Preface |
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xv | |
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xvii | |
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xlvii | |
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Part I Introduction to employment law |
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1 | (26) |
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Introduction to employment law |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Some historical aspects of the legal regulation of work |
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3 | (1) |
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Inequality between employers and employees |
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4 | (1) |
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The development of workplace legislation |
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4 | (1) |
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Comparative regulation of work |
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5 | (1) |
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Employment law and politics |
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5 | (1) |
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The development of the common law of employment |
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6 | (1) |
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1 Sources and institutions of employment law |
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7 | (20) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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1.5 European Union law and Brexit |
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9 | (2) |
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1.6 The European Convention on Human Rights 1950 and the Human Rights Act 1998 |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (6) |
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1.8 The Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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1.10 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) |
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21 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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1.11 Central Arbitration Committee (CAC) |
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24 | (1) |
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1.12 Certification Officer |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (2) |
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1.13.1 The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) |
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25 | (1) |
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1.13.2 Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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26 | (1) |
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Part II The employment relationship |
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27 | (124) |
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2 The nature of the relationship |
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29 | (22) |
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2.1 Distinctions between different kinds of worker |
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29 | (5) |
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2.1.1 Insurance and welfare benefits |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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2.1.3 Vicarious liability |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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2.1.5 Terms in the contract |
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32 | (1) |
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2.1.6 Employment protection rights |
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32 | (1) |
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2.1.7 Employee shareholders |
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32 | (1) |
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2.1.8 Protection for blowing the whistle |
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33 | (1) |
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2.1.9 The Taylor Review of Modern Working Practices |
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33 | (1) |
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2.2 Tests for determining status |
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34 | (7) |
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2.2.1 Is there a contract? |
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34 | (2) |
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2.2.2 Is the contract to do work personally? |
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36 | (3) |
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2.2.3 Not a client or customer of a profession or business undertaking carried on by the individual |
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39 | (2) |
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2.3 Employees distinguished from workers |
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41 | (10) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (6) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (27) |
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51 | (6) |
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54 | (3) |
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3.2 Collective agreements |
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57 | (11) |
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3.2.1 Enforceability between the collective parties |
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58 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Enforceability between the individual parties |
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58 | (4) |
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3.2.3 Implied incorporation |
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62 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Express incorporation |
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63 | (3) |
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66 | (1) |
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3.2.6 Conflicting collective agreements |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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3.3 Incorporation of other documents |
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68 | (2) |
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3.3.1 Works rules/staff handbooks |
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68 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Disciplinary and grievance procedures |
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69 | (1) |
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3.4 Statutory statement of terms and conditions |
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70 | (3) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (4) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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77 | (1) |
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4 Implied duties in the contract of employment |
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78 | (59) |
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4.1 Personal nature of the contract |
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78 | (2) |
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4.2 Duties of the employer |
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80 | (44) |
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4.2.1 Duty to provide work |
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80 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Duty to pay wages and the National Minimum Wage |
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82 | (3) |
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4.2.3 The duty to provide an itemised pay statement |
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85 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Normal working hours/weekly pay |
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85 | (2) |
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4.2.5 The right not to suffer unauthorised deductions from pay |
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87 | (4) |
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4.2.6 Payment during sickness |
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91 | (2) |
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4.2.7 Pay during lay-offs or short-time working |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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4.2.9 Duty in relation to references |
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94 | (2) |
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4.2.10 Duty of mutual respect/trust and confidence |
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96 | (2) |
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4.2.11 Duty to ensure employees' safety |
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98 | (20) |
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4.2.12 The Working Time Regulations 1998 |
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118 | (6) |
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4.2.13 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 |
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124 | (1) |
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4.3 Duties of the employee |
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124 | (13) |
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4.3.1 Duty of co-operation |
