| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xx | |
| Part 1: What Are Emotions, and Why Do We Have Them? |
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1 | (150) |
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Chapter 1 The Nature Of Emotion |
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2 | (37) |
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3 | (4) |
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An Attempt to Define Emotion |
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5 | (2) |
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A Different Type of Definition: The Prototype Approach |
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7 | (1) |
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Classic Theories of Emotion |
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7 | (8) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (5) |
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Modern Theories of Emotion |
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15 | (8) |
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15 | (2) |
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Core Affect and Psychological Construction |
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17 | (4) |
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The Component Process Model |
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21 | (2) |
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Which Modern Theory Is Right? |
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23 | (1) |
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Research Methods: How Do We Study Emotion? |
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23 | (9) |
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24 | (2) |
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26 | (5) |
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31 | (1) |
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Do Different Aspects of Emotion Hang Together? |
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32 | (3) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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37 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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38 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 The Evolution Of Emotion |
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39 | (26) |
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What Is an Evolutionary Perspective? |
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40 | (6) |
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Basic Principles of Evolutionary Theory |
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40 | (3) |
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43 | (3) |
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46 | (3) |
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Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion |
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46 | (1) |
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Social Functions of Emotion |
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47 | (2) |
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Roles of Evolution in Modern Theories of Emotion |
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49 | (8) |
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The Signal Value of Emotional Feelings |
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49 | (2) |
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Approach and Avoidance Motivation |
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51 | (2) |
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Emotions as Superordinate Neural Programs |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (1) |
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Methodological Considerations |
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57 | (5) |
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Example: Are Physiological Aspects of Emotion Universal? |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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63 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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64 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 Culture And Emotion |
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65 | (30) |
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66 | (1) |
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A Definition and Its Implications |
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66 | (1) |
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Cultural Differences in Concepts of Emotion |
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67 | (8) |
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Do All Cultures Have the Same "Basic" Emotions? |
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69 | (3) |
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The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
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72 | (1) |
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Hyper-Versus Hypocognized Emotions |
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73 | (2) |
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Aspects of Culture That Predict Differences in Emotion |
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75 | (8) |
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Individualism Versus Collectivism |
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75 | (4) |
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Power Distance: Vertical Versus Horizontal Societies |
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79 | (3) |
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Linear Versus Dialectical Epistemology |
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82 | (1) |
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Methodological Considerations |
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83 | (4) |
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Example: Culture of Honor and Implications for Anger |
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86 | (1) |
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Integrating Evolutionary and Cultural Approaches |
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87 | (4) |
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Ekman (1972): Neurocultural Theory of Emotion |
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88 | (1) |
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Russell (1991): Emotion Episodes as Socially Constructed Scripts |
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89 | (1) |
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Keltner & Haidt (1999): Levels of Analysis |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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93 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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94 | (1) |
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Chapter 4 What Elicits Emotions? |
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95 | (24) |
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96 | (4) |
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The Speed of Emotional Appraisals |
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98 | (2) |
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What Is the Content of Appraisal? |
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100 | (4) |
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100 | (1) |
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100 | (3) |
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Which Approach Is Correct? |
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103 | (1) |
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Evidence Linking Appraisal to Emotion |
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104 | (6) |
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Does Appraisal Cause Emotion? |
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104 | (3) |
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Universals and Cultural Differences in Emotional Appraisals |
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107 | (3) |
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Is Appraisal Necessary for Emotion? |
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110 | (3) |
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111 | (2) |
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Example: What Elicits Anger? |
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113 | (4) |
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Core Relational Theme Approach |
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113 | (1) |
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Appraisal Dimension Approach |
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114 | (1) |
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No-Cognition Approach: The Cognitive Neoassociationistic Model |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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118 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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118 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 Emotional Expression In The Face, Posture, And Voice |
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119 | (32) |
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Historical Importance of Facial Expression Research |
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120 | (5) |
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Are Facial Expressions of Emotion Universal? |
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125 | (5) |
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Ekman's Cross-Cultural Studies |
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125 | (4) |
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How Many Expressions Are There? |
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129 | (1) |
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Culture and Emotional Expression |
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130 | (5) |
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131 | (3) |
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Facial Expression Dialects |
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134 | (1) |
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Emotion in Posture and the Voice |
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135 | (7) |
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136 | (2) |
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Vocal Expression of Emotion |
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138 | (4) |
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Can Expression Influence Emotional Feelings? |
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142 | (5) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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149 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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149 | (2) |
