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Embedded Systems: Hardware, Design and Implementation [Kõva köide]

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(University of Alberta in Edmonton)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 386 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 244x163x23 mm, kaal: 671 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Jan-2013
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118352157
  • ISBN-13: 9781118352151
Teised raamatud teemal:
Embedded Systems: Hardware, Design and ImplementationSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 386 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 244x163x23 mm, kaal: 671 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 11-Jan-2013
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118352157
  • ISBN-13: 9781118352151
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781118352151.html
Märksõnad:
"Presents a comprehensive coverage with extensive cross-referencing features"--

"The book begins with an introduction of embedded computing systems, honing in on system on a chip (SoCs), multi-processor System-on-Chip (MPSoCs) and Network operation centers (NoCs). It covers on-chip integration of software and custom hardware accelerators, as well as fabric flexibility, custom architectures, and the multiple I/O standards that facilitate PCB integration. The second portion of the book focuses on the technologies associated with embedded computing systems. It also covers the basics offield-programmable gate array (FPGA), digital signal processing (DSP) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology, architectural support for on-chip integration of custom accelerators with processors and O/S support for these systems. The third area focuses on architecture, testability and computer-aided design (CAD) support for embedded systems, soft processors, heterogeneous resources, on-chip storage. The final section covers software support, in particular O/S (linux, research and technology organization (RTO))"--

Covers the significant embedded computing technologies highlighting their applications in wireless communication and computing power

An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Presented in three parts, Embedded Systems: Hardware, Design, and Implementation provides readers with an immersive introduction to this rapidly growing segment of the computer industry.

Acknowledging the fact that embedded systems control many of today's most common devices such as smart phones, PC tablets, as well as hardware embedded in cars, TVs, and even refrigerators and heating systems, the book starts with a basic introduction to embedded computing systems. It hones in on system-on-a-chip (SoC), multiprocessor system-on-chip (MPSoC), and network-on-chip (NoC). It then covers on-chip integration of software and custom hardware accelerators, as well as fabric flexibility, custom architectures, and the multiple I/O standards that facilitate PCB integration.

Next, it focuses on the technologies associated with embedded computing systems, going over the basics of field-programmable gate array (FPGA), digital signal processing (DSP) and application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) technology, architectural support for on-chip integration of custom accelerators with processors, and O/S support for these systems.

Finally, it offers full details on architecture, testability, and computer-aided design (CAD) support for embedded systems, soft processors, heterogeneous resources, and on-chip storage before concluding with coverage of software support in particular, O/S Linux.

Embedded Systems: Hardware, Design, and Implementation is an ideal book for design engineers looking to optimize and reduce the size and cost of embedded system products and increase their reliability and performance.

