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Electronic Portable Instruments: Design and Applications [Kõva köide]

(Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, Western Australia)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 438 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 780 g, 24 Tables, black and white; 32 Halftones, black and white; 38 Illustrations, color; 151 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Oct-2003
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849319986
  • ISBN-13: 9780849319983
Teised raamatud teemal:
Electronic Portable Instruments: Design and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 438 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 780 g, 24 Tables, black and white; 32 Halftones, black and white; 38 Illustrations, color; 151 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-Oct-2003
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0849319986
  • ISBN-13: 9780849319983
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780849319983.html
Märksõnad:
With the availability of advanced technologies, digital systems, and communications, portable instruments are rapidly evolving from simple, stand alone, low-accuracy measuring instruments to complex multifunctional, network integrated, high-performance digital devices with advanced interface capabilities. The relatively brief treatments these instruments receive in many books are no longer adequate. Designers, engineers and scientists need a comprehensive reference dedicated to electronic portable instruments that explains the state-of-art and future directions.

Electronic Portable Instruments: Design and Applications introduces the basic measurement and instrumentation concepts, describes the operating principles, and discusses the typical specifications of three main groups of portable instruments:

Portable and handheld instruments built for specific applications

Intelligent sensor-based devices with few components and dedicated features, such as implantable medical devices

Portable data systems containing fixed sensors and supporting mechanisms, but equipped with advanced communications capabilities, such as mobile weather stations

The author discusses sensors suitable for these instruments, addresses how components are selected, and clearly shows that instrument design centers on trade-offs between costs, performance, size and weight, power consumption, interface options, ruggedness, and the ability to operate in a range of environments. A multitude of tables, formulae, and figures--many in full color--enhance the presentation. Numerous examples of applications demonstrate the current diversity of these devices and point the way to future trends in development and applications.
1 Measurements, Instrumentation, and Electronic Portable Instruments 1(42)
1.1 Fundamentals of Measurements
1(1)
