Preface |
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xxv | |
Authors |
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xxvii | |
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Hierarchical Ecotoxicology |
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1 | (10) |
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The Hierarchical Science of Ecotoxicology |
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3 | (8) |
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An Overarching Context of Hierarchical Ecotoxicology |
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3 | (3) |
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3 | (1) |
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The Modified Janus Context |
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4 | (2) |
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Reductionism versus Holism Debate |
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6 | (2) |
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Reductionism versus Holism as a False Dichotomy |
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6 | (1) |
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Microexplanation, Holism, and Macroexplanation |
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6 | (1) |
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A Closer Look at Macroexplanation |
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7 | (1) |
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Requirements in the Science of Ecotoxicology |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Strongest Possible Inference |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (182) |
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The Organismal Ecotoxicology Context |
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13 | (10) |
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13 | (1) |
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Organismal Ecotoxicology Defined |
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14 | (4) |
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What Is Organismal Ecotoxicology? |
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14 | (4) |
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The Value of Organismal Ecotoxicology Vantage |
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18 | (3) |
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Tractability and Discreteness |
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18 | (1) |
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Inferring Effects to or Exposure of Organisms with Suborganismal Metrics |
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18 | (1) |
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Extrapolating among Individuals: Species, Size, Sex, and Other Key Qualities |
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19 | (1) |
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Inferring Population Effects from Organismal Effects |
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19 | (1) |
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Inferring Community Effects from Organismal Effects |
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20 | (1) |
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Inferring Potential for Trophic Transfer from Bioaccumulation |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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Biochemistry of Toxicants |
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23 | (20) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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Detoxification of Organic Compounds |
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25 | (3) |
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26 | (1) |
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Phase II (Conjugative) Reactions |
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27 | (1) |
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Metal Detoxification, Regulation, and Sequestration |
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28 | (2) |
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Stress Proteins and Proteotoxicity |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Heme Biosynthesis Inhibition |
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32 | (3) |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibition |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (7) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (6) |
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43 | (20) |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (7) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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Inflammation and Other Responses |
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47 | (3) |
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50 | (3) |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (1) |
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Chromatids and Chromosomes |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Threshold and Nonthreshold Models |
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55 | (1) |
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Sequestration and Accumulation |
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55 | (2) |
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Toxicants or Products of Toxicants |
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55 | (1) |
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Cellular Materials as Evidence of Toxicant Damage |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (6) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (6) |
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63 | (18) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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Organs Associated with Gas Exchange |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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Liver and Analogous Organs of Invertebrates |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (2) |
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Nervous, Sensory, and Motor-Related Organs and Systems |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (9) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (8) |
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81 | (14) |
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81 | (1) |
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Ionic and Osmotic Regulation |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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Respiration and General Metabolism |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (5) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (4) |
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95 | (20) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (9) |
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95 | (4) |
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Routes of Entry into Organisms |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Other Elimination Mechanisms |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (8) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (7) |
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Models of Bioaccumulation and Bioavailability |
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115 | (20) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (12) |
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116 | (1) |
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Assumptions of Models and Methods of Fitting Data |
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116 | (2) |