| Part 2: How Do Emotions Affect Our Lives? |
|
151 | (160) |
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Chapter 6 Emotion And The Central Nervous System |
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152 | (31) |
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Methods to Study Emotion and the Brain |
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153 | (7) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
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157 | (1) |
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Neurochemistry Techniques |
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158 | (1) |
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The Reverse Inference Problem |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (6) |
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Effects of Amygdala Damage |
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160 | (2) |
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Laboratory Studies of Fear Conditioning |
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162 | (1) |
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Events That Activate the Human Amygdala |
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163 | (2) |
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The Amygdala and Emotional Memory |
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165 | (1) |
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Emotion Neuroanatomy: Important Structures |
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166 | (7) |
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166 | (1) |
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The Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Tegmental Area |
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167 | (2) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (3) |
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Emotion Neurochemistry: Important Neurotransmitters |
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173 | (7) |
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173 | (2) |
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Beta-Endorphin and the Opioid Peptides |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Theories of Emotion: Evidence from Neuroscience |
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177 | (3) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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182 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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182 | (1) |
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Chapter 7 The Autonomic Nervous System And Hormones |
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183 | (35) |
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The Autonomic Nervous System |
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184 | (6) |
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Fight or Flight: The Sympathetic Nervous System |
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184 | (3) |
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Rest and Digest: The Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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187 | (2) |
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How the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems Work Together |
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189 | (1) |
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Hormones and the Endocrine System |
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190 | (2) |
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Measuring Physiological Aspects of Emotion |
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192 | (5) |
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193 | (4) |
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197 | (1) |
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The Autonomic Nervous System and Emotion |
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197 | (9) |
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Are Bodily Sensations Necessary for Emotional Feelings? |
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198 | (2) |
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Autonomic Nervous System Specificity of Emotions |
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200 | (3) |
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Culture and Emotion Physiology |
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203 | (1) |
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Physiological Aspects of Positive Emotions |
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204 | (2) |
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Stress and Its Health Consequences |
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206 | (8) |
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Hans Selye and the Concept of Stress |
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207 | (2) |
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Defining and Measuring Stress |
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209 | (2) |
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How Stress Can Affect Health |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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217 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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217 | (1) |
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Chapter 8 Emotional Development |
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218 | (25) |
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Emotional Reactions in Infancy |
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219 | (4) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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When Do Specific Emotions Emerge? |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Development of Emotional Communication: Perceiving, Sharing, and Talking About Emotions |
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228 | (4) |
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Interpreting Facial Expressions of Emotion |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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Socialization of Emotional Expression |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (2) |
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Emotional Development in Adulthood |
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236 | (4) |
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Individual Consistency Across the Lifespan |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (3) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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242 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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242 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Emotion In Relationships And Society |
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243 | (36) |
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Early Emotional Bonds: Infant Attachment |
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244 | (7) |
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What Is the Function of Attachment? |
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246 | (1) |
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Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms of Attachment |
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247 | (2) |
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Types of Attachment: Secure, Anxious-Ambivalent, and Avoidant |
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249 | (2) |
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Romantic Love and Marriage |
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251 | (14) |
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Romantic Attraction and Falling in Love |
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253 | (3) |
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Attachment in Adult Romantic Relationships |
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256 | (6) |
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Marriage: Predicting Satisfaction and Stability |
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262 | (3) |
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Emotions in Caring for Others |
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265 | (5) |
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Sympathy, Compassion, and Nurturant Love |
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266 | (3) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (5) |
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Attachment Processes in Friendships and Groups |
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270 | (2) |
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Gratitude: Find, Remind, and Bind |
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272 | (1) |
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The Appeasement Function of Embarrassment |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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277 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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278 | (1) |
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Chapter 10 Emotion And Cognition |
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279 | (32) |
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280 | (3) |
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283 | (7) |
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Emotion and Memory Encoding |
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284 | (4) |
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Emotion and Consolidation |
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288 | (2) |
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290 | (1) |
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Emotions and Information Processing |
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290 | (8) |
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Systematic Versus Heuristic Processing |
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292 | (1) |
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Mood and Systematic Versus Heuristic Cognition |
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292 | (2) |
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Are Depressed People More Realistic? |
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294 | (3) |
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Positive Affect and Creativity |
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297 | (1) |
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Emotions and Decision Making |
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298 | (8) |
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The Somatic Marker Hypothesis |
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299 | (2) |
