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Echoes of English: Anglicisms in Minor Speech Communities with Special Focus on Danish and Afrikaans New edition [Kõva köide]

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In todays world, the English language exerts an unprecedented influence internationally, and its echoes are present in almost all languages. These echoes, also known as Anglicisms, are no longer limited to English-sounding loanwords. The English impact includes a wide range of linguistic phenomena, all of which are discussed in this book, presenting a taxonomy accommodating all types of linguistic outcome of contact with English. While the outlook remains international, the focus is on Danish and Afrikaans, two Germanic languages spoken in societies with very different histories involving English. A number of chapters present diachronic corpus studies showing that the English influence on Danish in the 21st century resembles the impact felt by Afrikaans speakers already in the 20th century.









"The book is highly original and differs markedly from other works on Anglicisms. For instance, the author takes advantage of his knowledge of the field of translation studies to write a thought-provoking chapter on translation (including subtitling and dubbing) as a vector for English influence. The initial chapters give the state of the art in studies on Anglicisms on the world stage (not just for Danish), drawing on the work of many scholars, expressed in a multitude of languages. The argumentation of the book is based on hands-on research, much of which was carried out by the author himself. The style is an excellent compromise: a measured, authoritative language with a bright conversational lift. It will appeal to both students and a broader readership."



John Humbley, Professor emeritus, Université Paris Diderot
List of tables and figures
15(6)
Chapter 1 The notion of `Anglicism': When definitions disagree
21(44)
1 English: from first language to first secoud language
21(3)
2 Coming to terms: English dictionaries and the notion of Anglicism
24(4)
3 Defining `Anglicism' in contact linguistics
28(5)
4 Anglicisms as neologisms
33(3)
5 The notion of `language contact'
36(5)
5.1 Personal contact
38(1)
5.2 Impersonal contact
38(1)
5.2.1 Cultural exports I: Original products
39(1)
5.2.2 Cultural exports II: Translated products
39(1)
5.2.3 Cultural exports III: Partially translated products
40(1)
6 Defining `sources': Where do words come from?
41(4)
6.1 Anglicisms and their disputed etymology
43(2)
7 The charm of Anglicisms: Should they make sense?
45(3)
8 The fate of Anglicisms in recipient languages
48(3)
8.1 The semantic functions of Anglicisms
50(1)
9 Dictionaries - and Anglicisms - compared
51(10)
9.1 General evaluation: size, scope, contents
51(6)
9.2 Relay Anglicisms in the six dictionaries
57(4)
10 The six dictionaries as tools for assessing the impact of English
61(4)
Chapter 2 Analyzing Anglicisms
65(38)
1 Toward a systematic approach to Anglicisms
65(1)
2 Metaphors we die by: The English killer and the flood of Anglicisms
65(2)
3 Danish attitudes to English and Anglicisms
67(5)
4 Getting the definition right
72(3)
5 Creating a taxonomy of Anglicisms
75(15)
5.1 Active Anglicisms
77(2)
5.2 Reactive Anglicisms
79(5)
5.3 Code-switching
84(6)
6 Anglicisms: Cuckoos or multiple births? Some Danish examples
90(7)
7 Survival of the fittest? A hierarchy of success
97(3)
8 Not all is English that glitters
100(3)
Chapter 3 Anglification through translation
103(34)
1 Foreignization: The Trojan horse in translation (studies)?
103(1)
2 Domestication vs. foreignization: A matter of degrees
104(2)
3 English and the lopsidedness of translation: A quantitative overview
106(7)
4 The impact of translation(s) from English
113(2)
5 The notion of `minor language' and the size of English
115(4)
6 Relay translation: a symptom of imbalance
119(2)
7 Translationese: definitions and ramifications
121(6)
7.1 Translationese in the making: Studying a Danish literary translation
124(2)
7.2 Translationese via dubbing and subtitling: different modes, same effect?
126(1)
8 Subtitling: introducing or limiting Anglicisms in Danish?
127(2)
9 Monosemiotic media: Anglicisms gaining ground in original texts
129(4)
10 Epilogue: Beyond translation
133(4)
Chapter 4 The spread of Anglicisms in Danish
137(22)
1 Worrying about the influence of English
137(1)
2 Measuring Anglicism richness
138(2)
3 Counts of Anglicisms in post-2000 Danish lexis
140(4)
4 Anglicism density studied
144(13)
4.1 Existing studies
144(2)
4.2 The Danish newspaper study
146(1)
4.3 Data gathering and short overview of results
147(1)
4.4 The newspaper data: genres and types of English influence
148(4)
4.5 Pragmatic borrowings: The ultimate type of Anglicism?
152(2)
4.6 Danish print media's use of Anglicisms in 2014 vs. 2000
154(3)
5 Modest numbers, great effects
157(2)
Chapter 5 Danish Anglicisms: Invisible successes?
