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Ecology and Biomechanics: A Mechanical Approach to the Ecology of Animals and Plants [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 350 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 635 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Jan-2006
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849332095
  • ISBN-13: 9780849332098
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 350 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 635 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Jan-2006
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849332095
  • ISBN-13: 9780849332098
Teised raamatud teemal:
We live in a well-engineered universe. This engineering is present in every system and organism in existence, including in the actions and interactions of plants and animals. In fact, one could say that the function and movement of plants and animals is just as much a part of their makeup as chlorophyll and fiber or bone and blood. Consequently, if we want to understand the ecology of animals and plants especially in an integrated ecosystem, it follows that great insight can be gained by taking an approach that studies function and integration of parts rather than the individual parts themselves.

Ecology and Biomechanics: A Mechanical Approach to the Ecology of Animals and Plants offers a collection of state-of-the-art papers that ingeniously demonstrates how biomechanics can provide novel insights into long standing ecological and evolutionary questions. The majority of the book's chapters were originally presented at a symposium held at the annual meeting of the Society for Experimental Biology in Edinburgh, U.K., in 2004. Combining approaches from various disciplines, this volume covers subjects that encompass theoretical concepts and practical approaches involving research on both plants and animals, as well as interactions between the two.

Although most of the examples emphasize distinct organism-environment relationships such as the grazing of ruminants, the book also includes a few examples that span larger temporal and spatial scales, achieving wider application across ecosystems. This can be seen in the chapter Implications of Microbial Motility on the Water Column Ecosystems, which highlights how microbial ecosystems can be understood from the mechanics, morphology, and motile responses of the individual organisms.

Designed to serve as a reference for students and researchers, Ecology and Biomechanics: A Mechanical Approach to the Ecology of Animals and Plants paves the way for further research.
Tree Biomechanics and Growth Strategies in the Context of Forest Functional Ecology
1(34)
Meriem Fournier
Alexia Stokes
Catherine Coutand
Thierry Fourcaud
Bruno Moulia
Introduction
2(1)
Some Biomechanical Characteristics of Trees
3(3)
Wood as a Lightweight, Cellular- and Fiber-Reinforced Material
3(2)
Wood Variability
5(1)
Mechanics of Secondary Growth
6(1)
Biomechanical and Ecological Significance of Height
6(8)
Biomechanical Environmental Constraints on Tree Height and Their Ecological Significance
7(1)
Safety Factor
7(1)
Analysis of Successive Shapes Occurring during Growth Due to the Continuous Increase of Supported Loads
8(1)
Biomechanical Functional Traits Defined from Risk Assessment
9(1)
Buckling or Breakage of Stems
9(1)
Root Anchorage
9(4)
Biomechanical Functional Traits and Processes Involved in Height Growth Strategy
13(1)
The Growth Processes That Control the Mechanical Stability of Slender Tree Stems
14(7)
The Mechanical Control of Growth
14(2)
The Control of Stem Orientation to Maintain or Restore the Tree Form, and Allow Vertical Growth
16(5)
The Control of Root Growth to Secure Anchorage
21(1)
A Practical Application of Tree Biomechanics in Ecology
21(3)
Conclusion
24(11)
References
25(10)
Diversity of Mechanical Architectures in Climbing Plants: An Ecological Perspective
35(26)
Nicholas P. Rowe
Sandrine Isnard
Friederike Gallenmuller
Thomas Speck
Introduction
36(4)
Importance of Climbers
36(1)
Mechanical Structure and Development of Climbers
36(1)
Attachment Modes of Climbers
37(1)
Mechanical Constraints and Types of Attachment
37(3)
Methods and Materials
40(4)
Experimental Protocols
40(3)
Calculation of Structural Young's Modulus
43(1)
Sampling
44(1)
Results: Mechanical Properties and Type of Attachment
44(9)
Twining Climbers
44(1)
Tendril Climbers
45(1)
Hook Climbers
45(1)
Branch-Angle Climbers
46(7)
Leaning Climbers
53(1)
Discussion
53(4)
Mechanical Properties and Attachment of Dicotyledonous Climbers
53(2)
Climbing Growth Strategies in Monocots and Other Plants without Secondary Growth
55(1)
Ecological Diversity of Climbers among Different Groups
56(1)
Conclusions
57(4)
References
57(4)
The Role of Blade Buoyancy and Reconfiguration in the Mechanical Adaptation of the Southern Bullkelp Durvillaea
61(24)
Deane L. Harder
Craig L. Stevens
Thomas Speck
Catriona L. Hurd
Introduction
62(3)
The Intertidal Zone
62(1)
The Southern Bullkelps Durvillaea antarctica and D. willana
62(2)
Drag and Streamlining
64(1)
Objectives
65(1)
Material and Methods
65(5)
Tested Seaweeds
65(1)
Drag Forces
66(1)
Shortening Experiments
67(1)
Drag Coefficients and Reconfiguration
67(1)
Buoyancy
68(1)
Field Studies
68(1)
Morphological Survey
69(1)
Statistical Analysis
69(1)
Results
70(4)
Drag Forces
70(1)
Shortening Experiments
70(2)
Drag Coefficients and Reconfiguration
72(1)
Vogel Number
72(1)
Buoyancy
73(1)
Field Studies
73(1)
Morphological Survey
74(1)
Discussion
74(8)
Drag Forces
74(4)
Drag Coefficients, Reconfiguration, and the Vogel Number
78(2)
Buoyancy and Field Studies
80(1)
Morphological Survey
81(1)
Conclusion
82(3)
Acknowledgments
82(1)
References
82(3)
Murray's Law and the Vascular Architecture of Plants
85(16)
Katherine A. McCulloh
John S. Sperry
Introduction
85(1)
Murray's Law
86(2)
Applying Murray's Law to Xylem
88(2)
Importance of the Conduit Furcation Number (F)
90(1)
Does Xylem Follow Murray's Law?
