| Contributors |
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xiii | |
| Preface |
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xvii | |
| 1 The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, a model for all ages |
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1 | (32) |
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1 Why a liverwort and why Marchantia? |
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3 | (6) |
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9 | (13) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (10) |
| 2 The wild grass Brachypodium distachyon as a developmental model system |
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33 | (40) |
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1 An evolutionary perspective on Brachypodium distachyon as a model in the grass family (Poaceae) |
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34 | (2) |
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2 Genomics enabled developmental biology |
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36 | (2) |
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3 Brachypodium distachyon as a model for Pooid development |
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38 | (1) |
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4 Transition to flowering |
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39 | (9) |
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48 | (2) |
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6 Development of stomata) pores and leaf epidermal patterning |
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50 | (4) |
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7 Development of monocotyledonous root systems and root hair patterning |
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54 | (3) |
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8 Joys and pains of working with a new model system: A personal perspective |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (11) |
| 3 The history of Salpingoeca rosetta as a model for reconstructing animal origins |
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73 | (20) |
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73 | (2) |
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2 S. rosetta growth and life history in the laboratory |
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75 | (4) |
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3 Forward genetics and the hunt for rosette defective mutants |
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79 | (1) |
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4 Gene delivery and genome editing in S. rosetta |
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80 | (6) |
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5 The door is now open to study the molecular biology of S. rosetta and other relatives of animals |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (6) |
| 4 Emerging models: The "development" of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi and the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis as useful experimental models |
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93 | (28) |
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94 | (14) |
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2 Lessons from the genome |
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108 | (3) |
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3 Final thoughts on the comparison of Mnemiopsis and Nematostella development |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (8) |
| 5 Past, present and future of Clytia hemisphaerica as a laboratory jellyfish |
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121 | (32) |
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1 Introduction and historical background |
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122 | (5) |
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2 Practical state of the art |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (3) |
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5 Medusa formation and regeneration |
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137 | (4) |
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6 Genomics of the jellyfish |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (7) |
| 6 Studying development, regeneration, stem cells, and more in the acoel Hofstenia miamia |
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153 | (20) |
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1 Why was Hofstenia brought to the lab? |
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154 | (4) |
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158 | (1) |
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3 Why is Hofstenia a good research organism? |
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159 | (3) |
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4 What is Hofstenia helping us understand? |
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162 | (4) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (5) |
| 7 Tardigrades and their emergence as model organisms |
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173 | (26) |
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1 Emergence of a model system: A personal history |
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174 | (4) |
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178 | (3) |
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3 Early descriptions of tardigrade development |
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181 | (1) |
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4 Raising H. exemplaris cultures in a lab |
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182 | (2) |
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5 Our early descriptive work on the animals and their development |
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184 | (1) |
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6 The tardigrade toolbox: Resources for tardigrade research |
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185 | (2) |
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7 Using tardigrades to contribute to understanding of how animal body plans evolve |
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187 | (1) |
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8 Using tardigrades to contribute to understanding how biological materials can survive extremes |
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188 | (2) |
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9 Unanswered questions and future prospects |
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190 | (2) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (6) |
| 8 The crustacean model Parhyale hawaiensis |
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199 | (32) |
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1 Natural habitat and lifecycle |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (2) |
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3 Major interests and research questions |
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204 | (7) |
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4 Experimental tools, approaches and resources |
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211 | (12) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (7) |
| 9 My road to the ants: A model Glade for eco-evo-devo |
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231 | (60) |
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232 | (2) |
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2 Serendipitous beginnings |
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234 | (6) |
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3 Finding the ants and the unsung heroes of science |
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240 | (5) |
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4 The first analysis of gene regulatory networks underlying polyphenic development |
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245 | (10) |
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5 Supersoldier ants and the storage and release of ancestral developmental potential in biological systems |
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255 | (15) |
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6 Rudimentary organs acquire novel functions and store ancestral developmental potential |
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270 | (6) |
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7 Conclusion: The future of ants as a model Glade for eco-evo-devo |