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Choices Based on Preferences and Values |
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301 | (1) |
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Emotions and Moral Reasoning |
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302 | (3) |
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The Downside of Relying on Emotions |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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308 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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308 | (3) |
| Part 3: How Can We Improve Emotional Well-Being? |
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311 | (159) |
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Chapter 11 The Value Of Negative Emotions |
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312 | (35) |
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313 | (9) |
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316 | (2) |
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The Biology of Fear and Anxiety |
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318 | (2) |
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Individual Differences: Gender and Genetics |
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320 | (2) |
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322 | (7) |
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325 | (1) |
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The Biology of Anger and Aggression |
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326 | (2) |
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Individual Differences: Expression and Management |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (5) |
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331 | (1) |
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Individual Differences: Development and Implications |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (3) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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Individual Differences: Aging and Loss |
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336 | (1) |
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Embarrassment, Shame, and Guilt |
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337 | (5) |
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The Value of Self-Conscious Negative Emotions |
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338 | (3) |
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The Biology of Embarrassment |
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341 | (1) |
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Individual Differences in Self-Conscious Emotions |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (2) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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345 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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345 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Happiness And The Positive Emotions |
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347 | (31) |
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348 | (2) |
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Measuring Subjective Well-Being |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (9) |
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Personality: The Top-Down Theory of Happiness |
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352 | (1) |
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Life Events That Impact Happiness |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (2) |
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Other Correlates of Happiness |
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356 | (3) |
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The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotion |
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359 | (2) |
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Are There Multiple Positive Emotions? |
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361 | (14) |
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Enthusiasm: The Anticipation of Reward |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (3) |
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369 | (3) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (2) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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376 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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377 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Individual Differences In Emotion |
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378 | (33) |
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379 | (7) |
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Gender Differences in Emotional Experience and Expression |
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379 | (4) |
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Gender and Emotion Regulation |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (7) |
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Biological Mechanisms of Individual Differences in Emotion |
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393 | (5) |
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Frontal Lobe Activation Asymmetry |
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393 | (2) |
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Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphism |
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395 | (3) |
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398 | (9) |
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Measuring Emotional Intelligence |
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399 | (4) |
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Reliability and Validity of Emotional Intelligence Tests |
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403 | (3) |
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Can Emotional Intelligence Be Taught? |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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407 | (2) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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409 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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410 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 Emotion In Clinical Psychology |
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411 | (30) |
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Diagnosis in Clinical Psychology |
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412 | (2) |
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Major Depressive Disorder |
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414 | (10) |
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Multiple Types of Depression? |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (5) |
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422 | (2) |
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Mania and Bipolar Disorder |
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424 | (2) |
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426 | (7) |
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Causes of Anxiety Disorders |
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429 | (3) |
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Treating Anxiety Disorders |
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432 | (1) |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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433 | (1) |
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Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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434 | (1) |
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Emotional Disturbances as Transdiagnostic Aspects of Disorder |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (2) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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440 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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440 | (1) |
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Chapter 15 Emotion Regulation |
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441 | (29) |
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Freud's Ego Defense Mechanisms: An Early Taxonomy of Coping Strategies |
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442 | (2) |
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The Process Model of Emotion Regulation |
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444 | (2) |
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Situation-Focused Strategies |
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446 | (4) |
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Choosing Situations Wisely |
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446 | (1) |
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Active Coping: Changing the Situation |
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447 | (3) |
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Cognition-Focused Strategies |
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450 | (7) |
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450 | (3) |
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453 | (2) |
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Different Types of Reappraisal |
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455 | (2) |
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Response-Focused Strategies |
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457 | (6) |
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Escaping Emotions: Drugs, Alcohol, and Food |
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458 | (1) |
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Suppressing Emotional Expression |
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458 | (1) |
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Catharsis: Expressing Your Feelings |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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The Neurobiology of Emotion Regulation |
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463 | (1) |
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Which Emotion Regulation Strategies Are Best? |
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464 | (2) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (2) |
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Thought/Discussion Questions |
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469 | (1) |
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Suggestions For Further Reading |
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|
469 | (1) |
| References |
|
470 | (57) |
| Photo Credits |
|
527 | (2) |
| Name Index |
|
529 | (14) |
| Subject Index |
|
543 | |
