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Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment [Kõva köide]

(Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, USA), (Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 880 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1790 g, 50 Tables, black and white; 250 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Dec-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849333571
  • ISBN-13: 9780849333576
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 880 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1790 g, 50 Tables, black and white; 250 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-Dec-2007
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849333571
  • ISBN-13: 9780849333576
Teised raamatud teemal:
Integrating ecotoxicological concepts across a range of hierarchical levels, Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment focuses on the paradigms and fundamental themes of ecotoxicology while providing the detail and practical application of concepts often found in more specialized books. By synthesizing the best qualities of a general textbook and the narrower, more specific scope of a technical reference, the authors create a volume flexible enough to cover a variety of instructional vantages and thorough enough to engender a respect for the importance of understanding and integrating concepts from all levels of biological organization.

Divided into six sections, the book builds progressively from the biomolecular level toward a discussion of effects on the global biosphere. It begins with the fundamentals of hierarchical ecotoxicology and vantages for exploring ecotoxicological issues. The second section introduces organismal ecotoxicology and examines effects to biochemicals, cells, organs, organ systems, and whole organisms, and bioaccumulation and bioavailability of contaminants. Population ecotoxicology, section three, places the discussion in the larger context of entire populations by analyzing epidemiology, population dynamics, demographics, genetics, and natural selection.

Section four encompasses issues of community ecotoxicology. This section presents biotic and abiotic factors influencing communities, biomonitoring and community response, and the application of multimetric and multivariate approaches. Section five evaluates the entire ecosystem by describing assessment approaches, identifying patterns, analyzing relationships between species, and reviewing the effects of global atmospheric stressors. A detailed conclusion integrating the concepts discussed and promoting a balanced assessment of the overarching paradigms rounds out the coverage in section six.

Arvustused

"The book is simply the best that I have encountered in providing an integrative presentation of the vast amount of knowledge required to practice ecotoxicology. Moreover, the authors go to great lengths to provide both (1) an historic background of the evolution of the science to date and (2) comments, suggestions, and predictions on how the science will continue to evolve. ... The book is extremely well written.. In summary, it is - in my opinion - the definitive book to date on the complex and emerging science of ecotoxicology."

A. Russell Flegal, Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California for The Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin Volume 17 (2) June 2008

"The result is a book, highly informative, rich in details that are integrated as much as currently possible in the new science of ecotoxicology and, in summary, very pleasant to read. A milestone in the field . . ."

J. Abaigés, CID-CSIC, in International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, April 2008, Vol. 88, No. 5

"I have only scratched the surface of this impressive book but suffice it to say, it is well written and to the extent I can evaluate its content is exceedingly well done."

Gary F. Bennett, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, in Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, Vol. 160

"This is the most conceptual and philosophical text available for ecotoxicology . . . The obvious virtue of this book is that it encourages the reader to think about fundamental issues and assumptions in the science of ecotoxicology. Many of the ideas that they pronounced would be worth discussing among practicing environmental scientists as well as in the classroom."

Glenn Suter, SETAC Reviews Editor, in Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2008, Vol. 4, No. 4

Preface xxv
Authors xxvii
Hierarchical Ecotoxicology
1(10)
The Hierarchical Science of Ecotoxicology
3(8)
An Overarching Context of Hierarchical Ecotoxicology
3(3)
General
3(1)
The Modified Janus Context
4(2)
Reductionism versus Holism Debate
6(2)
Reductionism versus Holism as a False Dichotomy
6(1)
Microexplanation, Holism, and Macroexplanation
6(1)
A Closer Look at Macroexplanation
7(1)
Requirements in the Science of Ecotoxicology
8(1)
General
8(1)
Strongest Possible Inference
8(1)
Summary
9(2)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
9(1)
References
10(1)
Organismal Ecotoxicology
11(182)
The Organismal Ecotoxicology Context
13(10)
Overview
13(1)
Organismal Ecotoxicology Defined
14(4)
What Is Organismal Ecotoxicology?