1.2 Units and Standards
2(4)
1.3 General Concepts on Instruments
6(7)
1.3.1 Types of Instruments
8(1)
1.3.2 Analog Instruments
9(2)
1.3.3 Digital Instruments
11(2)
1.4 Introduction to Portable Instruments
13(5)
1.4.1 Design Consideration of Electronic Portable Instruments
14(4)
1.5 Response and Drift
18(5)
1.5.1 Static Response
19(1)
1.5.2 Dynamic Response
20(3)
1.5.3 Drift
23(1)
1.6 Errors and Uncertainty
23(5)
1.6.1 Systematic Errors
24(2)
1.6.1.1 Uncertainty
26(1)
1.6.1.2 Calibration Error in Sensors
26(1)
1.6.2 Random Errors
26(1)
1.6.3 Gross Errors
27(1)
1.6.4 Error Reduction Techniques
27(1)
1.7 Calibration and Testing of Instruments
28(3)
1.7.1 Testing of Instruments
29(2)
1.8 Controlling and Networking of Instruments
31(2)
1.9 Signals and Signal Conditioning
33(4)
1.9.1 Types of Signals
33(2)
1.9.1.1 Multichannel and Multidimensional Signals
33(1)
1.9.1.2 Continuous or Discrete Signals
34(1)
1.9.1.3 Deterministic and Random Signals
35(1)
1.9.1.4 Transient Signals
35(1)
1.9.2 Signal Classification
35(2)
1.9.2.1 Single-Ended and Differential Signals
36(1)
1.9.2.2 Narrowband and Broadband Signals
36(1)
1.9.2.3 Low- and High-Output Impedance Signals
36(1)
1.9.2.4 Signal Conditioning at the Sensor Level
36(1)
1.10 Noise and Interference
37(6)
1.10.1 Noise
37(3)
1.10.1.1 Thermal Noise
37(1)
1.10.1.2 Shot Noise
38(1)
1.10.1.3 Excess Noise
38(1)
1.10.1.4 Burst Noise
38(1)
1.10.1.5 Partition Noise
38(1)
1.10.1.6 Generation-Recombination Noise
39(1)
1.10.1.7 Spot Noise
39(1)
1.10.1.8 Total Noise
39(1)
1.10.1.9 Noise Bandwidth
40(1)
1.10.1.10 Spectral Density
40(1)
1.10.2 Interference
40(3)
2 Sensors, Transducers, and Electronic Portable Instruments 43(108)
Introduction
43(1)
2.1 Voltage and Current Sensors
44(7)
2.1.1 Voltage Sensors
44(5)
2.1.1.1 Electronic Voltmeters
48(1)
2.1.2 Current Sensors
49(2)
2.1.2.1 Power and Power Factor Measurements
50(1)
2.2 Magnetic Sensors
51(8)
2.2.1 Primary Magnetic Sensors
51(4)
2.2.1.1 Hall-Effect Sensors
52(1)
2.2.1.2 Magnetodiodes and Magnetotransistor Sensors
53(1)
2.2.1.3 Magnetoresistive Sensors
53(1)
2.2.1.4 Magneto-Optical Sensors
54(1)
2.2.1.5 Integrated Magnetic Field Sensors
54(1)
2.2.1.6 Magnetic Thin Films
54(1)
2.2.2 Secondary Magnetic Sensors
55(4)
2.2.2.1 Linear and Rotary Variable-Reluctance Sensors
57(2)
2.2.2.2 Linear Variable-Differential Transformer
59(1)
2.3 Capacitive and Charge Sensors
59(3)
2.3.1 Integrated Circuit and Computable Capacitors
61(1)
2.4 Semiconductor and Intelligent Sensors
62(6)
2.4.1 Semiconductor Sensors
62(4)
2.4.1.1 Piezoelectric Sensors
63(1)
2.4.1.2 Capacitive IC Sensors
64(1)
2.4.1.3 Chemical Sensors
65(1)
2.4.1.4 Resonance Sensors
65(1)
2.4.1.5 Electrical Oscillators,
65(1)
2.4.2 Embedded Sensing
66(1)
2.4.3 Sensing Arrays
66(1)
2.4.4 Amorphous Material Sensors
67(1)
2.4.5 Intelligent Sensors
67(1)
2.5 Acoustic Sensors
68(6)
2.5.1 Capacitor Microphones
71(1)