Preface xv
Contributors xvii
1 Low Power Multicore Processors for Embedded Systems
1(60)
Fumio Arakawa
1.1 Multicore Chip with Highly Efficient Cores
1(4)
1.2 SuperH™ RISC Engine Family (SH) Processor Cores
5(4)
1.2.1 History of SH Processor Cores
5(2)
1.2.2 Highly Efficient ISA
7(1)
1.2.3 Asymmetric In-Order Dual-Issue Superscalar Architecture
8(1)
1.3 SH-X: A Highly Efficient CPU Core
9(11)
1.3.1 Microarchitecture Selections
11(1)
1.3.2 Improved Superpipeline Structure
12(1)
1.3.3 Branch Prediction and Out-of-Order Branch Issue
13(2)
1.3.4 Low Power Technologies
15(2)
1.3.5 Performance and Efficiency Evaluations
17(3)
1.4 SH-X FPU: A Highly Efficient FPU
20(13)
1.4.1 FPU Architecture of SH Processors
21(3)
1.4.2 Implementation of SH-X FPU
24(5)
1.4.3 Performance Evaluations with 3D Graphics Benchmark
29(4)
1.5 SH-X2: Frequency and Efficiency Enhanced Core
33(1)
1.5.1 Frequency Enhancement
33(1)
1.5.2 Low Power Technologies
34(1)
1.6 SH-X3: Multicore Architecture Extension
34(13)
1.6.1 SH-X3 Core Specifications
34(1)
1.6.2 Symmetric and Asymmetric Multiprocessor Support
35(1)
1.6.3 Core Snoop Sequence Optimization
36(3)
1.6.4 Dynamic Power Management
39(1)
1.6.5 RP-1 Prototype Chip
40(1)
1.6.5.1 RP-1 Specifications
40(1)
1.6.5.2 Chip Integration and Evaluations
41(2)
1.6.6 RP-2 Prototype Chip
43(1)
1.6.6.1 RP-2 Specifications
43(1)
1.6.6.2 Power Domain and Partial Power Off
43(2)
1.6.6.3 Synchronization Support Hardware
45(2)
1.6.6.4 Chip Integration and Evaluations
47(1)
1.7 SH-X4: ISA and Address Space Extension
47(14)
1.7.1 SH-X4 Core Specifications
48(1)
1.7.2 Efficient ISA Extension
49(3)
1.7.3 Address Space Extension
52(1)
1.7.4 Data Transfer Unit
53(1)
1.7.5 RP-X Prototype Chip
54(1)
1.7.5.1 RP-X Specifications
54(2)
1.7.5.2 Chip Integration and Evaluations
56(1)
References
57(4)
2 Special-Purpose Hardware for Computational Biology
61(24)
Siddharth Srinivasan
2.1 Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Graphics Processing Units
62(10)
2.1.1 Molecular Mechanics Force Fields
63(1)
2.1.1.1 Bond Term
63(1)
2.1.1.2 Angle Term
63(1)
2.1.1.3 Torsion Term
63(1)
2.1.1.4 Van der Waal's Term
64(1)
2.1.1.5 Coulomb Term
65(1)
2.1.2 Graphics Processing Units for MD Simulations
65(1)
2.1.2.1 GPU Architecture Case Study: NVIDIA Fermi
66(3)
2.1.2.2 Force Computation on GPUs
69(3)
2.2 Special-Purpose Hardware and Network Topologies for MD Simulations
72(5)
2.2.1 High-Throughput Interaction Subsystem
72(2)
2.2.1.1 Pairwise Point Interaction Modules
74(1)
2.2.1.2 Particle Distribution Network
74(1)
2.2.2 Hardware Description of the Flexible Subsystem
75(2)
2.2.3 Performance and Conclusions
77(1)
2.3 Quantum MC Applications on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays
77(5)
2.3.1 Energy Computation and WF Kernels
78(1)
2.3.2 Hardware Architecture
79(1)
2.3.2.1 Binning Scheme
79(1)
2.3.3 PE and WF Computation Kernels
80(1)
2.3.3.1 Distance Computation Unit (DCU)
81(1)
2.3.3.2 Calculate Function Unit and Accumulate Function Kernels
81(1)
2.4 Conclusions and Future Directions
82(3)
References
82(3)
3 Embedded GPU Design
85(22)
Byeong-Gyu Nam
Hoi-Jun Yoo
3.1 Introduction
85(1)
3.2 System Architecture
86(2)
3.3 Graphics Modules Design
88(7)
3.3.1 RISC Processor
88(1)
3.3.2 Geometry Processor
89(1)
3.3.2.1 Geometry Transformation
90(1)
3.3.2.2 Unified Multifunction Unit
90(1)
3.3.2.3 Vertex Cache
91(1)
3.3.3 Rendering Engine
92(3)
3.4 System Power Management
