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Economics of Inflation: A Study of Currency Depreciation in Post-War Germany, 1914-1923 [Pehme köide]

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  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 2 pages, kõrgus x laius: 216x138 mm, kaal: 860 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Feb-2007
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415434629
  • ISBN-13: 9780415434621
Teised raamatud teemal:
Economics of Inflation: A Study of Currency Depreciation in Post-War Germany, 1914-1923Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 2 pages, kõrgus x laius: 216x138 mm, kaal: 860 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Feb-2007
  • Kirjastus: Routledge
  • ISBN-10: 0415434629
  • ISBN-13: 9780415434621
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780415434621.html
The Economics of Inflation provides a comprehensive analysis of economic conditions in Germany under the Great Inflation and discusses inflationary conditions in general. The analysis is supported by extensive statistical material.
* For this translation the author thoroughly revised the original work
* Includes an appendix on German economic conditions in the years following the monetary reform, 1923-24
Foreword 5
List of Tables 15
Appendix of Tables 18
List of Diagrams 19
Preface to the English Edition 21
I Foreign Exchanges and Internal Price Movements in Germany, 1914 to 1923 23
An Outline of Events,
23
1914 to the Armistice,
25
From the Armistice till the Signing of the Treaty of Versailles,
28
From July 1919 to February 1920,
29
From February 1920 to the Acceptance of the Ultimatum of London,
30
From May 1921 to July 1922,
32
July 1922 to June 1923,
33
June 1923 to the Introduction of the Rentenmark,
35
Summary of Exchange Rates and Prices from 1914 to 1933,
37
II The National Finances, the Inflation and the Depreciation of the Mark 42
PART ONE
The Helfferich Explanation of the Depreciation of the Mark,
42
The Conditions of the National Finances during the War,
47
Income and Expenditure of the Reich from 1919 to 1923,
51
The Causes of the Depreciation of the Mark in 1919,
53
The Depreciation of the Mark during the Financial Year 1920-21,
55
The Discussions concerning the Financial Reform and the Financial Compromise of March 1922,
57
The Conditions of the National Finances in 1921 and 1922,
60
The Conditions of the Reich Budget after the Occupation of the Ruhr,
62
The Influences of the Depreciation of the Mark on the Receipts of the Reich,
64
Influences of the Depreciation of the Mark on the Expenditure of the Reich,
68
The Errors and Weaknesses of German Financial Policy,
70
PART TWO
The Policy of the Reichsbank,
75
The Apparent Scarcity of the Circulating Medium,
79
The Increase in the Issues of Paper Money,
82
PART THREE
The Depreciation of the Mark and the Disequilibrium of the Balance of Trade,
83
The Balance of Payments after the End of the War,
86
Abnormal Conditions of the Foreign Exchange Market,
87
PART FOUR
Payments under the Treaty of Versailles,
93
The Influence of Reparation Payments on the Value of the Mark,
95
PART FIVE
The Influence of Speculation on the Value of the Mark,
100
The Influence of Certain Classes of German Industrialists on the Depreciation of the Mark,
103
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER II
The Foreign Exchanges under Conditions of Inconvertible Paper Money
107
The Determination of Exchange Rates,
107
Influence of Non-Merchandise Transactions on Exchange Rates,
112
The Influence of Transport Costs,
114
Exchange Rates in the Case of Very Elastic Schedules of International Demand for Commodities,
115
Relations between Exchange Rates and Prices of Domestic Commodities,
118
III The Divergences between the Internal Value and the External Value of the Mark 120
Some Historical Examples,
120
The Various Measures of the Depreciation of a Paper Currency,
121
Some Opinions on the Relations between the Internal and External Values of the Mark,
124
Difficulties in ascertaining Exchange Rates and Internal Prices in Germany,
125
The War Period,
128
Relations between the External and Internal Values of the Mark after 1918,
131
