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Discrimination in Online Platforms: A Comparative Law Approach to Design, Intermediation and Data Challenges [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 376 pages, kõrgus x laius: 240x160 mm, kaal: 1500 g
  • Sari: KU Leuven Centre for IT & IP Law Series 14
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Oct-2022
  • Kirjastus: Intersentia Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1839702885
  • ISBN-13: 9781839702884
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Discrimination in Online Platforms: A Comparative Law Approach to Design, Intermediation and Data ChallengesSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 376 pages, kõrgus x laius: 240x160 mm, kaal: 1500 g
  • Sari: KU Leuven Centre for IT & IP Law Series 14
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Oct-2022
  • Kirjastus: Intersentia Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1839702885
  • ISBN-13: 9781839702884
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781839702884.html
Märksõnad:
This book focuses on the legal governance of online platforms concerning direct and indirect discrimination against users in the housing, advertising, and labor markets. Through an extensive investigation of sources that include private company practices, antidiscrimination policies, collective and private litigation, court decisions, and public regulation, this book illustrates how statutory law and legal precedents in the E.U. and the U.S. are only partially equipped to address discrimination against statutorily protected classes in online platforms.In the analysis of the selected sources, the author showcases that the main obstacles to the full implementation of the equality principle rely on online platforms' structural challenges, including their aesthetic designs, matching tools, evaluation systems, and network effects that ultimately reinforce old biases against protected classes. In light of these structural challenges, the author concludes that the fight against discrimination in online platforms may produce the best results when oriented by a model of regulation that encourages private businesses to implement the principle of transparency, fairness and the active cooperation of antidiscrimination bodies.
Acknowledgements v
Abbreviations vii
Foreword ix
General Introduction 1(1)
1 Setting the Stage
1(4)
2 Challenges to the Principle of Equality
5(2)
3 Methodology
7(17)
3.1 Selected Litigation on Housing and Accommodation
12(4)
3.2 Selected Litigation on Targeted Advertising
16(1)
3.3 Selected Litigation on Labor Matters
17(3)
3.4 Representativeness of the Housing, Accommodation, Targeted Advertising, and Labor Markets in Online Platforms
20(4)
3.4.1 Accommodation and Housing Markets
20(1)
3.4.2 Targeted Advertising Market
21(1)
3.4.3 Labor Market
22(2)
4 Defining Online Platforms
24(4)
4.1 The Rise of the Digital Information Society: From "Read Only" to "Read-Write-Execute"
24(2)
4.2 A Broad Approach of Online Platforms
26(2)
5 Book Outline
28(3)
TITLE I ONLINE HOUSING AND ACCOMMODATION MARKETS: THE CROSSROADS OF INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY AND ANTIDISCRIMINATION LAW
31(10)
Introduction
33(8)
Chapter 1 Fighting Against Discrimination in the Housing and Accommodation Markets
41(1)
Section I Equal Access to Housing and Accommodation: Transition to a Digital World
41(4)
1 Types of Online Housing and Accommodation Marketplaces
41(2)
2 Discrimination in the Housing and Accommodation Sectors: New Spaces But Same Biases
43(2)
Section II Legal Framework Against Discrimination in Housing and Public Accommodation Transactions
45(70)
1 United States
45(13)
1.1 Equal Access to Places of Public Accommodation: Framework Against Discrimination
45(2)
1.2 Antidiscrimination Versus Freedom of Association
47(1)
1.3 Equal Access to Housing Opportunities: Framework Against Discrimination
48(1)
1.4 Antidiscrimination Versus Freedom of Association
49(1)
1.5 The Fight Against Housing Discriminatory Advertisements: Liability of Publishers
50(2)
1.6 Immunity for Online Platforms for Discriminatory Advertisements with Housing Offers
52(1)
1.6.1 Back to the Past: Early Cases
52(2)
1.6.2 Communications Decency Act, 1996
54(2)
1.7 Theory of Vicarious Liability Applied to Companies: Liability for Third-Party Discrimination
56(2)
2 European Union
58(25)
2.1 Equal Access to Housing Opportunities and Accommodation Services
59(5)
2.2 Antidiscrimination Versus the Right to Private and Family Life
64(2)
2.3 The Fight Against Discriminatory Advertisements: Liability of Publishers
66(3)
2.4 Online Platforms' Immunity for Discriminatory Advertisements
69(1)
2.4.1 Back to the Past: Early Cases
69(3)
2.4.2 Directive on Electronic Commerce (2000)
72(4)
2.4.3 Digital Services Act: Liability and the Future of Online Platforms' Accountability
76(3)
2.5 Theories of Vicarious Liability Applied to Companies: Liability for Third-Party Discrimination
79(4)
Chapter 2 Housing and Public Accommodation Online Platforms
83(32)
1 Craigslist
83(4)
1.1 Business Model
83(1)
1.2 Litigation: Liability Immunity for Internet Service Providers
84(2)
1.3 Self-Regulatory Measures: A New Fair Housing Forum
86(1)
2 Roommates
87(4)
2.1 Business Model
87(1)
2.2 Litigation: Design at Stake in Cases of Immunity for ISPs
88(3)
3 Daft.ie
91(2)
3.1 Business Model
91(1)
3.2 Litigation: Online Platforms as Real Estate Companies
91(2)
4 Airbnb
93(22)
4.1 Business Model
93(2)