14(4)
The Value of Organismal Ecotoxicology Vantage
18(3)
Tractability and Discreteness
18(1)
Inferring Effects to or Exposure of Organisms with Suborganismal Metrics
18(1)
Extrapolating among Individuals: Species, Size, Sex, and Other Key Qualities
19(1)
Inferring Population Effects from Organismal Effects
19(1)
Inferring Community Effects from Organismal Effects
20(1)
Inferring Potential for Trophic Transfer from Bioaccumulation
21(1)
Summary
21(2)
References
21(2)
Biochemistry of Toxicants
23(20)
Overview
23(2)
DNA Modification
25(1)
Detoxification of Organic Compounds
25(3)
Phase I Reactions
26(1)
Phase II (Conjugative) Reactions
27(1)
Metal Detoxification, Regulation, and Sequestration
28(2)
Stress Proteins and Proteotoxicity
30(1)
Oxidative Stress
31(1)
Enzyme Dysfunction
32(1)
Heme Biosynthesis Inhibition
32(3)
Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibition
35(1)
Narcosis
35(1)
Summary
36(7)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
36(1)
References
37(6)
Cells and Tissues
43(20)
Overview
43(1)
Cytotoxicity
43(7)
Necrosis and Apoptosis
43(1)
Types of Necrosis
44(3)
Inflammation and Other Responses
47(3)
Genotoxicity
50(3)
Somatic and Genetic Risk
50(2)
DNA Damage
52(1)
Chromatids and Chromosomes
52(1)
Cancer
53(2)
Carcinogenesis
53(1)
Cancer Latency
54(1)
Threshold and Nonthreshold Models
55(1)
Sequestration and Accumulation
55(2)
Toxicants or Products of Toxicants
55(1)
Cellular Materials as Evidence of Toxicant Damage
56(1)
Summary
57(6)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
57(1)
References
57(6)
Organs and Organ Systems
63(18)
Overview
63(1)
General Integument
63(2)
Organs Associated with Gas Exchange
65(1)
Air Breathing
65(1)
Water Breathing
66(1)
Circulatory System
66(1)
Digestive System
67(1)
Liver and Analogous Organs of Invertebrates
68(1)
Excretory Organs
69(1)
Immune System
69(1)
Endocrine System
70(2)
Nervous, Sensory, and Motor-Related Organs and Systems
72(1)
Summary
72(9)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
72(1)
References
73(8)
Physiology
81(14)
Overview
81(1)
Ionic and Osmotic Regulation
82(1)
Acid-Base Regulation
83(1)
Respiration and General Metabolism
84(3)
Bioenergetics
87(2)
Plant-Related Processes
89(1)
Summary
90(5)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
90(1)
References
91(4)
Bioaccumulation
95(20)
Overview
95(1)
Uptake
95(9)
Cellular Mechanisms
95(4)
Routes of Entry into Organisms
99(2)
Factors Modifying Uptake
101(3)
Biotransformation
104(1)
Elimination
105(2)
Hepatobiliary
106(1)
Renal
106(1)
Branchial
106(1)
Other Elimination Mechanisms
107(1)
Summary
107(8)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
107(1)
References
108(7)
Models of Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability
115(20)
Overview
115(1)
Bioaccumulation
115(12)
Underlying Mechanisms
116(1)
Assumptions of Models and Methods of Fitting Data
116(2)
Rate Constant-Based Models
118(4)
Clearance Volume-Based Models
122(1)
Fugacity-Based Models
123(2)
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models
125(1)
Statistical Moments Formulations
125(2)
Bioavailability
127(4)
Conceptual Foundation: Concentration→Exposure→Realized Dose→Effect
127(1)
Types and Estimation of Bioavailability
128(3)
Summary
131(4)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
131(1)
References
132(3)
Lethal Effects
135(28)
Overview
135(11)
Distinct Dynamics Arising from Underlaying Mechanisms and Modes of Action
136(4)
Lethality Differences among Individuals
140(1)
Individual Effective Dose Hypothesis
141(1)
Probabilistic Hypothesis
142(2)
Spontaneous and Threshold Responses
144(1)
Hormesis
144(1)
Toxicant Interactions
145(1)
Quantifying Lethality
146(8)
General
146(1)
Dose or Concentration-Response Models Quantifying Lethality
146(4)
Time-Response Models Quantifying Lethality
150(4)
Lethality Prediction
154(3)
Organic Compounds and the QSAR Approach
154(2)
Metals and the QICAR Approach
156(1)
Summary
157(6)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
157(1)
References
158(5)
Sublethal Effects
163(26)
Overview
163(3)
General Categories of Effects
166(2)
Development and Growth
166(1)
Reproduction
167(1)
Behavior
167(1)
Physiology
168(1)
Quantifying Sublethal Effects
168(11)
Hypothesis Testing and Point Estimation
169(6)
Basic Concepts and Assumptions of Hypothesis Tests
175(4)
Basic Concepts and Assumptions of Point Estimation Methods
179(1)
Summary
179(10)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
180(1)
References
180(9)
Conclusion
189(4)
General
189(1)
Some Particularly Key Concepts
189(2)
Concluding Remarks
191(2)
Population Ecotoxicology
193(166)
The Population Ecotoxicology Context
195(20)
Population Ecotoxicology Defined
195(1)
What Is a Population?