95(4)
3.4.1 Multiple Power-Domain Management
95(3)
3.4.2 Power Management Unit
98(1)
3.5 Implementation Results
99(3)
3.5.1 Chip Implementation
99(1)
3.5.2 Comparisons
100(2)
3.6 Conclusion
102(5)
References
105(2)
4 Low-Cost VLSI Architecture for Random Block-Based Access of Pixels in Modern Image Sensors
107(20)
Tareq Hasan Khan
Khan Wahid
4.1 Introduction
107(1)
4.2 The DVP Interface
108(1)
4.3 The iBRIDGE-BB Architecture
109(7)
4.3.1 Configuring the iBRIDGE-BB
110(1)
4.3.2 Operation of the iBRIDGE-BB
110(2)
4.3.3 Description of Internal Blocks
112(1)
4.3.3.1 Sensor Control
112(1)
4.3.3.2 I2C
112(2)
4.3.3.3 Memory Addressing and Control
114(1)
4.3.3.4 Random Access Memory (RAM)
114(1)
4.3.3.5 Column and Row Calculator
115(1)
4.3.3.6 Physical Memory Address Generator
115(1)
4.3.3.7 Clock Generator
116(1)
4.4 Hardware Implementation
116(7)
4.4.1 Verification in Field-Programmable Gate Array
116(2)
4.4.2 Application in Image Compression
118(3)
4.4.3 Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) Synthesis and Performance Analysis
121(2)
4.5 Conclusion
123(4)
Acknowledgments
123(2)
References
125(2)
5 Embedded Computing Systems on FPGAs
127(12)
Lesley Shannon
5.1 FPGA Architecture
128(1)
5.2 FPGA Configuration Technology
129(4)
5.2.1 Traditional SRAM-Based FPGAs
130(1)
5.2.1.1 DPR
130(1)
5.2.1.2 Challenges for SRAM-Based Embedded Computing System
131(1)
5.2.1.3 Other SRAM-Based FPGAs
132(1)
5.2.2 Flash-Based FPGAs
133(1)
5.3 Software Support
133(2)
5.3.1 Synthesis and Design Tools
134(1)
5.3.2 OSs Support
135(1)
5.4 Final Summary of Challenges and Opportunities for Embedded Computing Design on FPGAs
135(4)
References
136(3)
6 FPGA-Based Emulation Support for Design Space Exploration
139(30)
Paolo Meloni
Simone Secchi
Luigi Raffo
6.1 Introduction
139(1)
6.2 State of the Art
140(4)
6.2.1 FPGA-Only Emulation Techniques
141(1)
6.2.2 FPGA-Based Cosimulation Techniques
142(2)
6.2.3 FPGA-Based Emulation for DSE Purposes: A Limiting Factor
144(1)
6.3 A Tool for Energy-Aware FPGA-Based Emulation: The MADNESS Project Experience
144(3)
6.3.1 Models for Prospective ASIC Implementation
146(1)
6.3.2 Performance Extraction
147(1)
6.4 Enabling FPGA-Based DSE: Runtime-Reconfigurable Emulators
147(14)
6.4.1 Enabling Fast NoC Topology Selection
148(1)
6.4.1.1 WCT Definition Algorithm
148(3)
6.4.1.2 The Extended Topology Builder
151(1)
6.4.1.3 Hardware Support for Runtime Reconfiguration
152(1)
6.4.1.4 Software Support for Runtime Reconfiguration
153(1)
6.4.2 Enabling Fast ASIP Configuration Selection
154(1)
6.4.2.1 The Reference Design Flow
155(1)
6.4.2.2 The Extended Design Flow
156(1)
6.4.2.3 The WCC Synthesis Algorithm
157(1)
6.4.2.4 Hardware Support for Runtime Reconfiguration
158(3)
6.4.2.5 Software Support for Runtime Reconfiguration
161(1)
6.5 Use Cases
161(8)
6.5.1 Hardware Overhead Due to Runtime Configurability
164(2)
References
166(3)
7 FPGA Coprocessing Solution for Real-Time Protein Identification Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry
169(16)
Daniel Coca
Istvan Bogdan
Robert J. Beynon
7.1 Introduction
169(2)
7.2 Protein Identification by Sequence Database Searching Using MS/MS Data
171(3)
7.3 Reconfigurable Computing Platform
174(2)
7.4 FPGA Implementation of the MS/MS Search Engine
176(4)
7.4.1 Protein Database Encoding
176(1)
7.4.2 Overview of the Database Search Engine
177(1)
7.4.3 Search Processor Architecture
178(2)