The Sensitiveness of the Various Classes of Prices,
133
The Rapid Adaptation of Internal Prices to the Variations of the Exchange in the Last Phases of the Depreciation of the Mark,
136
Monetary Phenomena observed during the Last Phase of the Depreciation of the Mark,
142
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III On Certain Methodological Questions regarding the Calculation of the Depreciation of the Mark
146
Arithmetic and Harmonic Averages of the Value of Pin Gold Mark expressed in Paper Marks,
146
The Geometric Mean of the Daily Exchange Rates, of the Gold Mark,
146
IV. Relations between the Total Quantity of Paper Money in Circulation 155
An Economic Sophism,
155
The Fall of the Total Value of the Paper Money in Circulation in an Advanced Phase of Inflation. Explanation given by Keynes and Marshall,
158
Relations between the Quantity of Paper Money, Prices and the Foreign Exchange Rates in an Advanced Phase of Monetary Depreciation,
160
Variations in the Velocity of Circulation of the German Mark, 1914-22,
166
The Total Real Value of Marks in Circulation in 1922 and 1923,
173
Bortkiewicz's Views on the Causes of the Increase of the Velocity of the Circulation of the Paper Mark,
173
Objections to the Bortkiewicz Theory,
176
V The Influences of the Depreciation of the Mark on Economic Activity 183
The Opinions of the Classical Economists about the Effects of the Monetary Inflation on Production,
183
"Forced Saving" imposed on Some Classes by the Inflation, as the Source of the New Resources,
186
Relations between the Depreciation of the Mark and Unemployment,
188
Economic Activity in Germany from October 1921 to the Summer of 1922,
190
Certain Statistics of Production in Germany in the Years 1920-23,
192
Disturbance in the Direction of Economic Activity,
193
The Production of Instrumental Goods,
197
The Expansion of Germany's Productive Equipment during the Inflation,
201
The Formation of the Great Post-War Industrial Groups,
203
The Influences of the Monetary Inflation on Industrial Concentration,
207
The Situation of the Private Credit Banks during the Inflation,
212
The Influence of the Inflation on Economic Production in an Advanced Phase of the Depreciation of the Mark,
214
The Increase of Unproductive Work,
215
The Decline in the Intensity of Labour,
217
The Suspension of the Natural Selection of Firms,
219
The Difficulties of National Production,
220
The Economic Crisis caused by the Inflation in 1923,
220
VI The Depreciation of the Mark and Germany's Foreign Trade 224
Differences of Opinion between Economists about the Influence of the Paper Inflation on the Balance of Trade,
224
Relations between Inflation and the Balance of Trade in Various Phases of the Depreciation of the Mark,
225
Influences of the Depreciation of the Mark on the Volume of Exports,
227
Influences of the Depreciation of the Mark on the Volume of Imports,
230
Influences of the Depreciation of the Mark on the Composition of the Export and Import Totals,
232
The Supposed "Invasion" by German Goods,
234
Causes which limited the Expansion of German Exports during the Depreciation of the Mark,
236
Influences of the Depreciation of the Mark on Invisible Exports,
238
Relations between Exports and Production during the Monetary Depreciation,
240
Errors in German Statistics of the Aggregate Value of Exports,
242
The Influence of the Depreciation of the Mark on Prices of Exported Goods,
244
Certain Statistics of Export Prices,
246
Comparisons between Prices in the World Market, in the German Market, and Prices of Goods Exported from Germany,
249
The Ratio of Interchange between German and Foreign Goods,
251
VII The Course of Prices of Industrial Shares during the Paper Inflation 253
Methodological Observations,
253
The Course of Share Prices in 1919,
255
The Close Connection between Share Prices and the Dollar Rate in 1920 and 1921,
258
The Fall in the Prices of Industrial Shares in 1922,
263
The Increase in the Price of Shares Towards the End of 1922 and during 1923,
270
The Question of the "Gold Balance Sheets,"
274
Principal Results of the New "Gold Balance Sheets,"
277
The Capital of the Principal German Industrial Groups in 1924,
282
Conclusion,
284
VIII Social Influences of the Inflation 286