195(1)
Definition of Population Ecotoxicology
196(1)
The Need for Population Ecotoxicology
196(7)
General
196(1)
Scientific Meril
197(2)
Practical Merit
199(4)
Inferences within and between Biological Levels
203(5)
Inferring Population Effects from Qualities of Individuals
204(1)
Inferring Individual Effects from Qualities of Populations
204(1)
Inferring Community Effects from Qualities of Populations
205(3)
Summary
208(7)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
208(1)
References
208(7)
Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations
215(26)
Foundation Concepts and Metrics in Epidemiology
215(13)
Foundation Concepts
215(3)
Foundation Metrics
218(6)
Foundation Models Describing Disease in Populations
224(1)
Accelerated Failure Time and Proportional Hazard Models
224(3)
Binary Logistic Regression Model
227(1)
Disease Association and Causation
228(7)
Hill's Nine Aspects of Disease Association
228(4)
Strength of Evidence Hierarchy
232(3)
Infectious Disease and Toxicant-Exposed Populations
235(1)
Differences in Sensitivity within and among Populations
236(1)
Summary
237(4)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
237(1)
References
238(3)
Toxicants and Simple Population Models
241(22)
Toxicants Effects on Population Size and Dynamics
241(2)
The Population-Based Paradigm for Ecological Risk
241(1)
Evidence of the Need for the Population-Based Paradigm for Risk
242(1)
Fundamentals of Population Dynamics
243(7)
General
243(1)
Projection Based on Phenomenological Models: Continuous Growth
244(2)
Projection Based on Phenomenological Models: Discrete Growth
246(1)
Sustainable Harvest and Time to Recovery
247(3)
Population Stability
250(3)
Spatial Distributions of Individuals in Populations
253(5)
Describing Distributions: Clumped, Random, and Uniform
253(1)
Metapopulations
254(1)
Metapopulation Dynamics
254(2)
Consequences to Exposed Populations
256(2)
Summary
258(5)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
258(1)
References
259(4)
Toxicants and Population Demographics
263(18)
Demography: Adding Individual Heterogeneity to Population Models
263(7)
Structured Populations
263(1)
Basic Life Tables
264(1)
Survival Schedules
264(2)
Mortality-Natality Tables
266(4)
Matrix Forms of Demographic Models
270(7)
Basics of Matrix Calculations
270(2)
The Leslie Age-Structured Matrix Approach
272(2)
The Lefkovitch Stage-Structured Matrix Approach
274(2)
Stochastic Models
276(1)
Summary
277(4)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
277(1)
References
278(3)
Phenogenetics of Exposed Populations
281(24)
Overview
281(3)
The Phenotype Vantage
281(1)
An Extreme Case Example
281(3)
Toxicants and the Principle of Allocation (Concept of Strategy)
284(10)
Phenotypic Plasticity and Norms of Reaction
286(3)
Toxicants and Aging
289(1)
Stress-Based Theories of Aging
290(1)
Disposable Soma and Related Theories of Aging
290(1)
Optimizing Fitness: Balancing Somatic Growth, Longevity, and Reproduction
291(3)
Developmental Stability in Populations
294(3)
Summary
297(8)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
299(1)
References
300(5)
Population Genetics: Damage and Stochastic Dynamics of the Germ Line
305(26)
Overview
305(1)
Direct Damage to the Germ Line
306(5)
Genotoxicity
306(1)
Repair of Genotoxic Damage
307(2)
Mutation Rates and Accumulation
309(2)
Indirect Change to the Germ Line
311(15)
Stochastic Processes
311(2)
Hardy-Weinberg Expectations
313(1)
Genetic Drift
314(1)
Effective Population Size
314(2)
Genetic Bottlenecks
316(1)
Balancing Drift and Mutation
317(1)
Population Structure
317(1)
The Wahlund Effect
317(3)
Isolated and Semi-Isolated Subpopulations
320(4)
Multiple Locus Heterozygosity and Individual Fitness
324(2)
Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Potential
326(1)
Summary
326(5)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
326(1)
References
327(4)
Population Genetics: Natural Selection
331(22)
Overview of Natural Selection
331(9)
General