91(1)
Does Tree Wood Not Follow Murray's Law?
92(2)
Nature of the Mechanical Constraint on Hydraulic Efficiency
94(1)
Da Vinci's Rule
95(1)
Developmental and Physiological Constraints on Transport Efficiency
95(1)
Comparative Efficiency of Conifer's vs. Angiosperm Tree Wood
96(1)
Conclusions
97(4)
Acknowledgments
97(1)
References
97(4)
Plant--Animal Mechanics and Bite Procurement in Grazing Ruminants
101(22)
Wendy M. Griffiths
Introduction
101(1)
Ruminant Species
102(1)
Harvesting Apparatus
102(2)
Bite Procurement
104(1)
Plant Form and Fracture Mechanics at the Plant Level
104(3)
Instrumentation for Measuring Plant Fracture Mechanics under Tension
107(2)
Application of Plant Fracture Mechanics to Foraging Strategies
109(2)
Instrumentation for Measuring Bite Force at the Animal Level
111(4)
Prediction of Bite Force from Assessment of Plant Fracture Properties
111(3)
Biomechanical Force Instruments
114(1)
Biting Effort
115(3)
Conclusion
118(5)
Acknowledgments
118(1)
References
118(5)
Biomechanics of Salvia Flowers: The Role of Lever and Flower Tube in Specialization on Pollinators
123(24)
Martin Reith
Regine ClaBen-Bockhoff
Thomas Speck
Introduction
124(2)
Biomechanics and Bee Pollination
124(1)
A Case Study: The Staminal Lever Mechanism in Salvia
125(1)
Materials and Methods
126(8)
Materials
126(1)
Forces of Flower-Visiting Bees
127(5)
Force Measurements on Salvia Flowers and Staminal Levers
132(2)
Results
134(2)
Forces Exerted by B. terrestris and A. mellifera
134(1)
Forces and Flower Visitors of Salvia
134(2)
Discussion
136(5)
Insect Forces
136(1)
Observed Flower Visitors
137(1)
Forces Measured in Salvia Flowers
138(1)
Critical Discussion of the Applied Methods
138(1)
Comparison of Levers and Internal Barriers in Flowers
139(1)
Comparing Insect Forces to the Barriers in Flowers
140(1)
Proboscis Length, Flower-Tube Length, and Forces Exerted by Visiting Bees
140(1)
Conclusion
141(6)
Acknowledgments
143(1)
References
143(4)
Do Plant Waxes Make Insect Attachment Structures Dirty? Experimental Evidence for the Contamination Hypothesis
147(16)
Elena Gorb
Stanislav Gorb
Introduction
147(2)
Material and Methods
149(1)
Plant Surfaces and Other Substrates
149(1)
Model Insect Species and Experiments
149(1)
Results
150(5)
Pruinose Plant Surfaces
150(1)
Adhesive Pads of the Beetle Chrysolina Fastuosa
150(1)
Pad Contamination
150(5)
Discussion
155(8)
Contaminating Effect of Crystalline Epicuticular Waxes on Insect Attachment Devices
155(3)
Dependence of Pad Contamination on Wax Micromorphology
158(2)
Acknowledgments
160(1)
References
160(3)
Ecology and Biomechanics of Slippery Wax Barriers and Wax Running in Macaranga-Ant Mutualisms
163(22)
Walter Federle
Tanja Bruening
Introduction
164(1)
Ecology and Evolution of Wax Barriers in the Ant-Plant Genus Macaranga
165(5)
Protection of Specific Ant Partners against Generalist Ants
165(1)
Effect of Wax Barriers on Host Specificity
165(2)
Evolution of Macaranga Wax Barriers
167(1)
Adaptive Syndromes of Ant Associations in Waxy and Nonwaxy Macaranga Ant-Plants
168(1)
Ant Traits
168(1)
Host Plant Traits
168(1)
Evolution of Adaptive Syndromes
169(1)
Biomechanics of Wax Running in Crematogaster (Decacrema) Ants
170(9)
Tarsal Attachment Devices in Ants
170(1)
Mechanisms of Slipperiness
171(1)
Mechanisms of Wax Running
172(1)
Attachment Force vs. Climbing Performance: Is Wax Running Capacity Based on Greater Attachment or Superior Locomotion?