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Rate Constant-Based Models |
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118 | (4) |
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Clearance Volume-Based Models |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models |
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125 | (1) |
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Statistical Moments Formulations |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (4) |
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Conceptual Foundation: Concentration→Exposure→Realized Dose→Effect |
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127 | (1) |
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Types and Estimation of Bioavailability |
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128 | (3) |
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131 | (4) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (3) |
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135 | (28) |
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135 | (11) |
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Distinct Dynamics Arising from Underlaying Mechanisms and Modes of Action |
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136 | (4) |
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Lethality Differences among Individuals |
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140 | (1) |
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Individual Effective Dose Hypothesis |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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Spontaneous and Threshold Responses |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (8) |
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146 | (1) |
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Dose or Concentration-Response Models Quantifying Lethality |
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146 | (4) |
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Time-Response Models Quantifying Lethality |
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150 | (4) |
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154 | (3) |
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Organic Compounds and the QSAR Approach |
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154 | (2) |
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Metals and the QICAR Approach |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (6) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (5) |
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163 | (26) |
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163 | (3) |
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General Categories of Effects |
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166 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Quantifying Sublethal Effects |
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168 | (11) |
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Hypothesis Testing and Point Estimation |
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169 | (6) |
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Basic Concepts and Assumptions of Hypothesis Tests |
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175 | (4) |
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Basic Concepts and Assumptions of Point Estimation Methods |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (10) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (9) |
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189 | (4) |
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189 | (1) |
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Some Particularly Key Concepts |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (2) |
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193 | (166) |
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The Population Ecotoxicology Context |
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195 | (20) |
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Population Ecotoxicology Defined |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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Definition of Population Ecotoxicology |
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196 | (1) |
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The Need for Population Ecotoxicology |
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196 | (7) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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199 | (4) |
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Inferences within and between Biological Levels |
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203 | (5) |
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Inferring Population Effects from Qualities of Individuals |
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204 | (1) |
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Inferring Individual Effects from Qualities of Populations |
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204 | (1) |
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Inferring Community Effects from Qualities of Populations |
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205 | (3) |
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208 | (7) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (7) |
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Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations |
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215 | (26) |
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Foundation Concepts and Metrics in Epidemiology |
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215 | (13) |
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215 | (3) |
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218 | (6) |
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Foundation Models Describing Disease in Populations |
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224 | (1) |
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Accelerated Failure Time and Proportional Hazard Models |
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224 | (3) |
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Binary Logistic Regression Model |
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227 | (1) |
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Disease Association and Causation |
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228 | (7) |
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Hill's Nine Aspects of Disease Association |
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228 | (4) |
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Strength of Evidence Hierarchy |
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232 | (3) |
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Infectious Disease and Toxicant-Exposed Populations |
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235 | (1) |
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Differences in Sensitivity within and among Populations |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (3) |
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Toxicants and Simple Population Models |
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241 | (22) |
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Toxicants Effects on Population Size and Dynamics |
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241 | (2) |
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The Population-Based Paradigm for Ecological Risk |
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241 | (1) |
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Evidence of the Need for the Population-Based Paradigm for Risk |
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242 | (1) |