331(3)
Viability Selection
334(3)
Selection Components Associated with Reproduction
337(3)
Estimating Differential Fitness and Natural Selection
340(5)
Fitness, Relative Fitness, and Selection Coefficients
340(3)
Heritability
343(2)
Ecotoxicology's Tradition of Tolerance
345(2)
Summary
347(6)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
347(1)
References
348(5)
Conclusion
353(6)
Overview
353(1)
Some Particularly Key Concepts
353(3)
Epidemiology
353(1)
Simple Models of Population Dynamics
354(1)
Metapopulation Dynamics
354(1)
The Demographic Approach
354(1)
Phenogenetics Theory
355(1)
Population Genetics: Stochastic Processes
355(1)
Population Genetics: Natural Selection
356(1)
Concluding Remarks
356(3)
References
356(3)
Community Ecotoxicology
359(252)
Introduction to Community Ecotoxicology
361(18)
Definitions --- Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
361(1)
Community Ecology
361(1)
Community Ecotoxicology
362(1)
Historical Perspective of Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
362(5)
Holism and Reductionism in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
363(3)
Trophic Interactions in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
366(1)
Importance of Experiments in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
366(1)
Are Communities More Than the Sum of Individual Populations?
367(3)
The Need to Understand Indirect Effects of Contaminants
367(3)
Communities within the Hierarchy of Biological Organization
370(2)
Contemporary Topics in Community Ecotoxicology
372(3)
The Need for an Improved Understanding of Basic Community Ecology
372(1)
Development and Application of Improved Biomonitoring Techniques
372(1)
Application of Contemporary Food Web Theory to Ecotoxicology
373(1)
The Need for Improved Experimental Approaches
374(1)
Influence of Global Atmospheric Stressors on Community Responses to Contaminants
374(1)
Summary
375(4)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
375(1)
References
376(3)
Biotic and Abiotic Factors That Regulate Communities
379(30)
Characterizing Community Structure and Organization
379(3)
Colonization and Community Structure
381(1)
Definitions of Species Diversity
381(1)
Changes in Species Diversity and Composition along Environmental Gradients
382(6)
Global Patterns of Species Diversity
383(2)
Species-Area Relationships
385(2)
Assumptions about Equilibrium Communities
387(1)
The Role of Keystone Species in Community Regulation
388(3)
Identifying Keystone Species
389(2)
The Role of Species Interactions in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
391(8)
Definitions
391(1)
Experimental Designs for Studying Species Interactions
392(1)
The Influence of Contaminants on Predator---Prey Interactions
393(4)
The Influence of Contaminants on Competitive Interactions
397(2)
Environmental Factors and Species Interactions
399(2)
Environmental Stress Gradients
400(1)
Summary
401(8)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
402(1)
References
403(6)
Biomonitoring and the Responses of Communities to Contaminants
409(30)
Biomonitoring and Biological Integrity
409(1)
Conventional Approaches
410(1)
Indicator Species Concept
410(1)
Biomonitoring and Community-Level Assessments
411(12)
Species Abundance Models
411(4)
The Use of Species Richness and Diversity to Characterize Communities
415(1)
Species Richness
415(2)
Species Diversity
417(1)
Species Evenness
418(1)
Limitations of Species Richness and Diversity Measures
418(2)
Biotic Indices
420(3)
Development and Application of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols
423(7)
Application of Qualitative Sampling Techniques
425(1)
Subsampling and Fixed-Count Sample Processing
425(1)
Pooling Samples
426(1)
Relaxed Taxonomic Resolution
427(2)
The Application of Species Traits in Biomonitoring
429(1)
Regional Reference Conditions
430(1)
Integrated Assessments of Biological Integrity
431(1)
Limitations of Biomonitoring
432(7)
Summary
