) |
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10.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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326 | (1) |
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10.2 Looking at differences |
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327 | (1) |
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10.3 A mischievous example |
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327 | (2) |
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10.4 Categorical predictors in the linear model |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (5) |
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10.6 Assumptions of the t-test |
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336 | (1) |
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10.7 Comparing two means: general procedure |
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336 | (1) |
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10.8 Comparing two independent means using SPSS Statistics |
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336 | (7) |
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10.9 Comparing two related means using SPSS Statistics |
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343 | (10) |
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10.10 Reporting comparisons between two means |
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353 | (1) |
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10.11 Between groups or repeated measures? |
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354 | (1) |
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10.12 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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10.14 Key terms that I've discovered |
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355 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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11 Moderation, Mediation and Multicategory Predictors |
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357 | (28) |
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11.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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11.3 Moderation: interactions in the linear model |
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359 | (10) |
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369 | (8) |
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11.5 Categorical predictors in regression |
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377 | (5) |
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11.6 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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11.8 Key terms that I've discovered |
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383 | (2) |
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384 | (1) |
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12 Glm 1: Comparing Several Independent Means |
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385 | (38) |
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12.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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386 | (1) |
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12.2 Using a linear model to compare several means |
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387 | (8) |
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12.3 Assumptions when comparing means |
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395 | (3) |
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12.4 Planned contrasts (contrast coding) |
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398 | (8) |
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406 | (2) |
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12.6 Comparing several means using SPSS Statistics |
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408 | (4) |
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12.7 Output from one-way independent ANOVA |
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412 | (5) |
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12.8 Robust comparisons of several means |
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417 | (1) |
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12.9 Bayesian comparison of several means |
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418 | (1) |
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12.10 Calculating the effect size |
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419 | (1) |
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12.11 Reporting results from one-way independent ANOVA |
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419 | (1) |
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12.12 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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12.14 Key terms that I've discovered |
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421 | (2) |
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421 | (2) |
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13 Glm 2: Comparing Means Adjusted for Other Predictors (Analysis of Covariance] |
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423 | (24) |
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13.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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13.3 ANCOVA and the general linear model |
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425 | (3) |
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13.4 Assumptions and issues in ANCOVA |
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428 | (3) |
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13.5 Conducting ANCOVA using SPSS Statistics |
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431 | (5) |
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436 | (3) |
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13.7 Testing the assumption of homogeneity of regression slopes |
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439 | (2) |
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441 | (2) |
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13.9 Bayesian analysis with covariates |
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443 | (1) |
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13.10 Calculating the effect size |
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443 | (1) |
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444 | (1) |
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13.12 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (1) |
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13.14 Key terms that I've discovered |
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445 | (2) |
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446 | (1) |
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14 GLM 3: Factorial Designs |
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447 | (30) |
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14.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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14.3 Independent factorial designs and the linear model |
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449 | (7) |
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14.4 Model assumptions in factorial designs |
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456 | (1) |
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14.5 Factorial designs using SPSS Statistics |
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457 | (4) |
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14.6 Output from factorial designs |
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461 | (6) |
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14.7 Interpreting interaction graphs |
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467 | (2) |
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14.8 Robust models of factorial designs |
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469 | (2) |
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14.9 Bayesian models of factorial designs |
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471 | (2) |
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14.10 Calculating effect sizes |
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473 | (1) |
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14.11 Reporting the results of factorial designs |
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474 | (1) |
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14.12 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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475 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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14.14 Key terms that I've discovered |
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475 | (2) |
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476 | (1) |
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15 GLM 4: Repeated-Measures Designs |
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477 | (38) |
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15.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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478 | (1) |
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15.2 Introduction to repeated-measures designs |
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479 | (1) |
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479 | (1) |
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15.4 Repeated-measures and the linear model |
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480 | (1) |
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15.5 The ANOVA approach to repeated-measures designs |
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481 | (4) |
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15.6 The F-statistic for repeated-measures designs |
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485 | (2) |
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15.7 Assumptions in repeated-measures designs |
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487 | (1) |
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15.8 One-way repeated-measures designs using SPSS |
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488 | (3) |
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15.9 Output for one-way repeated-measures designs |
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491 | (6) |
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15.10 Robust tests of one-way repeated-measures designs |
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497 | (1) |
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15.11 Effect sizes for one-way repeated-measures designs |
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498 | (1) |
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15.12 Reporting one-way repeated-measures designs |
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499 | (1) |
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15.13 A boozy example: a factorial repeated-measures design |
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499 | (1) |
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15.14 Factorial repeated-measures designs using SPSS Statistics |
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500 | (4) |
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15.15 Interpreting factorial repeated-measures designs |
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504 | (7) |
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15.16 Effect sizes for factorial repeated-measures designs |
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511 | (1) |
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15.17 Reporting the results from factorial repeated-measures designs |
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512 | (1) |
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15.18 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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513 | (1) |
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513 | (1) |
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15.20 Key terms that I've discovered |
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514 | (1) |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (24) |