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Fundamentals of Population Dynamics |
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243 | (7) |
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243 | (1) |
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Projection Based on Phenomenological Models: Continuous Growth |
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244 | (2) |
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Projection Based on Phenomenological Models: Discrete Growth |
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246 | (1) |
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Sustainable Harvest and Time to Recovery |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (3) |
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Spatial Distributions of Individuals in Populations |
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253 | (5) |
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Describing Distributions: Clumped, Random, and Uniform |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (2) |
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Consequences to Exposed Populations |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (5) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (4) |
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Toxicants and Population Demographics |
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263 | (18) |
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Demography: Adding Individual Heterogeneity to Population Models |
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263 | (7) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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Mortality-Natality Tables |
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266 | (4) |
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Matrix Forms of Demographic Models |
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270 | (7) |
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Basics of Matrix Calculations |
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270 | (2) |
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The Leslie Age-Structured Matrix Approach |
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272 | (2) |
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The Lefkovitch Stage-Structured Matrix Approach |
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274 | (2) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (4) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (3) |
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Phenogenetics of Exposed Populations |
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281 | (24) |
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281 | (3) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (3) |
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Toxicants and the Principle of Allocation (Concept of Strategy) |
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284 | (10) |
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Phenotypic Plasticity and Norms of Reaction |
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286 | (3) |
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289 | (1) |
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Stress-Based Theories of Aging |
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290 | (1) |
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Disposable Soma and Related Theories of Aging |
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290 | (1) |
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Optimizing Fitness: Balancing Somatic Growth, Longevity, and Reproduction |
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291 | (3) |
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Developmental Stability in Populations |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (8) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (5) |
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Population Genetics: Damage and Stochastic Dynamics of the Germ Line |
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305 | (26) |
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305 | (1) |
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Direct Damage to the Germ Line |
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306 | (5) |
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306 | (1) |
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Repair of Genotoxic Damage |
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307 | (2) |
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Mutation Rates and Accumulation |
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309 | (2) |
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Indirect Change to the Germ Line |
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311 | (15) |
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311 | (2) |
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Hardy-Weinberg Expectations |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Effective Population Size |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (1) |
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Balancing Drift and Mutation |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (3) |
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Isolated and Semi-Isolated Subpopulations |
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320 | (4) |
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Multiple Locus Heterozygosity and Individual Fitness |
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324 | (2) |
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Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Potential |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (5) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (4) |
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Population Genetics: Natural Selection |
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331 | (22) |
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Overview of Natural Selection |
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331 | (9) |
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331 | (3) |
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334 | (3) |
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Selection Components Associated with Reproduction |
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337 | (3) |
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Estimating Differential Fitness and Natural Selection |
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340 | (5) |
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Fitness, Relative Fitness, and Selection Coefficients |
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340 | (3) |
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343 | (2) |
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Ecotoxicology's Tradition of Tolerance |
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345 | (2) |
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347 | (6) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (5) |
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353 | (6) |
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353 | (1) |
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Some Particularly Key Concepts |
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353 | (3) |
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353 | (1) |
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Simple Models of Population Dynamics |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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Population Genetics: Stochastic Processes |
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355 | (1) |
