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1 | (30) |
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1.1 Disfluency as Fluency |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2 Introduction to the Six Disfluencies: Formal Descriptions |
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5 | (5) |
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10 | (2) |
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1.4 Main Types of Disfluency Data |
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12 | (2) |
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1.5 Disfluency Types and Proficiency Level |
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14 | (1) |
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1.6 Disfluencies in Public Language Test Descriptors |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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19 | (12) |
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24 | (7) |
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31 | (42) |
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31 | (1) |
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2.2 Formal Description of Silent Pauses |
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32 | (4) |
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2.3 Effect of Silent Pauses on Listeners |
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36 | (11) |
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2.4 Silent Pauses in Classroom Interaction |
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47 | (2) |
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2.5 Silent Pauses and Proficiency Level |
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49 | (12) |
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2.6 Silent Pauses in Public Language Tests |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (9) |
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65 | (8) |
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73 | (44) |
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73 | (2) |
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3.2 Formal Description of Filled Pauses |
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75 | (3) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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3.3 Effect of Filled Pauses on Listeners |
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78 | (16) |
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78 | (7) |
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3.3.2 Second Language Rater Studies |
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85 | (9) |
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3.4 Speech Environment of Filled Pauses |
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94 | (2) |
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3.5 Filled Pauses and Speaker Proficiency |
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96 | (9) |
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3.6 Filled Pauses in Public Language Tests |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (11) |
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108 | (9) |
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117 | (30) |
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117 | (2) |
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4.2 Formal Description of Prolongations |
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119 | (2) |
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4.3 Effect of Prolongations on Listeners |
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121 | (10) |
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4.4 Main Types of Prolongation Data |
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131 | (8) |
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132 | (3) |
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4.4.2 Natural Language Processing |
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135 | (2) |
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4.4.3 Prolongations in Classroom Interaction |
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137 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Prolongations in Elicited Data |
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138 | (1) |
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4.5 Prolongations and Proficiency Level |
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139 | (1) |
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4.6 Prolongations in Public Language Tests |
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139 | (2) |
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141 | (6) |
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141 | (6) |
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147 | (30) |
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147 | (2) |
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5.2 Formal Description of Repetitions |
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149 | (8) |
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5.3 Effect of Repetitions on Listeners |
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157 | (7) |
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5.4 Repetitions Outside the Classroom |
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164 | (1) |
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5.5 Repetitions in Elicited Data |
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165 | (2) |
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5.6 Task Effect on Repetitions |
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167 | (1) |
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5.7 Repetitions and Proficiency Level |
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168 | (3) |
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5.8 Repetitions in Public Language Tests |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (4) |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (36) |
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177 | (3) |
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6.2 Formal Description of Self-Corrections |
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180 | (5) |
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6.3 Effect of Self-Corrections on Listeners |
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185 | (4) |
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6.4 Main Types of Self-Correction Data |
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189 | (9) |
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6.4.1 Self-Corrections Outside the Classroom |
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189 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Self-Corrections in Classroom Interaction |
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191 | (5) |
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6.4.3 Task Effect on Self-Corrections in Elicited Data |
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196 | (2) |
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6.5 Self-Corrections and Proficiency Level |
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198 | (4) |
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6.6 Self-Corrections in Public Language Tests |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (8) |
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206 | (7) |
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213 | (34) |
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213 | (2) |
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7.2 Formal Description of False Starts |
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215 | (2) |
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7.3 Effect of False Starts on Listeners |
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217 | (5) |
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7.4 Main Types of False Starts Data |
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222 | (13) |
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7.4.1 False Starts Outside the Classroom |
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223 | (1) |
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7.4.2 False Starts in Classroom Interaction |
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224 | (7) |
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7.4.3 Task Effect on False Starts in Elicited Data |
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231 | (4) |
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7.5 False Starts and Proficiency Level |
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235 | (5) |
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7.6 False Starts in Public Language Tests |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (5) |
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243 | (4) |
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247 | (15) |
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247 | (1) |
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8.2 Formal Description of Disfluencies |
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247 | (3) |
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8.3 Effects of Disfluencies on Listeners |
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250 | (1) |
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8.4 Disfluencies in Classroom Interaction |
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250 | (2) |
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8.5 Disfluencies and Proficiency Level |
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252 | (5) |
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8.6 Disfluencies in Public Language Tests |
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257 | (2) |
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259 | (3) |
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262 | (7) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (4) |
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266 | (3) |
Index |
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269 | |