159(34)
1 The background: English and the world language system
159(1)
2 English moving from foreign to second language
160(3)
3 The Danish situation: Anglicisms in an emerging ESL society
163(3)
4 Looking beneath the surface: `Invisible' multi-word units as a test case
166(3)
5 Methods and material of this study
169(3)
5.1 Electronic sources and data gathering
170(2)
6 The success of non-randomly selected English-based expressions
172(7)
6.1 I det lange løb > in the long run
172(1)
6.2 Dag ind og dag ud > day in and day out
173(1)
6.3 Fa enderne til at mødes > make ends meet
174(1)
6.4 Nar det kommer til... > when it comes to
174(1)
6.5 Det faktum at... > the fact that
174(3)
6.6 Have sex ≥t; have sex
177(1)
6.7 Conclusions regarding the non-random searches
178(1)
7 Randomly selected English-based constructions: Less successful?
179(8)
7.1 Fa tjek pa > check out
180(1)
7.2 Fjernundervisning > distance learning
181(2)
7.3 Peppe op > pep up
183(1)
7.4 Opsparinger > savings
183(1)
7.5 Bakke op > back up
184(1)
7.6 Varm Kartoffel > hot potato
184(2)
7.7 Conclusions regarding the random searches
186(1)
8 The fate of single-word Anglicisms in Danish
187(6)
Chapter 6 Are all Anglicisms pseudo-English? Quantifying pseudo-Anglicisms in Danish
193(54)
1 Defining pseudo-Anglicisms
193(3)
2 Pseudo-loans and internationalisms
196(1)
3 When is a loan `false' or `pseudo'?
197(2)
4 The term `borrowing': Misleading yet useful
199(2)
5 Pseudo-Anglicisms: Conceived by mistake or for fun?
201(1)
6 Qualifying and quantifying neologisms
202(2)
7 Pseudo-Anglicisms: How common are they?
204(1)
8 Types of pseudo-Anglicisms
205(3)
8.1 Core vs. peripheral pseudo-borrowings: where to draw the line?
207(1)
9 Danish pseudo-Anglicisms: Room for systematic observations
208(6)
9.1 Clippings
209(1)
9.2 Recombinations
209(1)
9.3 Neosemantizations
210(2)
9.4 Mixed categories
212(1)
9.5 Beyond our categories: vocal pseudo-Anglicisms
213(1)
10 On finding and counting Danish pseudo-Anglicisms
214(2)
11 A listing of frequent Danish pseudo-Anglicisms
216(13)
11.1 Clippings
218(2)
11.2 Recombinations
220(2)
11.3 Neosemantizations
222(6)
11.4 Mobbing and whiskers: two Danish examples of neosemantization
228(1)
11.5 Neosemanticized clippings
229(1)
12 The nature of Danish pseudo-Anglicisms
229(4)
13 Are pseudo-Anglicisms passe in Danish?
233(2)
14 `English' coinages abroad feeding back into English
235(5)
14.1 Coinages made in Denmark
236(1)
14.2 Coinages in other speech communities
237(3)
15 Chinese pseudo-Anglicisms: Defying the local norms of writing
240(2)
16 Transmitted Anglicisms: Another `pseudo' aspect
242(1)
17 The future of pseudo-Anglicisms
243(2)