7.4.4 Performance
180(1)
7.5 Summary
180(5)
Acknowledgments
181(1)
References
181(4)
8 Real-Time Configurable Phase-Coherent Pipelines
185(26)
Robert L. Shuler, Jr.
David K. Rutishauser
8.1 Introduction and Purpose
185(3)
8.1.1 Efficiency of Pipelined Computation
185(1)
8.1.2 Direct Datapath (Systolic Array)
186(1)
8.1.3 Custom Soft Processors
186(1)
8.1.4 Implementation Framework (e.g., C to VHDL)
186(1)
8.1.5 Multicore
187(1)
8.1.6 Pipeline Data-Feeding Considerations
187(1)
8.1.7 Purpose of Configurable Phase-Coherent Pipeline Approach
187(1)
8.2 History and Related Methods
188(3)
8.2.1 Issues in Tracking Data through Pipelines
188(1)
8.2.2 Decentralized Tag-Based Control
189(1)
8.2.3 Tags in Instruction Pipelines
189(1)
8.2.4 Similar Techniques in Nonpipelined Applications
190(1)
8.2.5 Development-Friendly Approach
190(1)
8.3 Implementation Framework
191(13)
8.3.1 Dynamically Configurable Pipeline
191(1)
8.3.1.1 Catching up with Synthesis of In-Line Operations
192(1)
8.3.1.2 Reconfiguration Example with Sparse Data Input
193(2)
8.3.2 Phase Tag Control
195(1)
8.3.2.1 Tags
195(1)
8.3.2.2 Data Entity Record Types
195(1)
8.3.2.3 Tag Shells
196(1)
8.3.2.4 Latency Choices
197(1)
8.3.2.5 Example
197(1)
8.3.2.6 Strobes
198(1)
8.3.2.7 Tag Values
198(1)
8.3.2.8 Coding Overhead
198(1)
8.3.2.9 Reusing Functional Units
199(1)
8.3.2.10 Tag-Controlled Single-Adder Implementation
199(1)
8.3.2.11 Interference
200(1)
8.3.3 Phase-Coherent Resource Allocation
200(1)
8.3.3.1 Determining the Reuse Interval
201(1)
8.3.3.2 Buffering Burst Data
201(1)
8.3.3.3 Allocation to Phases
202(1)
8.3.3.4 Harmonic Number
202(1)
8.3.3.5 Allocation Algorithm
202(1)
8.3.3.6 Considerations
203(1)
8.3.3.7 External Interface Units
204(1)
8.4 Prototype Implementation
204(3)
8.4.1 Coordinate Conversion and Regridding
205(1)
8.4.2 Experimental Setup
206(1)
8.4.3 Experimental Results
206(1)
8.5 Assessment Compared with Related Methods
207(4)
References
208(3)
9 Low Overhead Radiation Hardening Techniques for Embedded Architectures
211(28)
Sohan Purohit
Sai Rahul Chalamalasetti
Martin Margala
9.1 Introduction
211(2)
9.2 Recently Proposed SEU Tolerance Techniques
213(10)
9.2.1 Radiation Hardened Latch Design
214(1)
9.2.2 Radiation-Hardened Circuit Design Using Differential Cascode Voltage Swing Logic
215(3)
9.2.3 SEU Detection and Correction Using Decoupled Ground Bus
218(5)
9.3 Radiation-Hardened Reconfigurable Array with Instruction Rollback
223(11)
9.3.1 Overview of the MORA Architecture
223(4)
9.3.2 Single-Cycle Instruction Rollback
227(3)
9.3.3 MORA RC with Rollback Mechanism
230(2)
9.3.4 Impact of the Rollback Scheme on Throughput of the Architecture
232(2)
9.3.5 Comparison of Proposed Schemes with Competing SEU Hardening Schemes
234(1)
9.4 Conclusion
234(5)
References
236(3)
10 Hybrid Partially Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Routing for 3D Networks-on-Chip
239(20)
Sudeep Pasricha
Yong Zou
10.1 Introduction
239(1)
10.2 Related Work
240(2)
10.3 Proposed 4NP-First Routing Scheme
242(8)
10.3.1 3D Turn Models
242(1)
10.3.2 4NP-First Overview
243(1)
10.3.3 Turn Restriction Checks
244(2)
10.3.4 Prioritized Valid Path Selection
246(1)
10.3.4.1 Prioritized Valid Path Selection for Case 1
246(1)
10.3.4.2 Prioritized Valid Path Selection for Case 2
246(2)
10.3.5 4NP-First Router Implementation
248(2)
10.4 Experiments
250(5)
10.4.1 Experimental Setup
250(1)
10.4.2 Comparison with Existing FT Routing Schemes
