Preface |
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xiii | |
Authors |
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xvii | |
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1 | (42) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Aircraft as a Rigid Body |
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2 | (5) |
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1.3 Six Degrees of Freedom |
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7 | (3) |
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1.4 Position, Velocity and Angles |
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10 | (4) |
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1.5 Aircraft Motion in Wind |
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14 | (3) |
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1.6 Longitudinal Flight Dynamics |
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17 | (4) |
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1.7 Longitudinal Dynamics Equations |
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21 | (1) |
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1.8 A Question of Timescales |
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22 | (3) |
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25 | (3) |
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1.10 Aerodynamic Coefficients CD, CL, Cm |
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28 | (6) |
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1.10.1 Aerodynamic Coefficients with Angle of Attack (α) |
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30 | (2) |
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1.10.2 Aerodynamic Coefficients with Mach Number (Ma) |
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32 | (2) |
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34 | (9) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (40) |
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2.1 Linear First-Order System |
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43 | (3) |
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2.2 Linear Second-Order System |
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46 | (9) |
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2.3 Nonlinear Second-Order System |
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55 | (2) |
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2.4 Pitch Dynamics about Level Flight Trim |
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57 | (1) |
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2.5 Modelling Small-Perturbation Aerodynamics' |
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58 | (4) |
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2.6 Pitch Dynamics about Level Flight Trim (Contd.) |
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62 | (6) |
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63 | (5) |
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2.7 Short-Period Frequency and Damping |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (8) |
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70 | (2) |
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2.8.2 Second-Order System |
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72 | (5) |
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2.9 Response to Pitch Control |
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77 | (6) |
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2.9.1 Pitch Dynamics about Level Flight Trim with Elevator Control |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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3 Longitudinal Trim and Stability |
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83 | (40) |
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3.1 Wing---Body Trim and Stability |
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83 | (4) |
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3.2 Wing---Body Plus Tail: Physical Arguments |
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87 | (1) |
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3.3 Wing-Body Plus Tail: Math Model |
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88 | (13) |
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93 | (2) |
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3.3.2 Airplane Pitching Moment |
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95 | (6) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (5) |
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104 | (1) |
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3.5.2 NP as Aerodynamic Centre of Entire Airplane |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (5) |
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3.6.1 Revised Expressions for NP |
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108 | (1) |
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3.6.2 NP as Aerodynamic Centre of the Entire Airplane |
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109 | (2) |
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3.6.3 Trim and Stability, Again! |
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111 | (1) |
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3.7 Effect of CG Movement |
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111 | (4) |
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3.8 Rear CG Limit due to Airplane Loading and Configuration at Take-Off |
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115 | (1) |
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3.9 Cm, CL Curves---Non-Linearities |
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116 | (7) |
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117 | (5) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (38) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (1) |
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4.3 Tail Lift with Elevator |
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126 | (4) |
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4.4 Airplane Lift Coefficient with Elevator |
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130 | (4) |
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4.5 Airplane Pitching Moment Coefficient with Elevator |
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134 | (3) |
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4.6 Elevator Influence on Trim and Stability |
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137 | (4) |
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4.6.1 Change in Trim Lift Coefficient |
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138 | (2) |
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4.6.2 Another Viewpoint of Stability |
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140 | (1) |
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4.7 Longitudinal Manoeuvres with the Elevator |
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141 | (6) |
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4.8 Most Forward CG Limit |
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147 | (5) |
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4.8.1 Using Elevator to Compensate for CG Shift |
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148 | (1) |
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4.8.2 Typical Elevator Deflection Limits |
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149 | (2) |
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4.8.3 Forward-Most CG Limit due to Elevator Up-Deflection Limit |
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151 | (1) |
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4.9 NP Determination from Flight Tests |
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152 | (2) |
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4.10 Effect of NP Shift with Mach Number |
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154 | (7) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (2) |
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5 Long-Period (Phugoid) Dynamics |
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161 | (26) |
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5.1 Phugoid Mode Equations |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Normal Acceleration |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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5.4 Phugoid Small-Perturbation Equations |
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166 | (2) |
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5.5 Aerodynamic Modelling with Mach Number |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (2) |
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5.7 Phugoid Mode Frequency and Damping |
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172 | (3) |
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5.8 Accurate Short-Period and Phugoid Approximations |
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175 | (3) |
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5.8.1 Short-Period Mode Dynamics |
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176 | (1) |
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5.8.2 Phugoid Mode Dynamics |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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5.10 Derivative Cmq1 in Pitching Motion |
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179 | (2) |
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5.11 Derivative Cmq1 in Phugoid Motion |
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181 | (1) |
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5.12 Flow Curvature Effects |
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182 | (5) |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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6 Lateral-Directional Motion |
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187 | (28) |
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187 | (1) |
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6.2 Directional Disturbance Angles |
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188 | (2) |
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6.3 Directional versus Longitudinal Flight |
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190 | (1) |
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6.4 Lateral Disturbance Angles |
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191 | (3) |
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6.5 Lateral-Directional Rate Variables |
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194 | (1) |
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6.6 Small-Perturbation Lateral-Directional Equations |