434(1)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
434(1)
References
435(4)
Experimental Approaches in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology
439(34)
Experimental Approaches in Basic Community Ecology
439(5)
The Transition from Descriptive to Experimental Ecology
439(3)
Manipulative Experiments in Rocky Intertidal Communities
442(1)
Manipulative Studies in More Complex Communities
442(1)
Types of Experiments in Basic Community Ecology
443(1)
Experimental Approaches in Community Ecotoxicology
444(1)
Microcosms and Mesocosms
445(12)
Background and Definitions
445(2)
Design Considerations in Microcosm and Mesocosm Studies
447(1)
Source of Organisms in Microcosm Experiments
447(1)
Spatiotemporal Scale of Microcosm and Mesocosm Experiments
448(2)
The Influence of Seasonal Variation on Community Responses
450(1)
Statistical Analyses of Microcosm and Mesocosm Experiments
450(1)
General Applications of Microcosms and Mesocosms
451(1)
The Use of Mesocosms for Pesticide Registration
452(1)
Development of Concentration-Response Relationships
452(1)
Investigation of Stressor Interactions
453(1)
Influence of Environmental and Ecological Factors on Community Responses
454(1)
Species Interactions
455(1)
Applications in Terrestrial Systems
455(2)
Summary
457(1)
Whole Ecosystem Manipulations
457(7)
Examples of Ecosystem Manipulations: Aquatic Communities
458(1)
Experimental Lakes Area (ELA)
458(1)
Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory
459(1)
Summary
459(1)
Examples of Ecosystem Manipulations: Avian and Mammalian Communities
460(2)
Limitations of Whole Ecosystem Experiments
462(2)
What Is the Appropriate Experimental Approach for Community Ecotoxicology?
464(1)
Questions of Spatiotemporal Scale
464(1)
Integrating Descriptive and Experimental Approaches
464(1)
Summary
465(8)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
466(1)
References
467(6)
Application of Multimetric and Multivariate Approaches in Community Ecotoxicology
473(24)
Introduction
473(2)
Comparison of Multimetric and Multivariate Approaches
474(1)
Multimetric Indices
475(4)
Multimetric Approaches for Terrestrial Communities
477(1)
Limitations of Multimetric Approaches
478(1)
Multivariate Approaches
479(12)
Similarity Indices
479(2)
Ordination
481(5)
Discriminant and Cluster Analysis
486(2)
Application of Multivariate Methods to Laboratory Data
488(2)
Taxonomic Aggregation in Multivariate Analyses
490(1)
Summary
491(6)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
491(1)
References
492(5)
Disturbance Ecology and the Responses of Communities to Contaminants
497(36)
The Importance of Disturbance in Structuring Communities
497(5)
Disturbance and Equilibrium Communities
498(1)
Resistance and Resilience Stability
499(1)
Pulse and Press Disturbances
500(2)
Community Stability and Species Diversity
502(2)
Relationship between Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbance
504(5)
The Ecosystem Distress Syndrome
505(1)
The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
506(2)
Subsidy-Stress Gradients
508(1)
Contemporary Hypotheses to Explain Community Responses to Anthropogenic Disturbance
509(3)
Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance
510(2)
Biotic and Abiotic Factors That Influence Community Recovery
512(9)
Cross-Community Comparisons of Recovery
514(1)
Importance of Long-Term Studies for Documenting Recovery
515(1)
Community-Level Indicators of Recovery
515(4)
Community Characteristics that Influence Rate of Recovery
519(2)
Influence of Environmental Variability on Resistance and Resilience
521(2)
Quantifying the Effects of Compound Perturbations
523(3)
Sensitivity of Communities to Novel Stressors
523(3)
Summary
526(7)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
526(2)
References
528(5)
Community Responses to Global and Atmospheric Stressors
533(48)
Introduction
533(1)
CO2 and Climate Change
534(18)
Facts and Evidence
535(2)
Carbon Cycles and Sinks
537(2)
The Mismatch between Climate Models and Ecological Studies