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Population Genetics: Natural Selection |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (3) |
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356 | (3) |
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359 | (252) |
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Introduction to Community Ecotoxicology |
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361 | (18) |
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Definitions --- Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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Historical Perspective of Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
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362 | (5) |
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Holism and Reductionism in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
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363 | (3) |
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Trophic Interactions in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
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366 | (1) |
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Importance of Experiments in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
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366 | (1) |
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Are Communities More Than the Sum of Individual Populations? |
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367 | (3) |
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The Need to Understand Indirect Effects of Contaminants |
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367 | (3) |
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Communities within the Hierarchy of Biological Organization |
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370 | (2) |
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Contemporary Topics in Community Ecotoxicology |
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372 | (3) |
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The Need for an Improved Understanding of Basic Community Ecology |
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372 | (1) |
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Development and Application of Improved Biomonitoring Techniques |
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372 | (1) |
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Application of Contemporary Food Web Theory to Ecotoxicology |
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373 | (1) |
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The Need for Improved Experimental Approaches |
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374 | (1) |
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Influence of Global Atmospheric Stressors on Community Responses to Contaminants |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (4) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (3) |
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors That Regulate Communities |
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379 | (30) |
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Characterizing Community Structure and Organization |
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379 | (3) |
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Colonization and Community Structure |
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381 | (1) |
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Definitions of Species Diversity |
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381 | (1) |
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Changes in Species Diversity and Composition along Environmental Gradients |
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382 | (6) |
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Global Patterns of Species Diversity |
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383 | (2) |
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Species-Area Relationships |
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385 | (2) |
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Assumptions about Equilibrium Communities |
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387 | (1) |
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The Role of Keystone Species in Community Regulation |
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388 | (3) |
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Identifying Keystone Species |
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389 | (2) |
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The Role of Species Interactions in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
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391 | (8) |
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391 | (1) |
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Experimental Designs for Studying Species Interactions |
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392 | (1) |
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The Influence of Contaminants on Predator---Prey Interactions |
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393 | (4) |
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The Influence of Contaminants on Competitive Interactions |
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397 | (2) |
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Environmental Factors and Species Interactions |
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399 | (2) |
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Environmental Stress Gradients |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (8) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (6) |
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Biomonitoring and the Responses of Communities to Contaminants |
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409 | (30) |
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Biomonitoring and Biological Integrity |
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409 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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Indicator Species Concept |
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410 | (1) |
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Biomonitoring and Community-Level Assessments |
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411 | (12) |
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411 | (4) |
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The Use of Species Richness and Diversity to Characterize Communities |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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Limitations of Species Richness and Diversity Measures |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (3) |
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Development and Application of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols |
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423 | (7) |
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Application of Qualitative Sampling Techniques |
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425 | (1) |
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Subsampling and Fixed-Count Sample Processing |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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Relaxed Taxonomic Resolution |
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427 | (2) |
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The Application of Species Traits in Biomonitoring |
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429 | (1) |
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Regional Reference Conditions |
