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Emergence of Functions in Language [Kõva köide]

(Professor of Linguistics, University of Colorado Boulder), (PhD student, University of Colorado Boulder)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 336 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 242x159x22 mm, kaal: 614 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198844298
  • ISBN-13: 9780198844297
Teised raamatud teemal:
Emergence of Functions in LanguageSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 336 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 242x159x22 mm, kaal: 614 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 14-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0198844298
  • ISBN-13: 9780198844297
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780198844297.html
Märksõnad:
This volume explores the question of why languages - even those spoken in the same geographical area by people who share similar social structures, occupations, and religious beliefs - differ in the meanings expressed by their grammatical systems. Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Marielle Butters outline a new methodology to explore these differences, and to discover the motivations behind the emergence of meanings. The motivations that they identify include: the communicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency; the opportunistic emergence of meaning, whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence, whereby a property of an existing function receives a formal means of its own, thus creating a new function; and the emergence of functions through language contact. The book offers new analyses of a range of phenomena across different languages, such as benefactives and progressives in English, and point of view of the subject and goal orientation in Chadic languages. It also draws on a wealth of data from other languages including French, Spanish, Polish, Russian, and a variety of less familiar Sino-Russian idiolects.
Acknowledgments ix
List of abbreviations
xi
1 Introduction
1(22)
1.1 Introduction
1(4)
1.2 Universal versus non-universal functional domains
5(2)
1.3 State of the art
7(1)
1.4 The structure of the book
8(1)
1.5 Communicative motivation
9(1)
1.6 The role of the initial state
10(2)
1.7 The principle of functional transparency
12(1)
1.8 The role of the lexicon in the emergence of functions
12(1)
1.9 Metonymic extensions as a motivation
13(1)
1.10 Opportunistic emergence of functions
13(2)
1.11 Emergence of functions through language contact
15(1)
1.12 Languages often discussed in the present volume
15(8)
2 Methodology
23(34)
2.1 The aim of the chapter
23(1)
2.2 Discovery of forms
24(1)
2.3 Discovery of lexical items with grammatical functions
25(2)
2.4 Discovery of constructions
27(1)
2.5 Structural function versus meaning
28(3)
2.6 Discovery of functions
31(11)
2.7 The function of the (short) reflexive form in some IE languages
42(5)
2.8 The function of subject pronouns: The test of omission
47(2)
2.9 Polysemy or one function? The English demonstrative `that'
49(1)
2.10 Methodology for the reconstruction of functions
50(1)
2.11 The lexicon as a tool for the reconstruction of functions
51(1)
2.12 Discovery of motivations of functions
52(2)
2.13 Conclusions
54(3)
3 Forced Interpretation: The Emergence Of The Comment Clause
57(32)
Motivation 1 Communicative need
57(1)
3.1 Introduction
58(1)
3.2 Hypotheses regarding the use of the demonstrative
59(2)
3.3 Comment clause in Polish
61(4)
3.4 Comment clause in Wandala
65(11)
3.5 Comment clause in Sino-Russian idiolects
76(9)