539(1)
Paleoecological Studies of CO2 and Climate Change
540(1)
Effects of Climate Change on Terrestrial Vegetation
541(2)
Ecological Responses to CO2 Enrichment
543(1)
Effects of Climate Change on Terrestrial Animal Communities
544(2)
Effects of Climate Change on Freshwater Communities
546(3)
Effects of Climate Change on Marine Communities
549(2)
Conclusions
551(1)
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
552(10)
Methodological Approaches for Manipulating UVR
554(1)
The Effects of UVR on Marine and Freshwater Plankton
554(1)
Direct and Indirect Effects of UV-B Radiation
555(1)
Responses of Benthic Communities
556(1)
Responses of Terrestrial Plant Communities
557(1)
Biotic and Abiotic Factors That Influence UV-B Effects on Communities
558(1)
Dissolved Organic Materials
558(1)
Location
559(1)
Interspecific and Intraspecific Differences in UV-B Tolerance
560(1)
Interactions with Other Stressors
561(1)
Acid Deposition
562(7)
Descriptive Studies of Acid Deposition Effects in Aquatic Communities
562(2)
Episodic Acidification
564(1)
Experimental Studies of Acid Deposition Effects in Aquatic Communities
565(1)
Recovery of Aquatic Ecosystems from Acidification
566(1)
Effects of Acid Deposition on Forest Communities
567(2)
Indirect Effects of Acidification on Terrestrial Wildlife
569(1)
Interactions among Global Atmospheric Stressors
569(2)
Summary
571(10)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
572(2)
References
574(7)
Effects of Contaminants on Trophic Structure and Food Webs
581(22)
Introduction
581(1)
Basic Principles of Food Web Ecology
582(10)
Historical Perspective of Food Web Ecology
582(1)
Descriptive, Interactive, and Energetic Food Webs
583(1)
Contemporary Questions in Food Web Ecology
584(3)
Trophic Cascades
587(3)
Limitations of Food Web Studies
590(2)
Use of Radioactive and Stable Isotopes to Characterize Food Webs
592(1)
Effects of Contaminants on Food Chains and Food Web Structure
592(5)
Interspecific Differences in Contaminant Sensitivity
593(1)
Indirect Effects of Contaminant Exposure on Feeding Habits
594(1)
Alterations in Energy Flow and Trophic Structure
595(2)
Summary
597(6)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
597(1)
References
598(5)
Conclusions
603(8)
General
603(1)
Some Particularly Key Concepts
603(4)
Improvements in Experimental Techniques
603(1)
Use of Multimetric and Multivariate Approaches to Assess Community-Level Responses
604(1)
Disturbance Ecology and Community Ecotoxicology
604(1)
An Improved Understanding of Trophic Interactions
605(1)
Interactions between Contaminants and Global Atmospheric Stressors
606(1)
Summary
607(4)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
607(1)
References
608(3)
Ecosystem Ecotoxicology
611(200)
Introduction to Ecosystem Ecology and Ecotoxicology
613(22)
Background and Definitions
613(2)
The Spatial Boundaries of Ecosystems
614(1)
Contrast of Energy Flow and Materials Cycling
614(1)
Community Structure, Ecosystem Function and Stability
615(1)
Ecosystem Ecology and Ecotoxicology: A Historical Context
615(4)
Early Development of the Ecosystem Concept
616(1)
Quantification of Energy Flow through Ecosystems
617(1)
The International Biological Program and the Maturation of Ecosystem Science
618(1)
Challenges to the Study of Whole Systems
619(2)
Temporal Scale
619(2)
The Role of Ecosystem Theory
621(2)
Succession Theory and the Strategy of Ecosystem Development
621(1)
Hierarchy Theory and the Holistic Perspective of Ecosystems
622(1)
Recent Developments in Ecosystem Science
623(3)
General Methodological Approaches
624(1)
The Importance of Multidisciplinary Research in Ecosystem Ecology and Ecotoxicology
625(1)
Strong Inference versus Adaptive Inference: Strategies for Understanding Ecosystem Dynamics
625(1)
Ecosytem Ecotoxicology
626(1)
Links from Community to Ecosystem Ecotoxicology
627(3)
Ecosystems within the Hierarchical Context
627(3)
Summary
630(5)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