173(1)
Comparative Morphometry of Wax Runners and Non-Wax Runners
174(2)
Mechanical Benefit of Long Legs for Climbing Ants
176(1)
Kinematics of Climbing in Crematogaster (Decacrema) Wax Runners and Non-Wax Runners
177(2)
Conclusions
179(6)
Acknowledgments
180(1)
References
180(5)
Nectar Feeding in Long-Proboscid Insects
185(28)
Brendan J. Borrell
Harald W. Krenn
Introduction
185(1)
Functional Diversity of Long Mouthparts
186(9)
Evolution of Suction Feeding
186(1)
Anatomical Considerations
187(5)
Proboscis-Sealing Mechanisms
192(2)
Tip Region
194(1)
Fluid Pumps
195(1)
Feeding Mechanics and Foraging Ecology
195(9)
Proboscis Mobility and Floral Handling
196(2)
Factors Influencing Fluid Handling
198(1)
Environmental Influences on Floral Nectar Constituents
199(2)
Have Nectar Sugar Concentrations Evolved to Match Pollinator Preferences?
201(2)
Temperature and Optimal Nectar Foraging
203(1)
Concluding Remarks
204(9)
Acknowledgments
204(1)
References
205(8)
Biomechanics and Behavioral Mimicry in Insects
213(18)
Yvonne Golding
Roland Ennos
Introduction
213(1)
Batesian Mimicry
213(1)
Mullerian Mimicry
214(1)
Morphological Mimicry
214(1)
Behavioral Mimicry
215(9)
Behavioral Mimicry in Insects
216(1)
Mimicry in Terrestrial Locomotion
217(1)
Flight Mimicry
218(1)
The Mimetic Flight Behavior of Butterflies
219(2)
The Mimetic Flight Behavior of Hoverflies
221(3)
Conclusion
224(7)
References
225(6)
Interindividual Variation in the Muscle Physiology of Vertebrate Ectotherms: Consequences for Behavioral and Ecological Performance
231(22)
Carlos A. Navas
Rob S. James
Robbie S. Wilson
Introduction
231(1)
Evolutionary Implications of Individual Variation in Behavioral Performance and Muscle Physiology
232(3)
Scaling Effects on Vertebrate Ectotherm Muscle and Whole Body Performance
235(3)
Relationships between Muscle Specialization and the Individual Behavioral Performance of Vertebrate Ectotherms
238(2)
Tradeoffs in Whole-Muscle Function and Its Ecological Importance
240(2)
Conclusions
242(11)
References
245(8)
Power Generation during Locomotion in Anolis Lizards: An Ecomorphological Approach
253(18)
Bieke Vanhooydonck
Peter Aerts
Duncan J. Irschick
Anthony Herrel
Introduction
253(2)
Material and Methods
255(5)
Animals
255(1)
Morphology
255(1)
Running Trials
255(2)
Jumping Trials
257(1)
Configuration of Hind Limbs
258(1)
Ecology
258(1)
Statistical Analysis
259(1)
Results
260(4)
Discussion
264(7)
Ecological Correlates of Power Output
264(1)
Interspecific Variation
265(1)
Power Output during Running and Jumping: A Two-Species Comparison
266(1)
Acknowledgments
267(1)
References
267(4)
Implications of Microbial Motility on Water Column Ecosystems
271(30)
Karen K. Christensen-Dalsgaard
Introduction
271(4)
Microbial Ecology in a Larger Context
273(2)
Generating Motion with Cilia or Flagella
275(3)
Smooth Flagella
275(1)
Hispid Flagella
276(1)
Cilia
277(1)
The Energetics of Motion
278(4)
Feeding Mechanisms
282(8)
The Coexistence of Filter Feeders
284(4)
Attaching to Particles while Feeding
288(2)
Orientation to Stimuli
290(11)
Acknowledgments
293(1)
References
293(8)
The Biomechanics of Ecological Speciation
301(22)
Jeffrey Podos
Andrew P. Hendry
Introduction
301(2)
Modes of Speciation
303(3)
Biomechanics and Ecological Speciation
306(5)
Mating Displays and Body Size
306(1)
Mating Displays and Locomotion
307(2)
Mating Displays and Feeding
309(2)
Ecological Dependence and the Evolution of Isolating Barriers
311(2)
Positive Feedback Loops
313(1)
Dual Fitness Consequences for Ecological Speciation
313(1)
Performance and Mating Display Production
314(1)
Conclusion
314(9)
References
315(8)
Index 323


Anthony Herrel, Thomas Speck, Nicholas P. Rowe