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276 | (5) |
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281 | (1) |
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281 | (10) |
| 10 Cricket: The third domesticated insect |
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291 | (16) |
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292 | (1) |
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2 Advantages as a model system |
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293 | (9) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (4) |
| 11 Schmidtea happens: Re-establishing the planarian as a model for studying the mechanisms of regeneration |
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307 | (38) |
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Alejandro Sanchez Alvarado |
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307 | (1) |
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2 PAN's planarian travelog: From flies in Boulder to flatworms in Barcelona |
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308 | (7) |
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3 ASA's journey: From mice to frogs to planarians |
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315 | (6) |
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4 Laying the foundation: From York to Carnegie Embryology |
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321 | (20) |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (3) |
| 12 The good, the bad, and the ugly: From planarians to parasites |
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345 | (30) |
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1 Seeing the parallels (PAN) |
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346 | (4) |
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2 Schisto happens, too: Becoming a full-fledged parasitology lab (JJC) |
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350 | (8) |
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3 Transitioning to tapeworms... (PAN) |
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358 | (1) |
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4 Resurrecting a model tapeworm: Hymenolepis diminuta (TR) |
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359 | (10) |
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369 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (5) |
| 13 Slipper snail tales: How Crepidula fornicata and Crepidula atrasolea became model molluscs |
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375 | (26) |
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376 | (1) |
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2 Natural history of the genus Crepidula |
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376 | (2) |
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3 Crepidula are well-suited for studying the links between ecology, evolution, and development |
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378 | (1) |
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4 Why did we choose C fornicata? |
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379 | (1) |
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5 How did evo-devo research with C fornicata start up again? |
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380 | (3) |
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6 Growing the Crepidula evo-devo community |
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383 | (1) |
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7 Evolution of the spiralian embryonic organizer |
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384 | (1) |
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8 Axial patterning and the primary quartet micromeres |
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385 | (1) |
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9 Unique sources of mesoderm |
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386 | (1) |
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10 Shell development and biomineralization |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (2) |
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12 Crepidula atrasolea: A complementary model system |
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390 | (1) |
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13 Development of an automated rack system to culture Crepidula |
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391 | (1) |
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14 What's on the horizon for Crepidula research? |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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394 | (7) |
| 14 Sifting through the mud: A tale of building the annelid Capitella teleta for EvoDevo studies |
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401 | (32) |
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1 History and context: Why Capitella? |
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402 | (2) |
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2 Phylogenetic position, body plan and life cycle of the annelid Capitella teleta |
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404 | (3) |
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3 Favorable properties of Capitella for development and regeneration studies |
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407 | (3) |
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4 Building the tools: Challenges and successes |
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410 | (3) |
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5 Attributes of the genome: Stable and slowly evolving |
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413 | (1) |
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6 Impacts on the field of spiralian development |
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414 | (4) |
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7 Insights from neurogenesis studies |
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418 | (3) |
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8 Regeneration of the germline |
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421 | (1) |
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9 Unfinished business: Evolution of the segmented body plan |
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422 | (2) |
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10 Reflections and recommendations |
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424 | (2) |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (7) |
| 15 Glossiphoniid leeches as a touchstone for studies of development in clitellate annelids |
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433 | (36) |
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434 | (1) |
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2 Origins of biodiversity |
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434 | (3) |
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3 Ontogeny and phylogeny of leech developmental and neuro biology: 19th Century roots |
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437 | (1) |
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4 20th Century: From articulata to lophotrochozoa/spiralia |
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438 | (7) |
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445 | (10) |
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6 Molecular studies of "segmentation genes" |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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8 Back to the future: Neural fate specification |
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458 | (2) |
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460 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (7) |
| 16 Journey beyond the embryo: The beauty of Pristina and naidine annelids for studying regeneration and agametic reproduction |
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469 | (28) |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (2) |
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3 Rediscovering naids: A brief overview of a long history of naid research |
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473 | (3) |
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4 The beauty of Pristina and naidines as research study systems |
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476 | (7) |
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5 Reckoning with adults: The challenges of mobility and sensitivity |
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483 | (3) |