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430 | (1) |
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Integrated Assessments of Biological Integrity |
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431 | (1) |
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Limitations of Biomonitoring |
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432 | (7) |
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434 | (1) |
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Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
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434 | (1) |
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435 | (4) |
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Experimental Approaches in Community Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
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439 | (34) |
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Experimental Approaches in Basic Community Ecology |
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439 | (5) |
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The Transition from Descriptive to Experimental Ecology |
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439 | (3) |
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Manipulative Experiments in Rocky Intertidal Communities |
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442 | (1) |
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Manipulative Studies in More Complex Communities |
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442 | (1) |
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Types of Experiments in Basic Community Ecology |
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443 | (1) |
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Experimental Approaches in Community Ecotoxicology |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (12) |
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Background and Definitions |
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445 | (2) |
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Design Considerations in Microcosm and Mesocosm Studies |
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447 | (1) |
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Source of Organisms in Microcosm Experiments |
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447 | (1) |
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Spatiotemporal Scale of Microcosm and Mesocosm Experiments |
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448 | (2) |
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The Influence of Seasonal Variation on Community Responses |
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450 | (1) |
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Statistical Analyses of Microcosm and Mesocosm Experiments |
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450 | (1) |
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General Applications of Microcosms and Mesocosms |
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451 | (1) |
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The Use of Mesocosms for Pesticide Registration |
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452 | (1) |
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Development of Concentration-Response Relationships |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Investigation of Stressor Interactions |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Influence of Environmental and Ecological Factors on Community Responses |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Applications in Terrestrial Systems |
|
|
455 | (2) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Whole Ecosystem Manipulations |
|
|
457 | (7) |
|
Examples of Ecosystem Manipulations: Aquatic Communities |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
Examples of Ecosystem Manipulations: Avian and Mammalian Communities |
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
Limitations of Whole Ecosystem Experiments |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
What Is the Appropriate Experimental Approach for Community Ecotoxicology? |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Questions of Spatiotemporal Scale |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Integrating Descriptive and Experimental Approaches |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (8) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (6) |
|
Application of Multimetric and Multivariate Approaches in Community Ecotoxicology |
|
|
473 | (24) |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
Comparison of Multimetric and Multivariate Approaches |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (4) |
|
Multimetric Approaches for Terrestrial Communities |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Limitations of Multimetric Approaches |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
|
479 | (12) |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
|
481 | (5) |
|
Discriminant and Cluster Analysis |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
Application of Multivariate Methods to Laboratory Data |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
Taxonomic Aggregation in Multivariate Analyses |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (6) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
492 | (5) |
|
Disturbance Ecology and the Responses of Communities to Contaminants |
|
|
497 | (36) |
|
The Importance of Disturbance in Structuring Communities |
|
|
497 | (5) |
|
Disturbance and Equilibrium Communities |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Resistance and Resilience Stability |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Pulse and Press Disturbances |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
Community Stability and Species Diversity |
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
Relationship between Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbance |
|
|
504 | (5) |
|
The Ecosystem Distress Syndrome |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
Contemporary Hypotheses to Explain Community Responses to Anthropogenic Disturbance |
|
|
509 | (3) |
|
Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance |
|
|
510 | (2) |
|
Biotic and Abiotic Factors That Influence Community Recovery |
|
|
512 | (9) |
|
Cross-Community Comparisons of Recovery |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Importance of Long-Term Studies for Documenting Recovery |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Community-Level Indicators of Recovery |
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
Community Characteristics that Influence Rate of Recovery |
|
|
519 | (2) |
|
Influence of Environmental Variability on Resistance and Resilience |
|
|
521 | (2) |
|
Quantifying the Effects of Compound Perturbations |
|
|
523 | (3) |
|
Sensitivity of Communities to Novel Stressors |
|
|
523 | (3) |
|
|
526 | (7) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
528 | (5) |
|
Community Responses to Global and Atmospheric Stressors |
|
|
533 | (48) |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
534 | (18) |
|
|
535 | (2) |
|
|
537 | (2) |
|
The Mismatch between Climate Models and Ecological Studies |
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
Paleoecological Studies of CO2 and Climate Change |
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
Effects of Climate Change on Terrestrial Vegetation |
|
|
541 | (2) |
|
Ecological Responses to CO2 Enrichment |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Effects of Climate Change on Terrestrial Animal Communities |
|
|
544 | (2) |
|
Effects of Climate Change on Freshwater Communities |
|
|
546 | (3) |
|
Effects of Climate Change on Marine Communities |