2.5.2 Piezoelectric and Electret Microphones
72(1)
2.5.3 Fiber-Optic Microphones
72(1)
2.5.4 Ultrasonic Sensors
73(1)
2.6 Temperature and Heat Sensors
74(9)
2.6.1 Temperature Sensors
74(6)
2.6.1.1 Thermocouples
76(1)
2.6.1.2 Thermoresistive Sensors
77(1)
2.6.1.3 Silicon Resistive Sensors
78(1)
2.6.1.4 Thermistors
79(1)
2.6.1.5 Semiconductor Temperature Sensors
79(1)
2.6.2 Heat Sensors
80(3)
2.6.2.1 Pyroelectric Sensors
81(1)
2.6.2.2 Thermopile Sensors
82(1)
2.6.2.3 Active Infrared Sensors
83(1)
2.6.2.4 Bolometers
83(1)
2.7 Light Sensors
83(10)
2.7.1 Photosensors
85(2)
2.7.1.1 Photodiodes/Phototransistors
85(1)
2.7.1.2 Photovoltaic Cells
86(1)
2.7.1.3 Photoresistors/Photoconductors
87(1)
2.7.2 Solid-State Light Emitters
87(1)
2.7.3 Image Sensors
88(1)
2.7.4 Spectrometers
89(2)
2.7.4.1 Spectroscopic Instruments
89(2)
2.7.5 Optical Fiber Sensors
91(2)
2.7.6 Optoisolators
93(1)
2.7.7 Photoemissive Sensors and Photomultipliers
93(1)
2.8 Radiation Sensors
93(5)
2.8.1 Particle Radiation
94(1)
2.8.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
94(2)
2.8.3 Gas-Filled Detectors
96(1)
2.8.4 Semiconductor Radiation Sensors
97(1)
2.8.5 Scintillation Detectors
97(1)
2.9 Chemical Sensors
98(5)
2.9.1 Enzyme Sensors
99(1)
2.9.2 Catalytic Chemical Sensors
99(1)
2.9.3 Electrochemical Sensors
100(1)
2.9.4 Chromatographic Sensors
100(1)
2.9.5 Radioactive Chemical Sensors
101(1)
2.9.6 Chemosensors
101(1)
2.9.7 Sensors Based on Light and Properties of Optics
101(2)
2.9.7.1 Absorption and Emission Sensors
103(1)
2.9.7.2 Spectrometric Sensors
103(1)
2.9.7.3 Colorimetry or Photometry
103(1)
2.10 Gas Sensors
103(7)
2.10.1 Infrared, Fluorescent, and Light Absorption Gas Sensors
104(1)
2.10.2 Indicator Tube Gas Sensors
104(1)
2.10.3 Semiconductor Gas Sensors
105(4)
2.10.3.1 Conductometric Sensors
105(1)
2.10.3.2 Amperimetric Sensors
105(2)
2.10.3.3 Potentiometric Sensors
107(2)
2.10.4 Ring Oven and Titration Methods
109(1)
2.10.4.1 Titration
109(1)
2.10.5 Application of Gas Detectors
109(1)
2.11 Biomedical and Biological Sensors
110(1)
2.12 Environmental Sensors
111(8)
2.12.1 Time
111(1)
2.12.2 Electromagnetic Field Sensors
112(2)
2.12.2.1 Fluxgate Magnetometer
113(1)
2.12.2.2 Search Coil Magnetometers
114(1)
2.12.3 Humidity and Moisture Sensors
114(3)
2.12.3.1 Conductive Humidity and Moisture Sensors
115(1)
2.12.3.2 Capacitive Humidity and Moisture Sensors
116(1)
2.12.4 Soil Acidity and Alkalinity
117(1)
2.12.5 Fire and Smoke Sensors
118(1)
2.13 Pollution Sensors
119(2)
2.13.1 Air Pollution
119(1)
2.13.2 Water Pollution
120(1)
2.13.3 Soil Pollution
120(1)
2.14 Distance and Rotation Sensors
121(3)
2.14.1 Large-Scale Distance Sensors
122(1)
2.14.2 Small-Scale Distance Sensors
123(1)
2.14.3 Rotation Sensors
123(1)
2.15 Navigational Sensors
124(7)
2.15.1 Inertial Navigation Sensors
124(1)
2.15.2 Gyroscopes
125(2)
2.15.3 Satellite Navigation and Radiolocation
127(1)
2.15.4 Global Positioning Systems