631(1)
References
631(4)
Overview of Ecosystem Processes
635(30)
Introduction
635(1)
Bioenergetics and Energy Flow through Ecosytems
636(9)
Photosynthesis and Primary Production
636(1)
Methods for Measuring Net Primary Production
637(1)
Factors Limiting Primary Productivity
638(1)
Interactions among Limiting Factors
638(1)
Global Patterns of Productivity
639(1)
Secondary Production
640(1)
Ecological Efficiencies
641(1)
Techniques for Estimating Secondary Production
642(1)
The Relationship between Primary and Secondary Production
643(1)
The River Continuum Concept
644(1)
Nutrient Cycling and Materials Flow through Ecosystems
645(12)
Energy Flow and Biogeochemical Cycles
647(1)
The Carbon Cycle
648(1)
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Cycles
649(1)
Nutrient Spiraling in Streams
650(1)
Nutrient Budgets in Streams
651(1)
Case Study: Hubbard Brook Watershed
651(1)
Nutrient Injection Studies
651(1)
Transport of Materials and Energy among Ecosystems
652(1)
Cross-Ecosystem Comparisons
653(1)
Lotic Intersite Nitrogen Experiment (LINX)
654(1)
Comparison of Lakes and Streams
654(1)
Comparisons of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
655(1)
Ecological Stoichiometry
655(2)
Decomposition and Organic Matter Processing
657(2)
Allochthonous and Autochthonous Materials
657(1)
Methods for Assessing Organic Matter Dynamics and Decomposition
658(1)
Summary
659(6)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
659(2)
References
661(4)
Descriptive Approaches for Assessing Ecosystem Responses to Contaminants
665(22)
Introduction
665(2)
Descriptive Approaches in Aquatic Ecosystems
667(7)
Ecosystem Metabolism and Primary Production
667(1)
Secondary Production
668(2)
Decomposition
670(4)
Nutrient Cycling
674(1)
Terrestrial Ecosystems
674(7)
Respiration and Soil Microbial Processes
674(2)
Litter Decomposition
676(2)
Mechanisms of Terrestrial Litter Decomposition
678(1)
Nutrient Cycling
679(1)
An Integration of Terrestrial and Aquatic Processes
680(1)
Summary
681(6)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
681(2)
References
683(4)
The Use of Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Field Experiments to Assess Ecosystem Responses to Contaminants and Other Stressors
687(28)
Introduction
687(1)
Microcosm and Mesocosm Experiments
688(13)
Microcosms and Mesocosms in Aquatic Research
690(1)
Separating Direct and Indirect Effects
690(2)
Stressor Interactions
692(1)
Ecosystem Recovery
693(1)
Comparisons of Ecosystem Structure and Function
693(3)
Effects of Contaminants on Other Functional Measures
696(1)
Microcosms and Mesocosms in Terrestrial Research
696(1)
Heavy Metals
697(2)
Organic Contaminants and Other Stressors
699(2)
Whole Ecosystem Experiments
701(5)
Aquatic Ecosystems
701(3)
Terrestrial Ecosystems
704(2)
Summary
706(9)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
707(1)
References
708(7)
Patterns and Processes: The Relationship between Species Diversity and Ecosystem Function
715(22)
Introduction
715(2)
Species Diversity and Ecosystem Function
717(5)
Experimental Support for the Species Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship
718(1)
Functional Redundancy and Species Saturation in Ecosystems
719(1)
Increased Stability in Species-Rich Ecosystems
720(1)
Criticisms of the Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship
720(1)
Mechanisms Responsible for the Species Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship
721(1)
The Relationship between Ecosystem Function and Ecosystem Services
722(2)
Future Research Directions and Implications of the Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship for Ecotoxicology
724(3)
Effects of Random and Nonrandom Species Loss on Ecosystem Processes
724(1)
The Need to Consider Belowground Processes
725(1)
The Influence of Scale on the Relationship between Diversity and Ecosystem Processes
726(1)
How Will the Structure-Function Relationship Be Influenced by Global Change?