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion |
|
|
552 | (10) |
|
Methodological Approaches for Manipulating UVR |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
The Effects of UVR on Marine and Freshwater Plankton |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
Direct and Indirect Effects of UV-B Radiation |
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Responses of Benthic Communities |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Responses of Terrestrial Plant Communities |
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
Biotic and Abiotic Factors That Influence UV-B Effects on Communities |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
Dissolved Organic Materials |
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
Interspecific and Intraspecific Differences in UV-B Tolerance |
|
|
560 | (1) |
|
Interactions with Other Stressors |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
562 | (7) |
|
Descriptive Studies of Acid Deposition Effects in Aquatic Communities |
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of Acid Deposition Effects in Aquatic Communities |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Recovery of Aquatic Ecosystems from Acidification |
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
Effects of Acid Deposition on Forest Communities |
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
Indirect Effects of Acidification on Terrestrial Wildlife |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Interactions among Global Atmospheric Stressors |
|
|
569 | (2) |
|
|
571 | (10) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
572 | (2) |
|
|
574 | (7) |
|
Effects of Contaminants on Trophic Structure and Food Webs |
|
|
581 | (22) |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
Basic Principles of Food Web Ecology |
|
|
582 | (10) |
|
Historical Perspective of Food Web Ecology |
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Descriptive, Interactive, and Energetic Food Webs |
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Contemporary Questions in Food Web Ecology |
|
|
584 | (3) |
|
|
587 | (3) |
|
Limitations of Food Web Studies |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Use of Radioactive and Stable Isotopes to Characterize Food Webs |
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
Effects of Contaminants on Food Chains and Food Web Structure |
|
|
592 | (5) |
|
Interspecific Differences in Contaminant Sensitivity |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
Indirect Effects of Contaminant Exposure on Feeding Habits |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Alterations in Energy Flow and Trophic Structure |
|
|
595 | (2) |
|
|
597 | (6) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
597 | (1) |
|
|
598 | (5) |
|
|
603 | (8) |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Some Particularly Key Concepts |
|
|
603 | (4) |
|
Improvements in Experimental Techniques |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
Use of Multimetric and Multivariate Approaches to Assess Community-Level Responses |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
Disturbance Ecology and Community Ecotoxicology |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
An Improved Understanding of Trophic Interactions |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
Interactions between Contaminants and Global Atmospheric Stressors |
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
607 | (4) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
608 | (3) |
|
|
611 | (200) |
|
Introduction to Ecosystem Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
|
|
613 | (22) |
|
Background and Definitions |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
The Spatial Boundaries of Ecosystems |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Contrast of Energy Flow and Materials Cycling |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
Community Structure, Ecosystem Function and Stability |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
Ecosystem Ecology and Ecotoxicology: A Historical Context |
|
|
615 | (4) |
|
Early Development of the Ecosystem Concept |
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
Quantification of Energy Flow through Ecosystems |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
The International Biological Program and the Maturation of Ecosystem Science |
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
Challenges to the Study of Whole Systems |
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
|
619 | (2) |
|
The Role of Ecosystem Theory |
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
Succession Theory and the Strategy of Ecosystem Development |
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
Hierarchy Theory and the Holistic Perspective of Ecosystems |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Recent Developments in Ecosystem Science |
|
|
623 | (3) |
|
General Methodological Approaches |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
The Importance of Multidisciplinary Research in Ecosystem Ecology and Ecotoxicology |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Strong Inference versus Adaptive Inference: Strategies for Understanding Ecosystem Dynamics |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Links from Community to Ecosystem Ecotoxicology |
|
|
627 | (3) |
|
Ecosystems within the Hierarchical Context |
|
|
627 | (3) |
|
|
630 | (5) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
631 | (1) |
|
|
631 | (4) |
|
Overview of Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
635 | (30) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Bioenergetics and Energy Flow through Ecosytems |
|
|
636 | (9) |
|
Photosynthesis and Primary Production |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Methods for Measuring Net Primary Production |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
Factors Limiting Primary Productivity |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
Interactions among Limiting Factors |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
Global Patterns of Productivity |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
Techniques for Estimating Secondary Production |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
The Relationship between Primary and Secondary Production |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
The River Continuum Concept |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Nutrient Cycling and Materials Flow through Ecosystems |
|
|
645 | (12) |
|
Energy Flow and Biogeochemical Cycles |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Cycles |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
Nutrient Spiraling in Streams |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Nutrient Budgets in Streams |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Case Study: Hubbard Brook Watershed |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Nutrient Injection Studies |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
Transport of Materials and Energy among Ecosystems |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Cross-Ecosystem Comparisons |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
Lotic Intersite Nitrogen Experiment (LINX) |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Comparison of Lakes and Streams |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
Comparisons of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (2) |
|
Decomposition and Organic Matter Processing |
|
|
657 | (2) |
|
Allochthonous and Autochthonous Materials |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
Methods for Assessing Organic Matter Dynamics and Decomposition |
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