128(2)
2.15.4.1 GPS Receivers
129(1)
2.15.5 Satellite Relay Systems
130(1)
2.16 Mechanical Variables Sensors
131(20)
2.16.1 Position, Displacement, and Proximity Sensors
131(5)
2.16.1.1 Capacitive Position, Displacement, and Proximity Sensors
132(1)
2.16.1.2 Magnetic Position, Displacement, and Proximity Sensors
133(1)
2.16.1.3 Other Position, Displacement, and Proximity Sensors
134(2)
2.16.2 Pressure Sensors
136(3)
2.16.2.1 Low-Pressure Sensors
137(1)
2.16.2.2 High-Pressure Sensors
138(1)
2.16.3 Force Sensors
139(1)
2.16.4 Acceleration Sensors
140(5)
2.16.4.1 Seismic Accelerometers
141(1)
2.16.4.2 Piezoresistive Accelerometers
141(1)
2.16.4.3 Piezoelectric Accelerometers
141(1)
2.16.4.4 Microaccelerometers
142(1)
2.16.4.5 Vibrating Beam Accelerometer
143(1)
2.16.4.6 Differential-Capacitance Accelerometers
144(1)
2.16.5 Stress and Strain Sensors
145(1)
2.16.6 Mass and Weight Sensors
145(1)
2.16.7 Density Sensors
146(4)
2.16.7.1 Magnetic Methods
147(1)
2.16.7.2 Vibrational Methods
147(1)
2.16.7.3 Pycnometric Densitometers
148(1)
2.16.7.4 Hydrostatic Weighing Densitometers
148(1)
2.16.7.5 Hydrometers
148(1)
2.16.7.6 Column Type Densitometers
149(1)
2.16.7.7 Refractometric Method
149(1)
2.16.7.8 Absorption Type Densitometer
150(1)
2.16.8 Viscosity Sensors
150(1)
3 Digital Aspects: Hardware, Software, and Electronic Portable Instruments 151(78)
Introduction
151(1)
3.1 Microprocessors, Microcontrollers, and Computers
152(24)
3.1.1 Microprocessors and Microcontroller Architecture
153(2)
3.1.2 Microcontrollers
155(6)
3.1.2.1 Fabrication Techniques
157(1)
3.1.2.2 Architecture Features
157(3)
3.1.2.3 Input/Output
160(1)
3.1.2.4 Interrupts
161(1)
3.1.3 Examples of Microcontrollers
161(4)
3.1.3.1 Cypress's CY8C25xxx/26xxx
161(2)
3.1.3.2 Atmel's AVR 8-Bit RISC
163(1)
3.1.3.3 Hitachi's H8 / 300H
163(1)
3.1.3.4 Motorola's MC9S12DP256
164(1)
3.1.3.5 AT91 ARM Thumb
164(1)
3.1.3.6 Motorola's MC68F333
165(1)
3.1.4 Embedded Controllers
165(2)
3.1.5 Dedicated Computers and Electronic Portable Instruments
167(3)
3.1.6 Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)
170(1)
3.1.7 Types of DSPs and Examples
171(5)
3.1.7.1 Data Handling of DSPs
172(2)
3.1.7.2 Implementation of DSPs
174(2)
3.2 Signal Conversion
176(16)
3.2.1 Sample-and-Hold Circuits
177(1)
3.2.2 Analog-to-Digital Converters
178(7)
3.2.2.1 Counterramp A/D Converters
179(2)
3.2.2.2 Successive Approximation A/D Converters (Serial)
181(1)
3.2.2.3 Flash A/D Converters (Parallel)
182(1)
3.2.2.4 Delta-Sigma A/D Converters
183(2)
3.2.3 Digital-to-Analog Converters
185(3)
3.2.3.1 Weighted Current D/A Converters
186(2)
3.2.4 Data Acquisition Systems
188(2)
3.2.4.1 Single-Channel Systems
188(1)
3.2.4.2 Multichannel Systems
189(1)
3.2.5 Data Acquisition Boards
190(2)
3.3 Digital Signal Processing
192(19)
3.3.1 Continuous-Time Signals
194(2)
3.3.2 Discrete-Time Signals
196(1)
3.3.3 Energy and Power Signals