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124 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Duty to obey reasonable lawful orders |
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125 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Duty to exercise reasonable care and skill |
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127 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Duty not to accept bribes or secret commission |
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128 | (1) |
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4.3.5 Duty not to disclose confidential information |
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128 | (3) |
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4.3.6 Duty not to work for a competitor |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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Hot topic -- Vicarious liability |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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135 | (2) |
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4A Transfers of undertakings |
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137 | (14) |
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4A.1 The history of the regulations |
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137 | (3) |
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4A.2 What is a `relevant transfer'? |
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140 | (3) |
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4A.3 The effect of a relevant transfer on contracts of employment |
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143 | (8) |
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149 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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149 | (2) |
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Part III Constraints on the employment relationship |
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151 | (126) |
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153 | (72) |
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5.1 The concept of discrimination |
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153 | (2) |
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5.2 Protected characteristics |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (4) |
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5.2.3 Gender reassignment |
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159 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Marriage and civil partnership |
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159 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Pregnancy and maternity |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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5.4 Direct discrimination |
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164 | (6) |
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170 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Discrimination arising from disability |
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171 | (3) |
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5.4.3 Gender reassignment: absence from work |
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174 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Pregnancy and maternity |
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175 | (2) |
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5.5 Indirect discrimination |
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177 | (11) |
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5.5.1 Provision, criterion, or practice |
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178 | (1) |
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5.5.2 The comparative group |
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179 | (2) |
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5.5.3 Disadvantage to the claimant |
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181 | (1) |
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5.5.4 Proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim |
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182 | (6) |
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5.6 Duty to make reasonable adjustments |
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188 | (5) |
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193 | (3) |
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196 | (1) |
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5.9 Relationships which have ended |
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197 | (1) |
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5.10 Acts of discrimination |
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198 | (5) |
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5.10.1 In relation to applicants |
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198 | (2) |
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5.10.2 In relation to employees |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (3) |
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5.11.1 Instructing, causing or inducing discrimination |
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203 | (1) |
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5.11.2 Aiding contraventions |
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204 | (1) |
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5.11.3 Enquiries about disability and health |
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205 | (1) |
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5.11.4 Liability of an employer |
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205 | (1) |
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5.12 Occupational requirements |
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206 | (3) |
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5.12.1 Religion or belief |
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207 | (1) |
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208 | (1) |
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5.13 Exceptions to the legislation |
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209 | (1) |
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5.14 Enforcement and remedies |
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209 | (8) |
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209 | (3) |
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5.14.2 Presentation of complaint |
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212 | (1) |
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5.14.3 Enforcement by an individual |
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213 | (3) |
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5.14.4 Enforcement by the Equality and Human Rights Commission |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (2) |
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5.17 Fixed-term employees |
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219 | (6) |
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Hot topic -- Can a cake be gay? |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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223 | (2) |
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225 | (24) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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226 | (5) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Different responsibilities |
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232 | (1) |
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6.5 Work rated as equivalent |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (3) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (4) |
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6.8 European law and equal pay |
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240 | (6) |
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240 | (3) |
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6.8.2 Equal Pay Directive |
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243 | (1) |
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6.8.3 Time limits and retrospective claims |
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243 | (3) |
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246 | (3) |
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247 | (1) |
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247 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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247 | (2) |
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249 | (8) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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6A.5 Qualifying disclosures |
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250 | (2) |
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6A.6 Protected disclosures |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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6A.8 Dismissal of employees and workers for making a protected disclosure |
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254 | (1) |
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6A.9 Non-disclosure agreements |
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255 | (2) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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256 | (1) |
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7 Statutory employment protection |
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257 | (20) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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7.3 Medical suspension pay |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (4) |