4.2 Design is a Choice!
95(1)
4.3 Litigation: Online Platforms as Places of Public Accommodations?
96(4)
4.4 Airbnb Global Antidiscrimination Policy: An Outcome of Litigation and Research
100(4)
4.5 Considering Further Solutions: Situation Tests?
104(2)
4.6 Airbnb in the European Union: An Internet Service Provider
106(7)
Conclusion of Title I
113(2)
TITLE II ONLINE ADVERTISING MARKETS: WIDESPREAD DATA COLLECTION AND UNEQUAL ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT, GOODS, AND SERVICES
115(12)
Introduction
117(10)
Chapter 3 Discrimination in Targeted Advertising: A Path Through Data Collection and Profiling
127(1)
Section I Definitions and Context
127(8)
1 Monitoring, Profiling, and Delivering
128(3)
1.1 Monitoring and Collection of Data
128(1)
1.2 The Creation of Profiles and Profiling Techniques
129(1)
1.3 Advertisement Delivery
130(1)
2 The Role of Online Platforms in the Advertisement Sector
131(1)
3 Documented Discrimination Against Protected Classes
132(3)
Section II When Targeting Does Not Account for Equality: Legal Boundaries
135(36)
1 Privacy Legal Framework in the United States
137(8)
1.1 Regulating the Use of Personally Identifiable Information: A Fragmented and Self-Regulatory Approach Towards Privacy
137(1)
1.1.1 Fragmented Approach
137(1)
1.1.2 Defining Personally Identifiable Information
138(1)
1.2 Legal Framework for Online Targeted Advertisement: Optional Privacy
139(1)
1.2.1 The Role of the Federal Trade Commission
139(2)
1.2.2 Optional Privacy and Online Targeted Advertising
141(2)
1.3 Regulating Tracking Cookies
143(1)
1.3.1 Optional Privacy
143(1)
1.3.2 Self-Regulatory Initiatives
144(1)
2 Data Protection Legal Framework in the European Union
145(10)
2.1 The Use of Personal Data: Overarching and Mandatory Legal Approach to Enforce Data Protection and Prevent Discrimination
145(1)
2.1.1 Personal Data as a Fundamental Right
146(1)
2.1.2 Defining Personal Data
147(1)
2.2 Digital Profiling
147(1)
2.3 Legal Framework for Online Targeted Advertisement: Privacy and Non-Discrimination
148(3)
2.4 Digital Services Act: Further Requirements for Targeted Advertising
151(4)
3 Antidiscrimination Law Approach to Advertising in the United States
155(9)
3.1 Targeting Employment Advertisements
155(1)
3.1.1 Protection of Prospective Employees in Employment Recruitment
156(3)
3.1.2 Exceptions to Discrimination Liability in Employment Recruitment
159(2)
3.2 Targeting Credit and Housing Advertisements
161(1)
3.3 Protection of Credit Applicants Against Discrimination
161(3)
4 Antidiscrimination Law Approach to Advertising in the European Union
164(7)
4.1 Targeted Employment Advertisements
165(1)
4.1.1 Protection of Prospective Employees in Employment Recruitment
165(2)
4.1.2 Exceptions to Discrimination in Employment Recruitment
167(1)
4.2 Targeting Insurance Offers
168(3)
Chapter 4 Online Platforms: Gatekeepers of Advertisements
171(1)
Section I Social Network and Search Engine Platforms
171(9)
1 From Face Mash to Facebook
171(5)
1.1 Business Model
172(2)
1.2 Targeting Practices
174(2)
2 From Google to Alphabet
176(4)
2.1 Business Model
177(1)
2.2 Targeting Practices
178(2)
Section II Fighting for Privacy and Equality: Litigation
180(19)
1 Litigation Against Data Misuse and Discrimination in Advertising Practices
180(5)
1.1 United States: Tracking Cookies
180(1)
1.1.2 Google
180(1)
1.1.3 Facebook
181(2)
1.2 Europe: Tracking Cookies Breach Privacy and Foster Discrimination in Europe
183(1)
1.2.1 Google
183(1)
1.2.2 Facebook
184(1)
2 Litigation Against Targeted Advertisements: Employment, Credit, and Housing Offers
185(14)
2.1 Ethnic Affinity and Geographic Location Targets
186(3)
2.2 Age Targets
189(3)
2.3 Gender Targets
192(1)
2.4 Defense Strategies: Liabilities
192(1)