197(1)
3.3.4 Digital Signals
197(1)
3.3.5 Nonperiodic and Random Signals
197(1)
3.3.6 Sampling Process
198(3)
3.3.7 Reconstruction of Signals
201(1)
3.3.8 Quantization
202(2)
3.3.9 Coding
204(1)
3.3.9.1 Unipolar Codes
204(1)
3.3.9.2 Bipolar Codes
205(1)
3.3.10 Digital Filters
205(1)
3.3.11 Digital Signal Generation
206(2)
3.3.12 Data Storage
208(2)
3.3.13 Handling Small Signals
210(1)
3.4 Instrument Communication and Telemetry
211(8)
3.4.1 Protocols
211(2)
3.4.2 Communication Networks
213(3)
3.4.2.1 SCADA Systems
214(1)
3.4.2.2 Fieldbuses
215(1)
3.4.3 Telemetry
216(4)
3.4.3.1 Multiple-Channel Telemetry
218(1)
3.5 IEEE-1451 Standards for Sensors and Actuators: Smart Transducer Interface
219(1)
3.6 Virtual Instruments and Portable Instruments
220(9)
3.6.1 Data Acquisition Boards for Virtual Instruments
221(1)
3.6.2 Software for Virtual Instruments
222(2)
3.6.3 Software for Electronic Portable Instruments
224(5)
4 Design and Construction of Electronic Portable Instruments 229(82)
Introduction
229(1)
4.1 Design Considerations
230(7)
4.1.1 Reliability
233(1)
4.1.2 Failure Mode Analysis
234(1)
4.1.3 System Voltage
235(1)
4.1.4 Temperature
236(1)
4.1.5 Humidity and Moisture
236(1)
4.1.6 Corrosive Fumes and Aerosols
237(1)
4.2 Power Supplies and Energy Sources
237(11)
4.2.1 Batteries
240(3)
4.2.1.1 Carbon-Zinc Batteries
241(1)
4.2.1.2 Alkaline Manganese Dioxide Batteries
242(1)
4.2.1.3 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
242(1)
4.2.1.4 Lead-Acid Batteries
242(1)
4.2.1.5 Lithium Batteries
243(1)
4.2.1.6 Mercury and Silver Oxide Batteries
243(1)
4.2.1.7 Miniature Power Supplies
243(1)
4.2.2 Batteries and Power Management
243(4)
4.2.2.1 Switching Regulation
245(1)
4.2.2.2 Programmable Power Management Chipsets
246(1)
4.2.3 Unconventional Power Sources for Portable Instruments
247(1)
4.2.3.1 Solar Cells
247(1)
4.2.3.2 Fuel Cells
247(1)
4.3 Passive Circuit Components
248(11)
4.3.1 Resistors
249(2)
4.3.1.1 Carbon Composition Resistors
249(1)
4.3.1.2 Metal-Film Resistors
249(1)
4.3.1.3 Thin-Film Resistors
250(1)
4.3.1.4 Wire-Wound Resistors
250(1)
4.3.1.5 Foil Resistors
250(1)
4.3.1.6 Variable Resistors, Trimmers, and Potentiometers
251(1)
4.3.2 Capacitors
251(8)
4.3.2.1 Ceramic and Glass Capacitors
252(1)
4.3.2.2 Paper Capacitors
252(1)
4.3.2.3 Electrolytic Capacitors
253(1)
4.3.2.4 Mica Capacitors
253(1)
4.3.2.5 Metallized-Film Capacitors
254(1)
4.3.2.6 Variable and Air Core Capacitors
254(1)
4.3.2.7 Integrated Circuit Capacitors
255(1)
4.3.2.8 Voltage-Variable Capacitors
255(1)
4.3.2.9 Characteristics of Capacitors
256(3)
4.3.3 Inductors
259(1)
4.4 Active Components and Circuit Design
259(16)
4.4.1 Active Analog Components
262(4)
4.4.1.1 Operational Amplifiers and Circuits
262(1)
4.4.1.2 Instrumentation Amplifiers
263(1)
4.4.1.3 Isolators
264(1)
4.4.1.4 Circuit Protection ICs
264(1)
4.4.1.5 Single-Chip Active and Passive Device ICs
265(1)