PART ONE
War Profits,
286
The Post-Armistice Social Revolution,
288
The Origin of the Great Private Fortunes amassed during the Inflation,
290
Speculation on the Bourse during the Inflation,
295
The Great "Inflation Profiteers,"
296
Unfavourable Effects of the War and the Inflation on Certain Classes of Great Wealth,
298
PART TWO
German Statistics of Working-class Wages,
300
The Calculation of the Real Wages during a Time of Rapid Monetary Depreciation,
302
The Effects on Wages of the Political Upheaval of November 1918,
303
The Influence of the Inflation until the Summer of
1922. The Fall in Real Wages and Increase of Employment,
305
Real Wages and Unemployment in the Last Phases of the Depreciation of the Mark,
308
The Variability of Workers' Incomes during the Inflation,
311
The Tendency to Equality of Wages of Different Classes of Workers,
313
PART THREE
The Position of Owners of Marketable Securities,
314
The Losses suffered by Small Shareholders,
315
The Holders of the Fixed Interest Securities and Mortgage Bonds,
317
The Question of the "Revaluation" of Old Credits expressed in Paper Marks,
320
The Decree of February 14th, 1924, and the Law of July 16th, 1925, on "Revaluation,"
322
Special Taxes on Inflation Profits,
323
The Revaluation of Government Securities,
324
The Incomes of Government Employees and of the Professions during the Inflation,
326
The Poverty of Certain Social Classes during the Inflation,
328
Some Political, Demographic, and Moral Consequences of the Inflation,
330
ix The Monetary Reform of November 1923
334
Characteristics of the Monetary Reform,
334
The Position in Germany at the Time of the Monetary Reform,
335
Some Explanation of the "Miracle" of the Rentenmark,
337
The Substitution for Legal Tender Currency of Other Means of Payment, during the Last Phase of the Inflation,
341
Circumstances which favoured the Success of the German Monetary Reform,
345
Monetary and Banking Policy during 1924, 349 The New German Currency: the Reichsmark,
353
Financial Policy in 1924,
355
X The Stabilization Crisis 359
The Scarcity of Working Capital immediately after the Monetary Inflation,
359
The "Conversion of Circulating Capital into Fixed Capital" during the Inflation,
363
The Causes of the Shortage of Capital,
365
The Post-Stabilization Fall in the Demand for Instrumental Goods,
369
The Movement of the Working Classes towards Industries producing Goods for Direct Consumption,
370
The Crisis in the Great Industrial Groups formed during the Inflation,
372
The Progress of Horizontal Concentration after the Monetary Stabilization,
374
The Situation of Industries producing Consumption Goods,
376
Changes within the Consumption Trades,
377
The Reaction of Entrepreneurs to the Shortage of Capital,
383
The Reconstitution of Working-Capital by Foreign Loans,
385
The "Rationalization" of German Industry,
388
The Monetary Stabilization as a Prerequisite of Economic Reconstruction,
391
The Influence of the Monetary Stabilization on the Situation of Ordinary Credit Banks,
393
Wages after the Monetary Stabilization,
394
XI Conclusion 398
Appendix
405
German Economic Conditions from the End of the Inflation until 1931,
405
The Different Phases of the Stabilization Crisis,
405
The Economic Revival of 1926 and its Causes,
406
The Influence of the English Coal Strike of 1926,
409
The Transformation of the Productive Equipment of German Industry,
410
The Expansion of Bank Credit and of the Monetary Circulation,
412
"Forced Saving" during the Expansion,
415
Economic Activity during 1927-28,
417
The Check to Economic Expansion,
420
Causes of the Depression. Two Theories: "Crisis of Returns" or "Shortage of Capital"?
422
The Connection between Unemployment and the Ratio between Nominal Wages and Sale Prices,
424
Other Factors in the Depression: The Reparations Problem, the Government Financial Position, and the Internal Political Situation,
427
The Variations in the Supply of Capital. Internal Saving,
429
Mistakes made in the Investment of Capital,
431
The Banking Situation and the Restriction of Bank Credits,
432
The Banking Crisis of the Summer of 1931,
434
Conclusions,
436
Appendix of Tables 437
Index 459
Constantino Bresciani-Turroni