Preface |
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xiii | |
About the Author |
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xv | |
Acknowledgment |
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xvii | |
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Chapter 1 Signal Representation |
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1 | (50) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Why Do We Discretize Continuous Systems? |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Periodic and Nonperiodic Discrete Signals |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Unit Step Discrete Signal |
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4 | (1) |
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1.5 Impulse Discrete Signal |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.7 Real Exponential Discrete Signal |
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6 | (1) |
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1.8 Sinusoidal Discrete Signal |
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7 | (3) |
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1.9 Exponentially Modulated Sinusoidal Signal |
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10 | (2) |
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1.10 Complex Periodic Discrete Signal |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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1.12 Representing a Discrete Signal Using Impulses |
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15 | (1) |
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1.13 Reflection Operation |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.16 Even and Odd Discrete Signal |
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19 | (2) |
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1.17 Does a Discrete Signal Have a Time Constant? |
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21 | (1) |
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1.18 Basic Operations on Discrete Signals |
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22 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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1.18.2 Addition and Subtraction |
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22 | (1) |
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1.18.3 Scalar Multiplication |
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22 | (1) |
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1.18.4 Combined Operations |
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23 | (2) |
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1.19 Energy and Power Discrete Signals |
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25 | (2) |
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1.20 Bounded and Unbounded Discrete Signals |
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27 | (1) |
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1.21 Some Insights: Signals in the Real World |
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27 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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1.22 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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29 | (17) |
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1.23 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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46 | (5) |
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Chapter 2 Discrete System |
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51 | (74) |
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2.1 Definition of a System |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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2.3 Linear Discrete Systems |
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52 | (2) |
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2.4 Time Invariance and Discrete Signals |
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54 | (2) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (4) |
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2.10 Difference Equations of Physical Systems |
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63 | (1) |
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2.11 Homogeneous Difference Equation and Its Solution |
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63 | (4) |
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2.11.1 Case When Roots Are All Distinct |
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66 | (1) |
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2.11.2 Case When Two Roots Are Real and Equal |
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66 | (1) |
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2.11.3 Case When Two Roots Are Complex |
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66 | (1) |
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2.12 Nonhomogeneous Difference Equations and Their Solutions |
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67 | (3) |
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2.12.1 How Do We find the Particular Solution? |
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69 | (1) |
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2.13 Stability of Linear Discrete Systems: The Characteristic Equation |
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70 | (3) |
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2.13.1 Stability Depending on the Values of the Poles |
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70 | (1) |
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2.13.2 Stability from the Jury Test |
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70 | (3) |
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2.14 Block Diagram Representation of Linear Discrete Systems |
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73 | (2) |
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73 | (1) |
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2.14.2 Summing/Subtracting Junction |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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2.15 From the Block Diagram to the Difference Equation |
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75 | (1) |
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2.16 From the Difference Equation to the Block Diagram: A Formal Procedure |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (2) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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2.19.1 How Can We Find These Eigenvalues? |
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83 | (1) |
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2.19.2 Stability and Eigenvalues |
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84 | (1) |
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2.20 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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84 | (34) |
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2.21 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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118 | (7) |
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Chapter 3 Fourier Series and the Fourier Transform of Discrete Signals |
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125 | (46) |
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125 | (1) |
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3.2 Review of Complex Numbers |
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125 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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3.2.6 From Rectangular to Polar |
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128 | (1) |
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3.2.7 From Polar to Rectangular |
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128 | (1) |
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3.3 Fourier Series of Discrete Periodic Signals |
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129 | (2) |
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3.4 Discrete System with Periodic Inputs: The Steady-State Response |
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131 | (4) |
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3.4.1 General Form for yss (n) |
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134 | (1) |
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3.5 Frequency Response of Discrete Systems |
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135 | (5) |
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3.5.1 Properties of the Frequency Response |
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137 | (1) |
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3.5.1.1 Periodicity Property |
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137 | (1) |
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3.5.1.2 Symmetry Property |
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138 | (2) |
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3.6 Fourier Transform of Discrete Signals |
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140 | (1) |
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3.7 Convergence Conditions |
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141 | (1) |
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3.8 Properties of the Fourier Transform of Discrete Signals |
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141 | (5) |
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3.8.1 Periodicity Property |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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3.8.3 Discrete-Time-Shifting Property |
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142 | (1) |
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3.8.4 Frequency-Shifting Property |
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142 | (1) |
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3.8.5 Reflection Property |
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143 | (1) |
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3.8.6 Convolution Property |
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143 | (3) |
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3.9 Parseval's Relation and Energy Calculations |
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146 | (1) |
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3.10 Numerical Evaluation of the Fourier Transform of Discrete Signals |
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147 | (3) |
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3.11 Some Insights: Why Is This Fourier Transform? |
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150 | (1) |
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3.11.1 Ease in Analysis and Design |
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150 | (1) |
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3.11.2 Sinusoidal Analysis |
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151 | (1) |