4.4.2 Actuators and Controllers
266(1)
4.4.2.1 Mechanical Relays
266(1)
4.4.2.2 On-Off Switches
266(1)
4.4.2.3 Solenoids
266(1)
4.4.3 Fundamental Analog Circuits
267(8)
4.4.3.1 Amplifiers
267(1)
4.4.3.2 Charge Amplifiers
268(1)
4.4.3.3 Voltage Followers
269(1)
4.4.3.4 Filters
270(1)
4.4.3.5 Oscillators
271(2)
4.4.3.6 Pulse Width Modulators and Linearizers
273(1)
4.4.3.7 Bridges
273(2)
4.5 Digital Aspects, Communication, and Networks
275(13)
4.5.1 Digital Aspects
275(3)
4.5.1.1 Low-Power Digital Components
277(1)
4.5.1.2 Back-Plane Buses
278(1)
4.5.2 Signal Conversion
278(3)
4.5.2.1 Digital-to-Analog Converters
279(1)
4.5.2.2 Analog-to-Digital Converters
279(2)
4.5.2.3 Multiplexers
281(1)
4.5.2.4 Sample-Hold Devices
281(1)
4.5.2.5 Software to Drive A/D Converters
281(1)
4.5.3 Intelligent Sensors
281(2)
4.5.4 Communications
283(1)
4.5.5 Protocols
284(3)
4.5.5.1 Built-in-Tests
286(1)
4.5.6 Networks
287(1)
4.6 Operator Interface
288(6)
4.6.1 Displays
291(3)
4.6.1.1 Light-Emitting Diodes
291(1)
4.6.1.2 Liquid Crystal Displays
291(3)
4.7 Construction and Assembly
294(12)
4.7.1 Enclosures and Casing
295(3)
4.7.1.1 Weight and Size
298(1)
4.7.2 On-Board Circuit Layout
298(2)
4.7.2.1 Wiring of Connectors and Components
299(1)
4.7.2.2 Circuit Boards
299(1)
4.7.3 Interference and Noise Protection
300(6)
4.7.3.1 Bypass Capacitors
302(1)
4.7.3.2 Grounding
302(1)
4.7.3.3 Shielding
303(3)
4.8 Software Aspects
306(5)
4.8.1 Software for User Interface
308(3)
5 Examples and Applications of Portable Instruments 311(52)
Introduction
311(1)
5.1 Laboratory Instruments
312(11)
5.1.1 Multimeters
312(2)
5.1.2 Power and Energy Meters
314(1)
5.1.3 Oscilloscopes
315(3)
5.1.4 Spectrum Analyzers
318(5)
5.1.4.1 Analog Spectrum Analyzers
318(2)
5.1.4.2 Digital Spectrum Analyzers
320(3)
5.2 Environmental Instruments
323(6)
5.2.1 Water Analyzers
323(2)
5.2.2 Soil Analyzers
325(2)
5.2.2.1 Soil Resistivity Instruments
325(1)
5.2.2.2 Soil Moisture Instruments
326(1)
5.2.2.3 Soil Chemistry Analysis Instruments
327(1)
5.2.3 Air Analyzers
327(2)
5.3 Chemical Instruments
329(5)
5.3.1 Portable Chemical Laboratories
332(1)
5.3.2 Gas Detectors
333(1)
5.4 Biomedical Instruments
334(9)
5.4.1 Human Biotelemetry
338(4)
5.4.2 Animal Biotelemetry
342(1)
5.5 Mechanical, Sound, and Vibration Measurement Instruments
343(7)
5.5.1 Mechanical Measurement Instruments
343(3)
5.5.2 Vibration Measurement Instruments
346(2)
5.5.3 Sound Measurement Instruments
348(2)
5.6 Radiation, Light, and Temperature Instruments
350(4)
5.6.1 Long-Wave Radiation Instruments
350(2)
5.6.2 Short-Wave Radiation Sensing
352(1)
5.6.3 Dosimeters
353(1)
5.6.4 Temperature Measurements
354(1)
5.7 GPS and Telemetry-Based Instruments
354(3)
5.8 Computer-Based and Intelligent Instruments
357(2)
5.9 Domestic, Personal, Hobby, and Leisure Portable Instruments
359(4)
6 Conclusions and Future Directions 363(2)
Bibliography 365(8)
Index 373