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16.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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516 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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16.3 Assumptions in mixed designs |
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517 | (1) |
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16.4 A speed-dating example |
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517 | (2) |
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16.5 Mixed designs using SPSS Statistics |
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519 | (2) |
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16.6 Output for mixed factorial designs |
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521 | (12) |
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16.7 Calculating effect sizes |
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533 | (1) |
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16.8 Reporting the results of mixed designs |
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533 | (3) |
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16.9 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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536 | (1) |
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536 | (1) |
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16.11 Key terms that I've discovered |
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537 | (2) |
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537 | (2) |
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17 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Manova) |
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539 | (30) |
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17.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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540 | (1) |
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541 | (1) |
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17.3 Introducing matrices |
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542 | (2) |
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17.4 The theory behind MANOVA |
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544 | (7) |
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17.5 Practical issues when conducting MANOVA |
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551 | (2) |
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17.6 MANOVA using SPSS Statistics |
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553 | (1) |
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554 | (4) |
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17.8 Reporting results from MANOVA |
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558 | (1) |
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17.9 Following up MANOVA with discriminant analysis |
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559 | (2) |
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17.10 Interpreting discriminant analysis |
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561 | (2) |
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17.11 Reporting results from discriminant analysis |
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563 | (1) |
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17.12 The final interpretation |
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564 | (1) |
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17.13 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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565 | (1) |
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566 | (1) |
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17.15 Key terms that I've discovered |
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567 | (2) |
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567 | (2) |
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18 Exploratory Factor Analysis |
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569 | (42) |
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18.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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570 | (1) |
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18.2 When to use factor analysis |
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571 | (1) |
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18.3 Factors and components |
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571 | (5) |
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576 | (6) |
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582 | (3) |
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18.6 Factor analysis using SPSS Statistics |
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585 | (5) |
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18.7 Interpreting factor analysis |
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590 | (10) |
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18.8 How to report factor analysis |
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600 | (1) |
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18.9 Reliability analysis |
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601 | (2) |
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18.10 Reliability analysis using SPSS Statistics |
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603 | (1) |
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18.11 Interpreting reliability analysis |
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604 | (2) |
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18.12 How to report reliability analysis |
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606 | (1) |
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18.13 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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607 | (1) |
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608 | (1) |
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18.15 Key terms that I've discovered |
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608 | (3) |
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609 | (2) |
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19 Categorical Outcomes: Chi-Square and Loglinear Analysis |
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611 | (30) |
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19.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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612 | (1) |
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19.2 Analyzing categorical data |
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613 | (1) |
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19.3 Associations between two categorical variables |
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613 | (5) |
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19.4 Associations between several categorical variables: loglinear analysis |
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618 | (2) |
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19.5 Assumptions when analyzing categorical data |
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620 | (1) |
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19.6 General procedure for analyzing categorical outcomes |
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621 | (1) |
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19.7 Doing chi-square using SPSS Statistics |
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621 | (3) |
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19.8 Interpreting the chi-square test |
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624 | (6) |
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19.9 Loglinear analysis using SPSS Statistics |
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630 | (3) |
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19.10 Interpreting loglinear analysis |
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633 | (4) |
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19.11 Reporting the results of loglinear analysis |
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637 | (1) |
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19.12 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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637 | (1) |
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638 | (1) |
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19.14 Key terms that I've discovered |
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639 | (2) |
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639 | (2) |
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20 Categorical Outcomes: Logistic Regression |
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641 | (42) |
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20.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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642 | (1) |
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20.2 What is logistic regression? |
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643 | (1) |
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20.3 Theory of logistic regression |
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643 | (4) |
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20.4 Sources of bias and common problems |
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647 | (3) |
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20.5 Binary logistic regression |
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650 | (7) |
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20.6 Interpreting logistic regression |
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657 | (7) |
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20.7 Reporting logistic regression |
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664 | (1) |
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20.8 Testing assumptions: another example |
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665 | (4) |
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20.9 Predicting several categories: multinomial logistic regression |
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669 | (9) |
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20.10 Reporting multinomial logistic regression |
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678 | (1) |
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20.11 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
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679 | (1) |
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679 | (1) |
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20.13 Key terms that I've discovered |
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680 | (3) |
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680 | (3) |
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21 Multilevel Linear Models |
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683 | (40) |
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21.1 What will this chapter tell me? |
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684 | (1) |
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685 | (2) |
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21.3 Theory of multilevel linear models |
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687 | (3) |
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21.4 The multilevel model |
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690 | (2) |
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21.5 Some practical issues |
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692 | (3) |
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21.6 Multilevel modeling using SPSS Statistics |
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695 | (12) |
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707 | (10) |
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21.8 How to report a multilevel model |
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717 | (1) |
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21.9 A message from the octopus of inescapable despair |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
21.10 Brian's attempt to woo Jane |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
21.12 Key terms that I've discovered |
|
|
720 | (3) |
|
|
721 | (2) |
Epilogue |
|
723 | (2) |
Appendix |
|
725 | (10) |
Glossary |
|
735 | (22) |
References |
|
757 | (10) |
Index |
|
767 | |