727(1)
Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function in Aquatic Ecosystems
727(1)
Ecological Thresholds and the Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship
727(4)
Theoretical and Empirical Support for Ecological Thresholds
728(3)
Ecological Thresholds in Streams
731(1)
Summary
731(6)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
731(1)
References
732(5)
Fate and Transport of Contaminants in Ecosystems
737(34)
Introduction
737(1)
Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Food Chain Transfer
737(5)
Lipids Influence the Patterns of Contaminant Distribution among Trophic Levels
738(2)
Relative Importance of Diet and Water in Aquatic Ecosystems
740(2)
Energy Flow and Contaminant Transport
742(1)
Modeling Contaminant Movement in Food Webs
742(9)
Kinetic Food Web Models
743(1)
Models for Discrete Trophic Levels
744(2)
Models Incorporating Omnivory
746(1)
The Influence of Life History, Habitat Associations, and Prey Tolerance on Contaminant Transport
747(2)
Transport from Aquatic to Terrestrial Communities
749(1)
Food Chain Transfer of Contaminants from Sediments
749(2)
Biological Pumps and Contaminant Transfer in Ecosystems
751(1)
Ecological Influences on Food Chain Transport of Contaminants
751(11)
Food Chain Length and Complexity
752(1)
Primary Productivity and Trophic Status
753(2)
Landscape Characteristics
755(3)
Application of Stable Isotopes to Study Contaminant Fate and Effects
758(3)
The Development and Application of Bioenergetic Food Webs in Ecotoxicology
761(1)
Summary
762(9)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
762(1)
References
763(8)
Effects of Global Atmospheric Stressors on Ecosystem Processes
771(40)
Introduction
771(1)
Nitrogen Deposition and Acidification
771(9)
The Nitrogen Cascade
771(1)
Effects of N Deposition and Acidification in Aquatic Ecosystems
772(3)
Effects of N Deposition and Acidification in Terrestrial Ecosystems
775(1)
The NITREX Project
775(2)
Variation in Responses to N Deposition among Ecosystems
777(2)
Ecosystem Recovery from N Deposition
779(1)
Ultraviolet Radiation
780(7)
Aquatic Ecosystems
780(1)
Methodological Considerations
780(1)
Factors that Influence UV-B Exposure and Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems
781(2)
Comparing Direct and Indirect Effects of UVR on Ecosystem Processes
783(1)
Effects of UV-B on Ecosystem Processes in Benthic Habitats
784(1)
Effects of UVR in Terrestrial Ecosystems
785(1)
Direct and Indirect Effects on Litter Decomposition and Primary Production
785(2)
Increased CO2 and Global Climate Change
787(9)
Aquatic Ecosystems
787(1)
Linking Model Results with Monitoring Studies in Aquatic Ecosystems
788(1)
Terrestrial Ecosystems
789(1)
Simulation Models
790(2)
Monitoring Studies
792(1)
Experimental Manipulations of CO2 and Temperature
793(3)
Interactions among Global Atmospheric Stressors
796(4)
Interactions between CO2 and N
796(1)
Interactions between Global Climate Change and UVR
797(1)
Interactions between Global Atmospheric Stressors and Contaminants
798(2)
Summary
800(11)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
800(2)
References
802(9)
Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment---Conclusion
811(15)
Conclusion
813(13)
Overarching Issues
813(12)
Generating and Integrating Knowledge in the Hierarchical Science of Ecotoxicology
814(3)
Optimal Balance of Imitation, Innovation, and Inference
817(1)
The Virtues of Imitation
817(1)
The Wisdom of Insecurity
818(2)
Strongest Possible Inference: Bounding Opinion and Knowledge
820(5)
Summary: Sapere Aude
825(1)
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms
826(1)
References 826(3)
Index 829


Michael C. Newman, William H. Clements