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3.12 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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151 | (12) |
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3.13 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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163 | (8) |
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Chapter 4 Z-Transform and Discrete Systems |
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171 | (60) |
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171 | (1) |
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4.2 Bilateral z-Transform |
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171 | (2) |
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4.3 Unilateral z-Transform |
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173 | (2) |
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4.4 Convergence Considerations |
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175 | (3) |
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178 | (4) |
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4.5.1 Partial Fraction Expansion |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (1) |
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4.6 Properties of the z-Transform |
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182 | (3) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (2) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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4.7 Representation of Transfer Functions as Block Diagrams |
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185 | (1) |
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4.8 X(n), h(ri), y(n), and the z-Transform |
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186 | (2) |
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4.9 Solving Difference Equation Using the z-Transform |
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188 | (2) |
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4.10 Convergence Revisited |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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4.12 Initial-Value Theorem |
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192 | (1) |
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4.13 Some Insights: Poles and Zeroes |
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193 | (1) |
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4.13.1 Poles of the System |
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193 | (1) |
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4.13.2 Zeros of the System |
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194 | (1) |
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4.13.3 Stability of the System |
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194 | (1) |
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4.14 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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194 | (28) |
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4.15 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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222 | (9) |
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Chapter 5 Discrete Fourier Transform and Discrete Systems |
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231 | (46) |
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231 | (1) |
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5.2 Discrete Fourier Transform and the Finite-Duration Discrete Signals |
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232 | (1) |
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5.3 Properties of the DFT |
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233 | (6) |
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5.3.1 How Does the Denning Equation Work? |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Magnitude of the DFT |
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237 | (1) |
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5.3.5 What Does k in the DFT, Mean? |
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237 | (2) |
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5.4 Relation the DFT Has with the Fourier Transform of Discrete Signals, the z-Transform, and the Continuous Fourier Transform |
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239 | (3) |
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5.4.1 DFT and the Fourier Transform of x(n) |
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239 | (1) |
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5.4.2 DFT and the z-Transform of x(n) |
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239 | (1) |
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5.4.3 DFT and the Continuous Fourier Transform of x(t) |
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240 | (2) |
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5.5 Numerical Computation of the DFT |
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242 | (1) |
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5.6 Fast Fourier Transform: A Faster Way of Computing the DFT |
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243 | (1) |
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5.7 Applications of the DFT |
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244 | (13) |
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5.7.1 Circular Convolution |
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244 | (5) |
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249 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Approximation to the Continuous Fourier Transform |
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250 | (1) |
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5.7.4 Approximation to the Coefficients of the Fourier Series and the Average Power of the Periodic Signal x(t) |
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251 | (3) |
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5.7.5 Total Energy in the Signal x{n) and x(t) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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257 | (2) |
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5.8.1 DFT is the Same as the fft |
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257 | (1) |
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5.8.2 DFT Points Are the Samples of the Fourier Transform of x(n) |
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257 | (1) |
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5.8.3 How Can We Be Certain that Most of the Frequency Contents of x(t) Are in the DFT? |
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257 | (1) |
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5.8.4 Is the Circular Convolution the Same as the Linear Convolution? |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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5.8.6 Frequency Leakage and the DFT |
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258 | (1) |
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5.9 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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259 | (13) |
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5.10 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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272 | (5) |
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Chapter 6 State-Space and Discrete Systems |
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277 | (56) |
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277 | (1) |
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6.2 Review on Matrix Algebra |
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278 | (4) |
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6.2.1 Definition, General Terms, and Notations |
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278 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Adding Two Matrices |
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278 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Subtracting Two Matrices |
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279 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Multiplying a Matrix by a Constant |
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279 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Determinant of a Two-by-Two Matrix |
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279 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Inverse of a Matrix |
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280 | (1) |
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6.2.8 Matrix Multipl ication |
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280 | (1) |
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6.2.9 Eigenvalues of a Matrix |
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281 | (1) |
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6.2.10 Diagonal Form of a Matrix |
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281 | (1) |
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6.2.11 Eigenvectors of a Matrix |
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281 | (1) |
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6.3 General Representation of Systems in State Space |
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282 | (13) |
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282 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Nonrecursive Systems |
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283 | (2) |
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6.3.3 From the Block Diagram to State Space |
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285 | (2) |
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6.3.4 From the Transfer Function H(z) to State Space |
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287 | (8) |
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6.4 Solution of the State-Space Equations in the z-Domain |
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295 | (1) |
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6.5 General Solution of the State Equation in Real Time |
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295 | (2) |
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6.6 Properties of A and Its Evaluation |
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297 | (3) |
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6.7 Transformations for State-Space Representations |
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300 | (2) |
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6.8 Some Insights: Poles and Stability |
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302 | (1) |
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6.9 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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303 | (23) |
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6.10 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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326 | (7) |
Index |
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333 | |