3.6 Why was the demonstrative selected as comment clause marker?
85(1)
3.7 Conclusions and implications
86(3)
4 Systemic Ambiguity As A Motivation In The Emergence Of Logophoricity
89(18)
4.1 The aim and scope of the chapter
89(1)
4.2 The nature of systemic ambiguity
90(2)
4.3 Logophoricity in Mupun
92(9)
4.4 How the logophoric system emerged in the Angas group
101(3)
4.5 Languages without logophoric pronouns
104(2)
4.6 Conclusions
106(1)
5 The Emergence Of Benefactive Function In English
107(12)
Motivation 2 The role of the initial state
107(1)
5.1 Aim of the chapter
108(1)
5.2 Indirect object in Old English
109(3)
5.3 The emergence of the benefactive function in contemporary English
112(2)
5.4 The emergence of the malefactive function in English
114(3)
5.5 Conclusions
117(2)
6 The Emergence Of The Point-Of-View Of The Subject
119(20)
6.1 Defining the category point-of-view of the subject
119(4)
6.2 The emergence of the point-of-view of subject as a counterpoint to goal
123(1)
6.3 Initial state and the inherent property of verbs in Chadic
124(13)
6.4 Conclusions
137(2)
7 The Emergence Of Goal-Orientation
139(16)
7.1 Introduction
139(1)
7.2 The state of the art in Chadic studies
139(1)
7.3 The definition of the function `goal-orientation'
140(1)
7.4 Goal-orientation in Hausa
141(3)
7.5 Goal-orientation in Hdi
144(4)
7.6 Wandala
148(4)
7.7 Conclusions and implications
152(3)
8 The Principle Of Functional Transparency As A Motivation For The Emergence Of Functions
155(32)
Motivation 3 The principle of functional transparency
155(1)
8.1 Introduction
155(3)
8.2 Pero
158(10)
8.3 Additional argument marker in other Chadic languages
168(3)
8.4 The additional argument marker in Hdi
171(7)
8.5 Explanations
178(1)
8.6 Sources of the additional argument marker
179(2)
8.7 Language contact and the additional argument marker
181(3)
8.8 Putting it all together
184(3)
9 Inherent Properties Of Verbs And Nouns And The Emergence Of The Locative Function
187(20)
Motivation 4 The inherent properties of lexical items
187(1)
9.1 The aim of the chapter
187(1)
9.2 The emergence of the locative predication
188(1)
9.3 A unique locative predicator
189(9)
9.4 The emergence of the locative predicator and the locative preposition as different morphemes
198(6)
9.5 The emergence of the locative-only preposition
204(1)
9.6 Summary and implications
204(3)
10 The Emergence Of Functions Through Metonymy And Language Contact: Relationships Between Propositions
207(22)
Motivation 5 Metonymy
207(1)
10.1 Introduction
207(2)
10.2 The initial state
209(1)
10.3 The comment clause
210(8)
10.4 Coding the unexpected relation between propositions
218(7)
10.5 The coding of counter-expectation
225(2)
10.6 Conclusions
227(2)
11 The Emergence Of Complex Action As An Outcome Of The Availability Of Coding Means
229(20)
Motivation 6 The opportunistic emergence of functions
229(1)
11.1 Introduction
229(1)
11.2 The directional and spatial orientation markers
230(1)
11.3 Complex actions in Hdi
231(7)
11.4 How did the complex action emerge?
238(2)
11.5 Metonymic change
240(6)
11.6 Conclusions
246(3)
12 The Emergence Of Gender And Number Coding In Content Questions
249(14)
12.1 Introduction
249(1)
12.2 Gender in content interrogatives
249(2)
12.3 Interrogatives in Gidar
251(1)
12.4 Content questions
252(10)
12.5 Conclusions
262(1)
13 The Emergence Of Grammatical Relations
263(16)
13.1 The aim of the chapter
263(2)
13.2 Approaches to grammatical relations in linguistic theory
265(1)
13.3 Method of investigation of stages 1 and 2
266(5)
13.4 The emergence of the category subject
271(1)
13.5 From the rich system of semantic relations to the S and O system
272(6)
13.6 Conclusions
278(1)
14 The Emergence Of A Functional Domain Through Language Contact
279(18)
14.1 The aim and scope of the chapter
279(1)
14.2 Approaches to grammatical functions in language contact
279(1)
14.3 Methodology of investigation for the emergence of grammatical functions through language contact
280(1)
14.4 The category tense in Chadic languages
281(1)
14.5 The tense system in Mupun
282(5)
14.6 Description of individual tenses
287(5)
14.7 Evidence for innovation through language contact
292(2)
14.8 Summary
294(3)
15 Conclusions And Implications
297(12)
15.1 The goal of the work
297(1)
15.2 The state of the art
298(1)
15.3 Methodology for the discovery of functions
298(1)
15.4 Motivations behind the emergence of functions
299(8)
15.5 Implications
307(1)
15.6 The open questions
308(1)
References 309(10)
Index 319
Zygmunt Frajzyngier is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Colorado Boulder. His main research interests are the foundations of syntax and semantics in cross-linguistic perspective, typological explanations in grammar, grammaticalization, and Chadic and Afroasiastic linguistics. His many books include The Role of Functions in Syntax: A Unified Approach to Language Theory, Description, and Typology (with Erin Shay; Benjamins 2016), and, as co-editor with Erin Shay, The Afroasiastic Languages (CUP 2012).



Marielle Butters is a PhD student at the University of Colorado Boulder. She works on languages in the Tibeto-Burman family, as well as on Sundanese and Chadic languages, particularly in the subfields of language documentation, historical linguistics, and linguistic anthropology. Her research interests include negation, evidential systems, and language in post-colonial settings.