251(4)
10.5 Conclusion
255(4)
References
256(3)
11 Interoperability in Electronic Systems
259(14)
Andrew Leone
11.1 Interoperability
259(2)
11.2 The Basis for Interoperability: The OSI Model
261(2)
11.3 Hardware
263(3)
11.4 Firmware
266(2)
11.5 Partitioning the System
268(2)
11.6 Examples of Interoperable Systems
270(3)
12 Software Modeling Approaches for Presilicon System Performance Analysis
273(18)
Kenneth J. Schultz
Frederic Risacher
12.1 Introduction
273(2)
12.2 Methodologies
275(8)
12.2.1 High-Level Software Description
276(2)
12.2.2 Transaction Trace File
278(4)
12.2.3 Stochastic Traffic Generator
282(1)
12.3 Results
283(5)
12.3.1 Audio Power Consumption: High-Level Software Description
284(1)
12.3.2 Cache Analysis: Transaction Trace File
285(2)
12.3.3 GPU Traffic Characterization: Stochastic Traffic Generator
287(1)
12.4 Conclusion
288(3)
References
288(3)
13 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Implementation in Embedded Systems
291(28)
Issam Hammad
Kamal El-Sankary
Ezz El-Masry
13.1 Introduction
291(1)
13.2 Finite Field
292(1)
13.2.1 Addition in Finite Field
293(1)
13.2.2 Multiplication in Finite Field
293(1)
13.3 The AES
293(7)
13.3.1 Shift Rows/Inverse Shift Rows
295(1)
13.3.2 Byte Substitution and Inverse Byte Substitution
295(1)
13.3.2.1 Multiplicative Inverse Calculation
296(1)
13.3.2.2 Affine Transformation
297(1)
13.3.3 Mix Columns/Inverse Mix Columns Steps
298(1)
13.3.4 Key Expansion and Add Round Key Step
299(1)
13.4 Hardware Implementations for AES
300(6)
13.4.1 Composite Field Arithmetic S-BOX
302(3)
13.4.2 Very High Speed AES Design
305(1)
13.5 High-Speed AES Encryptor with Efficient Merging Techniques
306(9)
13.5.1 The Integrated-BOX
306(4)
13.5.2 Key Expansion Unit
310(1)
13.5.3 The AES Encryptor with the Merging Technique
311(1)
13.5.4 Results and Comparison
312(1)
13.5.4.1 Subpipelining Simulation Results
312(2)
13.5.4.2 Comparison with Previous Designs
314(1)
13.6 Conclusion
315(4)
References
315(4)
14 Reconfigurable Architecture for Cryptography over Binary Finite Fields
319(44)
Samuel Antao
Ricardo Chaves
Leonel Sousa
14.1 Introduction
319(1)
14.2 Background
320(13)
14.2.1 Elliptic Curve Cryptography
320(1)
14.2.1.1 Finite Field Arithmetic
321(4)
14.2.1.2 Elliptic Curve Arithmetic
325(4)
14.2.2 Advanced Encryption Standard
329(4)
14.2.3 Random Number Generators
333(1)
14.3 Reconfigurable Processor
333(17)
14.3.1 Processing Unit for Elliptic Curve Cryptography
335(1)
14.3.1.1 Storage Logic
336(1)
14.3.1.2 Addition Logic
336(1)
14.3.1.3 Multiplication Logic
336(1)
14.3.1.4 Reduction and Squaring Logic
337(5)
14.3.2 Processing Unit for the AES
342(2)
14.3.3 Random Number Generator
344(3)
14.3.4 Microinstructions and Access Arbiter
347(3)
14.4 Results
350(8)
14.4.1 Individual Components
351(5)
14.4.2 Complete Processor Evaluation
356(2)
14.5 Conclusions
358(5)
References
359(4)
Index 363
KRZYSZTOF (KRIS) INIEWSKI, PhD, is managing R&D at Redlen Technologies in Vancouver, Canada. He is also President of CMOS Emerging Technologies, an organization of high-tech events covering communications, microsystems, optoelectronics, and sensors. Dr. Iniewski has also held numerous faculty and management positions at University of Toronto, University of Alberta, Simon Fraser University, and PMC-Sierra, Inc. He has published over 100 research papers in international journals and has written and edited several books.