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7.4.1 Right to maternity leave |
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259 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Compulsory maternity leave |
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259 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Ordinary maternity leave |
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259 | (1) |
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7.4.4 Additional maternity leave |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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7.4.6 Contact during maternity leave and keeping-in-touch days |
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261 | (1) |
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7.4.7 Time off for ante-natal care |
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262 | (1) |
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7.4.8 Statutory maternity pay and maternity allowance |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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7.5.1 Shared parental leave in place of maternity leave |
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263 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Parental leave for after maternity leave |
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263 | (1) |
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7.6 Paternity leave and pay |
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264 | (1) |
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7.7 Adoption leave and pay |
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265 | (1) |
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7.8 Right to request flexible working |
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265 | (1) |
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7.9 Right not to suffer a detriment |
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266 | (4) |
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267 | (1) |
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7.9.2 Health and safety cases |
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267 | (1) |
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7.9.3 Sunday working for shop and betting workers |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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7.9.5 Trustees of occupational pension schemes |
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268 | (1) |
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7.9.6 Employee representatives |
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268 | (1) |
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7.9.7 Employees exercising the right to time off work for study or training |
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269 | (1) |
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7.9.8 Protected disclosures |
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269 | (1) |
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7.9.9 Leave for family and domestic reasons |
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269 | (1) |
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7.9.10 Collective agreements |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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270 | (7) |
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7.10.1 Trade union duties |
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270 | (1) |
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7.10.2 Time off for union learning representatives |
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270 | (1) |
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7.10.3 Trade union activities |
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271 | (1) |
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7.10.4 Health and safety duties |
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271 | (1) |
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271 | (1) |
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7.10.6 Time off to look for work |
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272 | (1) |
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7.10.7 Time off for occupational pension scheme trustees |
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272 | (1) |
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7.10.8 Time off for employee representatives |
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272 | (1) |
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7.10.9 Time off for study or training |
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273 | (1) |
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7.10.10 Time off for dependants |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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275 | (2) |
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Part IV Termination of employment |
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277 | (136) |
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8 Termination at common law |
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279 | (18) |
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8.1 Termination by operation of law |
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279 | (2) |
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279 | (2) |
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8.1.2 Liquidation of the employer or dissolution of a partnership |
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281 | (1) |
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8.2 Termination by agreement |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (3) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (4) |
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289 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Dismissal with notice |
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290 | (2) |
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8.6 Reasons for dismissal |
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292 | (1) |
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8.7 Procedure for dismissal |
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292 | (1) |
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8.7.1 Contractual procedures |
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292 | (1) |
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8.8 Remedies for wrongful dismissal |
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293 | (4) |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (82) |
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297 | (4) |
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9.2 Continuity of employment |
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301 | (8) |
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9.2.1 Weeks which do not break continuity and count towards the final computation |
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303 | (2) |
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9.2.2 Weeks which do not break continuity, but which do not count in the final computation |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Employment Rights Act 1996 |
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306 | (1) |
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9.2.5 Effective date of termination |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (4) |
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9.3.1 An employee who has agreed to waive his rights to unfair dismissal |
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309 | (2) |
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9.3.2 An employee who falls within the category of excluded persons |
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311 | (1) |
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9.3.3 An employee outside the territorial scope of UK labour legislation |
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311 | (1) |
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9.3.4 An employee shareholder |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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9.4 Has there been a dismissal? |
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313 | (4) |
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9.4.1 Employer terminating with or without notice |
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313 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Fixed-term contract which expires and is not renewed |
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313 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Constructive dismissal |
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313 | (4) |
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9.4.4 Reinstatement of an employee who appeals against dismissal |
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317 | (1) |
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9.5 Reasons for dismissal |
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317 | (16) |
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9.5.1 Capability and qualifications |
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319 | (4) |
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323 | (6) |
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329 | (2) |
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9.5.4 Statutory restriction |
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331 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Some other substantial reason |
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331 | (2) |
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9.6 The concept of reasonableness |