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195 | (3) |
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6.7 Lateral-Directional Timescales |
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198 | (2) |
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6.8 Lateral-Directional Aerodynamic Derivatives |
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200 | (2) |
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6.9 Lateral-Directional Small-Perturbation Equations (Contd.) |
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202 | (5) |
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6.10 Lateral-Directional Dynamic Modes |
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207 | (8) |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (4) |
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212 | (2) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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7 Lateral-Directional Dynamic Modes |
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215 | (64) |
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215 | (1) |
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7.2 Roll Damping Derivative Clp2 |
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216 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Special Case of Trapezoidal Wing |
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218 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Owing to Vertical Tail |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (4) |
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7.4 Aileron Control Derivative, Clδ |
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225 | (7) |
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7.4.1 Other Roll Control Devices |
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228 | (1) |
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7.4.1.1 Roll Control with Spoilers |
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229 | (1) |
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7.4.1.2 Roll Control by Differential Tail |
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230 | (1) |
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7.4.1.3 Roll Control by Rudder |
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230 | (2) |
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7.5 Yaw due to Roll Control |
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232 | (3) |
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232 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Yaw due to Spoilers |
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233 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Yaw due to Differential Tail |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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7.6 Aileron Input for a Bank Angle |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (5) |
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7.8 Directional Derivatives CYβp and Clβ |
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241 | (8) |
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7.8.1 Other Contributors to Yaw Stiffness |
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245 | (2) |
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7.8.2 Loss of Vertical Tail Effectiveness |
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247 | (2) |
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7.9 Lateral Derivative: Clβ |
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249 | (9) |
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249 | (4) |
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7.9.2 Other Sources of Clβ |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (2) |
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7.9.2.2 Wing Vertical Position on Fuselage |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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7.10 Damping Derivatives: Cnr1 and Clr1 |
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258 | (5) |
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7.10.1 Wing Contribution to Cnr1 and Clr1 |
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259 | (1) |
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7.10.2 Vertical Tail Contribution to Cnr1 and Clr1 |
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260 | (3) |
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263 | (4) |
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265 | (1) |
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7.11.2 Other Rudder Trim Cases |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (5) |
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7.12.1 Cnr2 and Clr2 Derivatives |
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269 | (2) |
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7.12.2 Spiral Mode Stability |
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271 | (1) |
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7.13 Real-Life Airplane Data |
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272 | (7) |
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273 | (4) |
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277 | (2) |
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8 Computational Flight Dynamics |
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279 | (64) |
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8.1 Aircraft Equations of Motion |
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279 | (1) |
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8.2 Derivation of Aircraft Equations of Motion |
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279 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Equations for the Translational Motion |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (16) |
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8.3.1 Euler Angles and Transformation |
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284 | (4) |
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8.3.2 Kinematic Equations (Attitude and Position Dynamics) |
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288 | (1) |
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8.3.2.1 Relation between Body Rates (p, q, r) and Euler Rates (φ θ ψ) |
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288 | (2) |
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8.3.2.2 Relation between Inertial Velocity and Body-Axis Velocity Components |
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290 | (1) |
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8.3.2.3 Relation between Body and Wind-Fixed Coordinates (Rotation Triplet (-β) - α - 0) |
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291 | (2) |
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8.3.2.4 Relation between the Body-Axis and Wind-Axis Euler Angles |
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293 | (1) |
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8.3.2.5 Relation between the Body-Axis and Wind-Axis Angular Rates |
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294 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Force Equations Summed Up |
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295 | (1) |
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8.3.3.1 Derivation of Force Equations in Wind-Fixed Axis System |
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296 | (4) |
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8.4 Derivation of Aircraft Equations of Motion (Contd.) |
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300 | (6) |
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8.4.1 Equations for the Rotational Motion |
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300 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Symmetry of Aircraft |
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301 | (2) |
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8.4.3 Sources of Nonlinearity |
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303 | (3) |
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8.5 Numerical Analysis of Aircraft Motions |
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306 | (3) |
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8.5.1 Generalized Airplane Trim and Stability Analysis |
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307 | (1) |
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8.5.1.1 Local Dynamic Behaviour: Trim and Stability Analysis |
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307 | (2) |
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8.6 Standard Bifurcation Analysis |
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309 | (10) |
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8.6.1 Application of SBA to F-18/HARV Dynamics |
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313 | (1) |
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8.6.1.1 Stall and Post-Stall Solutions |
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313 | (4) |
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317 | (2) |
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8.7 Extended Bifurcation Analysis (EBA) |
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319 | (24) |
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8.7.1 Straight and Level Flight Trim |
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320 | (5) |
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8.7.2 Coordinated (Zero Sideslip) Level Turn Trim |
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325 | (3) |
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8.7.3 Performance and Stability Analysis |
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328 | (1) |
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8.7.3.1 Straight and Level Flight Trim |
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328 | (3) |
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8.7.3.2 Level Turn Manoeuvre |
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331 | (3) |
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8.7.3.3 Maximum Roll Rate in a Roll Manoeuvre |
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334 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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Appendix 8.1 Small-Perturbation Equations |
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336 | (2) |
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338 | (2) |
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Appendix 8.3 Equations and Aircraft Data Used for Roll Manoeuvre |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (3) |
Index |
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343 | |