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6 Evolution of fission and regeneration: Contributions from naids |
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486 | (3) |
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7 Lessons learned while establishing a new study system |
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489 | (2) |
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8 Final remarks on establishing a new study system |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (5) |
| 17 Streblospio benedicti: A genetic model for understanding the evolution of development and life-history |
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497 | (26) |
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1 Choosing the best system to answer the big questions |
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498 | (2) |
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2 Poecilogony: A collection of exceptions |
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500 | (3) |
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3 Embryology, larval morphology, and developmental differences |
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503 | (7) |
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4 Natural distribution and ecological factors |
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510 | (2) |
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5 Assortative mating and intermediate larvae |
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512 | (2) |
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6 Population genetics, selection, and frequency-dependence |
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514 | (2) |
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7 Caveats and tools for emerging model systems |
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516 | (1) |
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8 New possibilities and next steps |
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516 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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517 | (6) |
| 18 The arm of the starfish: The far-reaching applications of Patina miniata as a model system in evolutionary, developmental, and regenerative biology |
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523 | (22) |
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1 Historical use of sea stars in biological research |
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524 | (3) |
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527 | (2) |
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3 Developing the molecular toolkit |
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529 | (4) |
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4 Developing the bioinformatic toolkit |
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533 | (3) |
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5 Frontiers of sea star research |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (1) |
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538 | (7) |
| 19 Saccoglossus kowalevskii: Evo-devo insights from the mud |
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545 | (18) |
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1 Historical focus on Saccoglossus |
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546 | (3) |
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549 | (4) |
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3 Summary of early results and conclusions |
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553 | (2) |
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555 | (1) |
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5 Building a research community |
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556 | (2) |
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558 | (1) |
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559 | (1) |
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560 | (3) |
| 20 The invertebrate chordate amphioxus gives clues to vertebrate origins |
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563 | (32) |
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564 | (1) |
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2 The phylogenetic position of cephalochcordates |
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565 | (2) |
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3 Rate of evolution and developmental mode |
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567 | (2) |
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4 Insights amphioxus has yielded about how vertebrates evolved |
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569 | (16) |
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5 The future of amphioxus as a "model organism" |
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585 | (1) |
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585 | (1) |
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586 | (1) |
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587 | (7) |
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References 588 Further reading |
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594 | (1) |
| 21 Big insight from the little skate: Leucoraja erinacea as a developmental model system |
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595 | (36) |
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596 | (3) |
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2 Collection and husbandry of little skate brood stock |
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599 | (3) |
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3 Management of little skate egg stocks |
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602 | (2) |
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4 Selected stages of skate embryonic development |
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604 | (7) |
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5 Observation, manipulation and culture of little skate embryos |
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611 | (6) |
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6 Skates offer insight into ancestral and derived jawed vertebrate developmental mechanisms |
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617 | (9) |
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626 | (1) |
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627 | (1) |
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627 | (4) |
| 22 The Axolotl's journey to the modern molecular era |
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631 | (28) |
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1 Introduction-Reemerging the classic axolotl model into the molecular era |
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632 | (3) |
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2 Live cell imaging and functional studies by transient transfection |
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635 | (5) |
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3 The trick to transgenics and its transformative influence on studying regenerative cells |
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640 | (4) |
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4 Viral transduction systems to study limb regeneration |
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644 | (1) |
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5 Overcoming a major obstacle-Assembly of the giant axolotl genome |
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645 | (3) |
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6 The remarkable, enabling era of genome editing |
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648 | (3) |
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7 Parallel developments in other salamanders |
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651 | (1) |
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652 | (1) |
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652 | (1) |
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652 | (7) |
| 23 A remarkable rodent: Regeneration and reproduction in spiny mice (Acomys) |
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659 | |
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660 | (2) |
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662 | (19) |
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3 Reproduction and developmental biology |
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681 | (16) |
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697 | (3) |
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700 | (1) |
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701 | |