18 Are all Anglicisms pseudo-English?
245(2)
Chapter 7 From Germanisms to Anglicisms: Shifting loyalties in Danish
247(32)
1 Linguistic borrowing, a never-ending power play
247(4)
2 Anglo-Saxons bearing gifts
251(1)
3 The future of Danish: Use it or lose it
252(2)
4 "It used to be German": Before the Anglification of Danish
254(6)
5 A diachronic comparison of Germanisms and Anglicisms in Danish
260(14)
5.1 Ten hand-picked Germanisms: the data
260(4)
5.2 Interpreting the `hand-picked' data
264(2)
5.3 Twenty randomly selected Germanisms: the data
266(4)
5.4 Interpreting the `random' data
270(4)
6 The usefulness of longitudinal studies and the role of German(isms)
274(5)
Chapter 8 English-inspired naming habits in Denmark and beyond: Prestige lost & found
279(50)
1 Naming habits and the role of English
279(1)
2 Defining English names
280(3)
3 Methodology: Statistics, multiple given names and spelling variants
283(3)
4 English names in America, Britain, and Scandinavia
286(6)
5 How English and `international' names became mainstream in Scandinavia
292(4)
6 English names in Europe outside Scandinavia
296(6)
7 English names outside Europe
302(3)
8 From babies to entire populations: English names are still rare in Denmark
305(3)
9 The social connotations of English names
308(6)
10 English names: From shibboleths to internationalisms
314(4)
11 The case of William
318(5)
12 Choosing English names not perceived as English
323(2)
13 Epilogue: English middle names, Danish storms, and names for English tastes
325(4)
Chapter 9 When English is seen as a threat: The case of South Africa
329(98)
1 South Africa - a testbed for the advances of English?
329(11)
1.1 Facts of life in South Africa
330(1)
1.2 Language equality in South Africa: an illusion?
331(5)
1.3 Language-political strategies in South Africa
336(4)
2 The role of English in past and present South Africa
340(4)
2.1 English in South African media
343(1)
3 Anglification - and how to assess it
344(2)
4 The color of Afrikaans
346(9)
4.1 Demographical facts
346(4)
4.2 Anglification or petrification?
350(5)
5 English and Afrikaans: Cohabitation and rivalry
355(12)
5.1 A historical outline
355(7)
5.2 Aspects and prospects of Anglification
362(5)
6 English influence in South Africa: Terms, definitions, and connotations
367(4)
7 Dictionary definitions of Anglicism: Description vs. prescription
371(8)
8 Contact-induced change, bilingualism, and convergence
379(6)
9 The lure of English in South Africa
385(3)
10 The Anglification of Afrikaans: Attitudes and metaphors
388(4)
11 Purism and the survival of Afrikaans
392(8)
12 Outsiders' attitudes to Afrikaans
400(2)
13 Standardization and Standard Afrikaans
402(3)
14 `Invisible' English language features in Afrikaans
405(3)
15 Internationalisms, Anglicisms, and the role of translations
408(6)
16 Translationese and domain loss: English for sure
414(5)
16.1 English influence via newspaper translations
416(1)
16.2 The English-Afrikaans tug-of-war in the broadcast media
417(2)
17 English-Afrikaans code-switching
419(4)
18 Consequences of code-switching in South African media
423(2)
19 South Africa and beyond
425(2)
Chapter 10 Different Echoes, same English song?
427(18)
1 A multitude of attitudes and approaches to Anglicisms
427(1)
2 Danish and Afrikaans: Different histories
427(5)
3 Anglification: Afrikaans way ahead of Danish
432(7)
3.1 Language economy
432(1)
3.2 Hyper-Anglification
432(1)
3.3 Phonemic imports
433(1)
3.4 Word (dis)order
434(1)
3.5 Prepositional choices
434(1)
3.6 English-induced changes of frequency and/or valency of existing words
434(1)
3.7 Increasing use of English-based verbs and adjectives
435(1)
3.8 `Bastards' and tautologies: Ugly, yet hardly ducklings
435(1)
3.9 English-looking words being revived or boosted
436(1)
3.10 Loss of semantic distinctions
437(1)
3.11 Prescriptive attitudes toward English
438(1)
4 Contemporary Danish between purism and Anglification
439(6)
References 445(56)
Index of Anglicisms 501(12)
Index of Languages 513(4)
Subject index 517
Henrik Gottlieb is an associate professor of English at the University of Copenhagen. He holds an MA in English and Applied Linguistics and a PhD in Translation Studies. He has published widely on the English influence on minor languages, especially Danish, since 1999. In 2008, he lived and guest-lectured in South Africa.