659 | (6) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
659 | (2) |
|
|
661 | (4) |
|
Descriptive Approaches for Assessing Ecosystem Responses to Contaminants |
|
|
665 | (22) |
|
|
665 | (2) |
|
Descriptive Approaches in Aquatic Ecosystems |
|
|
667 | (7) |
|
Ecosystem Metabolism and Primary Production |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
|
668 | (2) |
|
|
670 | (4) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
674 | (7) |
|
Respiration and Soil Microbial Processes |
|
|
674 | (2) |
|
|
676 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms of Terrestrial Litter Decomposition |
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
An Integration of Terrestrial and Aquatic Processes |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
681 | (6) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
|
683 | (4) |
|
The Use of Microcosms, Mesocosms, and Field Experiments to Assess Ecosystem Responses to Contaminants and Other Stressors |
|
|
687 | (28) |
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Microcosm and Mesocosm Experiments |
|
|
688 | (13) |
|
Microcosms and Mesocosms in Aquatic Research |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Separating Direct and Indirect Effects |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
|
692 | (1) |
|
|
693 | (1) |
|
Comparisons of Ecosystem Structure and Function |
|
|
693 | (3) |
|
Effects of Contaminants on Other Functional Measures |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
Microcosms and Mesocosms in Terrestrial Research |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
697 | (2) |
|
Organic Contaminants and Other Stressors |
|
|
699 | (2) |
|
Whole Ecosystem Experiments |
|
|
701 | (5) |
|
|
701 | (3) |
|
|
704 | (2) |
|
|
706 | (9) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
707 | (1) |
|
|
708 | (7) |
|
Patterns and Processes: The Relationship between Species Diversity and Ecosystem Function |
|
|
715 | (22) |
|
|
715 | (2) |
|
Species Diversity and Ecosystem Function |
|
|
717 | (5) |
|
Experimental Support for the Species Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Functional Redundancy and Species Saturation in Ecosystems |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Increased Stability in Species-Rich Ecosystems |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Criticisms of the Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
Mechanisms Responsible for the Species Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
The Relationship between Ecosystem Function and Ecosystem Services |
|
|
722 | (2) |
|
Future Research Directions and Implications of the Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship for Ecotoxicology |
|
|
724 | (3) |
|
Effects of Random and Nonrandom Species Loss on Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
The Need to Consider Belowground Processes |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
The Influence of Scale on the Relationship between Diversity and Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
How Will the Structure-Function Relationship Be Influenced by Global Change? |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function in Aquatic Ecosystems |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Ecological Thresholds and the Diversity-Ecosystem Function Relationship |
|
|
727 | (4) |
|
Theoretical and Empirical Support for Ecological Thresholds |
|
|
728 | (3) |
|
Ecological Thresholds in Streams |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
731 | (6) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
|
732 | (5) |
|
Fate and Transport of Contaminants in Ecosystems |
|
|
737 | (34) |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, and Food Chain Transfer |
|
|
737 | (5) |
|
Lipids Influence the Patterns of Contaminant Distribution among Trophic Levels |
|
|
738 | (2) |
|
Relative Importance of Diet and Water in Aquatic Ecosystems |
|
|
740 | (2) |
|
Energy Flow and Contaminant Transport |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Modeling Contaminant Movement in Food Webs |
|
|
742 | (9) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Models for Discrete Trophic Levels |
|
|
744 | (2) |
|
Models Incorporating Omnivory |
|
|
746 | (1) |
|
The Influence of Life History, Habitat Associations, and Prey Tolerance on Contaminant Transport |
|
|
747 | (2) |
|
Transport from Aquatic to Terrestrial Communities |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Food Chain Transfer of Contaminants from Sediments |
|
|
749 | (2) |
|
Biological Pumps and Contaminant Transfer in Ecosystems |
|
|
751 | (1) |
|
Ecological Influences on Food Chain Transport of Contaminants |
|
|
751 | (11) |
|
Food Chain Length and Complexity |
|
|
752 | (1) |
|
Primary Productivity and Trophic Status |
|
|
753 | (2) |
|
Landscape Characteristics |
|
|
755 | (3) |
|
Application of Stable Isotopes to Study Contaminant Fate and Effects |
|
|
758 | (3) |
|
The Development and Application of Bioenergetic Food Webs in Ecotoxicology |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
|
762 | (9) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
763 | (8) |
|
Effects of Global Atmospheric Stressors on Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
771 | (40) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Nitrogen Deposition and Acidification |
|
|
771 | (9) |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Effects of N Deposition and Acidification in Aquatic Ecosystems |
|
|
772 | (3) |
|
Effects of N Deposition and Acidification in Terrestrial Ecosystems |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
|
775 | (2) |
|
Variation in Responses to N Deposition among Ecosystems |
|
|
777 | (2) |
|
Ecosystem Recovery from N Deposition |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
780 | (7) |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Methodological Considerations |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Factors that Influence UV-B Exposure and Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems |
|
|
781 | (2) |
|
Comparing Direct and Indirect Effects of UVR on Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
783 | (1) |
|
Effects of UV-B on Ecosystem Processes in Benthic Habitats |
|
|
784 | (1) |
|
Effects of UVR in Terrestrial Ecosystems |
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
Direct and Indirect Effects on Litter Decomposition and Primary Production |
|
|
785 | (2) |
|
Increased CO2 and Global Climate Change |
|
|
787 | (9) |
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
Linking Model Results with Monitoring Studies in Aquatic Ecosystems |
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
789 | (1) |
|
|
790 | (2) |
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
Experimental Manipulations of CO2 and Temperature |
|
|
793 | (3) |
|
Interactions among Global Atmospheric Stressors |
|
|
796 | (4) |
|
Interactions between CO2 and N |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
Interactions between Global Climate Change and UVR |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
Interactions between Global Atmospheric Stressors and Contaminants |
|
|
798 | (2) |
|
|
800 | (11) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
800 | (2) |
|
|
802 | (9) |
|
Ecotoxicology: A Comprehensive Treatment---Conclusion |
|
|
811 | (15) |
|
|
813 | (13) |
|
|
813 | (12) |
|
Generating and Integrating Knowledge in the Hierarchical Science of Ecotoxicology |
|
|
814 | (3) |
|
Optimal Balance of Imitation, Innovation, and Inference |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
|
817 | (1) |
|
|
818 | (2) |
|
Strongest Possible Inference: Bounding Opinion and Knowledge |
|
|
820 | (5) |
|
|
825 | (1) |
|
Summary of Foundation Concepts and Paradigms |
|
|
826 | (1) |
References |
|
826 | (3) |
Index |
|
829 | |