2.5 Facebook's Ad Policy Changes: Class Actions Settlement
193(4)
Conclusion of Title II
197(2)
TITLE III ONLINE LABOR MARKETS: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DISCRIMINATORY TERMINATION OF PLATFORM WORKERS
199(10)
Introduction
201(8)
Chapter 5 Labor Relations in the Platform Economy
209(1)
Section I Defining Labor Platforms and Worker Evaluation Systems
209(9)
1 Types of Online Labor Platforms
209(3)
2 Evaluation Systems: Ratings, Scores, and Feedback
212(3)
3 Biased Evaluation of Workers' Performance
215(3)
Section II Legal Framework for the Evaluation System of Platform Workers
218(27)
1 United States
218(12)
1.1 Employment Classification and Personal Scope of Non-Discrimination Rights
218(3)
1.2 Discriminatory Rating Systems: Laws and Precedents
221(1)
1.2.1 Direct Discrimination Based on Clients' Preferences (Disparate Treatment)
222(4)
1.2.2 Indirect Discrimination Based on Clients' Preferences (Disparate Impact)
226(1)
1.2.3 Rating Systems: Direct and Indirect Discrimination Under Federal Law
227(1)
1.3 Arbitration
228(2)
2 European Union
230(13)
2.1 Employment Classification and Personal Scope of Antidiscrimination Rights
230(5)
2.2 Discriminatory Rating Systems: Laws and Precedents
235(1)
2.2.1 Client's Preferences as a Basis for Direct Discrimination
235(3)
2.2.2 The Crossroads Between Clients' Preferences and Neutrality Policies: A Real Basis for Indirect Discrimination?
238(2)
2.2.3 Rating Systems: Direct and Indirect Discrimination Under EU Law
240(1)
2.3 Arbitration
241(2)
Chapter 6 Transportation Network Companies: A Case-Based Analysis
243(2)
Section I Uber's Operational Configuration: From Ridesharing to Temporary Work
245(3)
1 Business Model
245(2)
2 Uber's App Design
247(1)
3 Consequences of Ratings for Riders and Drivers
247(1)
Section II Uber Labor Litigation
248(67)
1 United States
248(13)
1.1 Misclassification of Employment Status
248(2)
1.2 Driver's Recruitment and Monitoring
250(3)
1.3 Legal Approaches to Tackle Misclassification Challenges
253(2)
1.4 Arbitration Clauses: Undermining Antidiscrimination Law and Judicial Trials
255(5)
1.5 Discrimination by Design: Objection to the Rating System as Grounds for Termination
260(1)
2 Europe
261(10)
2.1 Misclassification of Employment Status
263(1)
2.2 Employment (Mis)Classification in the UK
264(3)
2.3 Discrimination by Design: Objection to the Rating System as a Ground for Termination
267(2)
Conclusion of Title III
269(2)
General Conclusion
271(1)
1 Problem Framing
271(2)
2 Structural Challenges: Design, Network Effect, and Discrimination
273(10)
2.1 Aesthetic Design Choices
275(1)
2.2 Evaluation Tools
276(2)
2.3 Matching Tools
278(4)
2.4 Scale, Network Effect, and Lack of Business Control
282(1)
3 Legal Challenges: Liability of Online Platform Businesses, Purposes of Antidiscrimination Laws, and Business Necessity
283(26)
3.1 Aesthetic Design Choices: Salience of Protected Markers
283(8)
3.2 Matching Tools: Platforms as Content Providers
291(12)
3.3 Evaluation Tools: Business Necessity
303(6)
4 Transparency, Fairness, and Businesses Cooperation: An Alternative Path
309(6)
Bibliography 315(52)
Annexes 367
Ana Maria Correa is a legal scholar attached to CiTiP/Katholiek Universiteit (KU) Leuven. She holds a PhD from the UniversitE Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). She is member of the Berkeley Comparative Equality & Anti-Discrimination Law Group, the Internet Society Association, KU Leuven Digital Society Institute and the Perelman Centre. Prior to joining CiTiP, Ana lectured at the ULB in the Comparative Law Course (2017 and 2020-2021) & at Goethe Universitat Frankfurt in the Global Law Theories course (2016). She coordinated the Equality Law Clinic at the ULB (2016-2017).