Electrical Insulation in Power Systems [Kõva köide]

Series Introduction iii(2) H. Lee Willis Preface v 1 Introduction to Electrical Insulation in Power Systems 1(20) 1.1 Introduction 1(1) 1.2 Properties of Dielectrics 2(3) 1.3 Classification of Insulating Materials 5(3) 1.4 Applications of Insulating Materials 8(2) 1.5 Electric Fields 10(8) 1.6 Design Parameters of High Voltage Equipment 18(1) References 19(2) 2 Gas Dielectrics 21(28) 2.1 Introduction 21(1) 2.2 Gas Behavior Under Zero Electric Field 21(2) 2.3 Generation of Charged Particles 23(5) 2.4 Deionization Processes 28(1) 2.5 Uniform Field Gas Breakdown 29(7) 2.6 Nonuniform Field Gas Breakdown 36(6) 2.7 Time to Breakdown 42(1) 2.8 Discharges Under Nanosecond Pulse Voltages 43(1) 2.9 Gap-Type Discharge 44(2) 2.10 Choice of Dielectric Gases 46(2) References 48(1) 3 Air Insulation 49(34) 3.1 Introduction 49(1) 3.2 Air Insulation Applications and Modeling 49(2) 3.3 Voltage Stresses 51(1) 3.4 Impulse Breakdown Probability 51(1) 3.5 Breakdown Voltage Characteristics 52(13) 3.6 Volt Time Curve and Insulation Coordination 65(4) 3.7 Phase to Phase Breakdown Characteristics 69(2) 3.8 Arc Discharge 71(1) 3.9 Undesirable Effects of Corona 72(8) 3.10 Television Interference 80(1) References 80(3) 4 SF(6) Insulation 83(28) 4.1 Introduction 83(1) 4.2 Basic Properties of SF(6) Gas 83(2) 4.3 Breakdown Processes in SF(6) 85(1) 4.4 Uniform Field Breakdown 86(1) 4.5 Nonuniform Field Breakdown 87(3) 4.6 Estimation of Minimum Discharge Voltages 90(1) 4.7 Factors Affecting Discharge Voltages 91(5) 4.8 Arc Interruption in SF(6) 96(2) 4.9 Gas Insulated Switchgear 98(9) 4.10 Compressed Gas Insulated Cables 107(1) 4.11 Other Applications of SF(6) 108(1) 4.12 SF(6) Gas Handling 108(1) References 109(2) 5 Liquid Dielectrics 111(36) 5.1 Introduction 111(1) 5.2 Classification of Insulating Oils 112(7) 5.3 Essential Characteristics of Insulating Oils 119(4) 5.4 Streaming Electrification 123(1) 5.5 Reconditioning of Insulating Oils 124(1) 5.6 Electric Conduction in Insulating Liquids 125(4) 5.7 Breakdown in Insulating Liquids 129(14) References 143(4) 6 Solid Dielectrics 147(41) 6.1 Introduction 147(1) 6.2 Solid Insulating Materials 148(19) 6.3 Dielectric Loss in Solid Insulating Materials 167(6) 6.4 Breakdown in Solid Insulation 173(13) References 186(2) 7 Vacuum Dielectrics 188(21) 7.1 Introduction 188(1) 7.2 Prebreakdown Electron Emission in Vacuum 189(3) 7.3 Factors Affecting Breakdown Voltage in Vacuum 192(3) 7.4 Breakdown Mechanisms 195(3) 7.5 Arc Interruption in Vacuums 198(4) 7.6 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 202(4) References 206(3) 8 Composite Dielectrics 209(32) 8.1 Introduction 209(1) 8.2 Dielectric Properties of Composites 210(3) 8.3 Edge Breakdown 213(1) 8.4 Cavity Breakdown 214(3) 8.5 Breakdown Due to Surface Erosion and Tracking 217(1) 8.6 Chemical and Electrochemical Deterioration and Breakdown 218(2) 8.7 Materials of Outdoor Insulators 220(4) 8.8 Oil-Impregnated Insulation 224(10) 8.9 Flexible Laminates 234(4) References 238(3) 9 High Voltage Cables 241(35) 9.1 Introduction 241(1) 9.2 Cable Materials 241(3) 9.3 Types of Cables 244(1) 9.4 Cable Constants 245(4) 9.5 Electric Stress in Cables 249(1) 9.6 Cable Losses 250(1) 9.7 Cable Ampacity 251(2) 9.8 Partial Discharges in Cables 253(2) 9.9 Treeing in Cables 255(8) 9.10 Cable Aging and Life Estimation 263(3) 9.11 Cable Accessories 266(4) 9.12 Cable Fault Location 270(2) 9.13 Recent Advances in Cable Technology 272(1) References 273(3) 10 Generation and Measurement of Testing Voltages 276(30) 10.1 Introduction 276(1) 10.2 High Voltage DC Generation 276(3) 10.3 High Voltage AC Generation 279(3) 10.4 High Voltage Impulse Generation 282(6) 10.5 Nanosecond Pulse Generation 288(1) 10.6 Spark Gaps as a Voltage Measuring Device 289(5) 10.7 Potential Dividers for High Voltage Measurement 294(1) 10.8 Other High Voltage Measuring Devices 295(7) 10.9 Measurement of Corona and Gap Discharge Currents 302(2) References 304(2) 11 New Measurement and Diagnostic Technologies 306(36) 11.1 Introduction 306(1) 11.2 Digital Impulse Recorders 306(5) 11.3 Digital Techniques in HV Tests 311(4) 11.4 Testing Automation 315(1) 11.5 Electric Field Measurements 316(1) 11.6 Electro-Optic Sensors 317(8) 11.7 Magneto-Optic Sensors 325(3) 11.8 Measurements of Very Fast Transients in GIS 328(1) 11.9 Space Charge Measurement Techniques 329(6) 11.10 Electro-Optical Imaging Techniques 335(4) References 339(3) 12 Insulation Testing 342(39) 12.1 Objectives of Testing 342(1) 12.2 HV Test Classification 343(2) 12.3 Test Voltages 345(4) 12.4 Test Procedures and Standards 349(2) 12.5 Testing of HV Measuring Devices 351(4) 12.6 Partial Discharge Test 355(3) 12.7 Dielectric Loss Test 358(3) 12.8 Testing of HV Apparatus 361(14) 12.9 Electrostatic Hazards 375(3) References 378(3) Index 381

N.H. Malik, A.A. Al-Arainy, M.I. Qureshi