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333 | (22) |
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9.6.1 Fairness of the decision |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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9.6.3 Past work record and length of service |
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337 | (1) |
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9.6.4 Alternative employment |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (2) |
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341 | (1) |
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9.6.7 Capability and qualifications |
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341 | (1) |
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9.6.8 Sickness and injury |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (10) |
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9.6.10 Statutory restriction |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (2) |
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9.6.12 Some other substantial reason |
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355 | (1) |
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9.7 Automatically unfair reasons for dismissal |
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355 | (9) |
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9.7.1 Leave for family reasons |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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9.7.3 Transfer of undertakings |
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356 | (2) |
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9.7.4 Trade union membership or activities |
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358 | (1) |
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9.7.5 Dismissal for the use of trade union services or refusal of an inducement |
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359 | (1) |
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9.7.6 Dismissal in connection with recognition |
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360 | (1) |
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9.7.7 Dismissal in health and safety cases |
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360 | (1) |
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9.7.8 Dismissal of shop workers or betting workers who refuse Sunday work |
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361 | (1) |
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9.7.9 Dismissal in working time cases |
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361 | (1) |
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9.7.10 Dismissal of trustees of occupational pension schemes |
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361 | (1) |
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9.7.11 Dismissal of an employee representative |
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361 | (1) |
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9.7.12 Dismissal for acting as a companion |
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361 | (1) |
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9.2.13 Dismissal for making a protected disclosure |
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362 | (1) |
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9.7.14 Dismissal on the grounds of assertion of a statutory right |
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363 | (1) |
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9.7.15 Dismissal in national minimum wage cases |
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363 | (1) |
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9.7.16 Dismissal in tax credit cases |
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364 | (1) |
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9.7.17 Dismissal for requesting flexible working |
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364 | (1) |
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9.7.18 Dismissal for jury service |
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364 | (1) |
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9.7.19 Dismissal for a reason relating to a prohibited list |
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364 | (1) |
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9.8 Dismissal during a strike, lock-out, or other industrial action |
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364 | (5) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (2) |
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9.9 Remedies for unfair dismissal |
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369 | (10) |
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370 | (2) |
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372 | (1) |
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9.9.3 Financial compensation |
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372 | (4) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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Further reading and references |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (20) |
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379 | (1) |
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10.2 Qualification to claim |
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379 | (1) |
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10.3 Definition of redundancy |
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380 | (5) |
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10.3.1 Cessation of business |
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380 | (1) |
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10.3.2 Moving place of business |
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380 | (2) |
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382 | (3) |
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10.4 Misconduct and redundancy |
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385 | (1) |
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10.5 Suitable alternative employment |
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386 | (2) |
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10.6 Trial period in new employment |
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388 | (1) |
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10.7 Lay-off and short-time working |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
10.8 Redundancy compensation |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
10.9 Collective redundancy consultation |
|
|
389 | (10) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Further reading and references |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
11 Duties of ex-employees |
|
|
399 | (14) |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
11.2 Express/implied duty of fidelity |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
11.3 Restraint of trade covenants |
|
|
399 | (2) |
|
11.4 Reasonable between the parties |
|
|
401 | (2) |
|
11.5 Reasonable in the public interest |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
|
408 | (5) |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
Further reading and references |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
Part V Trade unions and the law of industrial action |
|
|
413 | (87) |
|
|
415 | (29) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
12.2 Status of trade unions |
|
|
416 | (2) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
12.4 Independent trade unions |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
12.5 Recognition of trade unions |
|
|
420 | (6) |
|
12.5.1 Voluntary recognition |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
12.5.2 Statutory recognition |
|
|
422 | (4) |
|
|
426 | (2) |
|
12.7 Trade union accounts |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
12.7A Trade union administration |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
12.9 Inter-union disputes |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
12.10 Trade union amalgamations |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
12.11 Trade union elections |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
12.12 The right to information |
|
|
435 | (4) |
|
12.13 Financial assistance |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (2) |
|
12.15 Autonomous trade union legislation in Wales |
|
|
441 | (3) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Further reading and references |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
13 The rights of trade union members |
|
|
444 | (14) |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
13.2 Enforcement of the union rule book |
|
|
444 | (2) |
|
13.3 Exclusion and expulsion |
|
|
446 | (4) |
|
13.4 Discipline of union members |
|
|
450 | (2) |
|
13.5 The Certification Officer |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
13.6 Action short of dismissal |
|
|
452 | (6) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Further reading and references |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
458 | (42) |
|
|
458 | (2) |
|
14.2 Industrial action and the contract of employment |
|
|
460 | (4) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
14.2.5 Strike without notice |
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
14.2.6 Strike with notice |
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
14.3 Industrial action and the economic torts |
|
|
464 | (9) |
|
14.3.1 Inducement of a breach of contract |
|
|
464 | (4) |
|
14.3.2 Procurement of a breach of contract |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
14.3.3 Causing loss by unlawful means |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
14.3.5 Interference with a trade or business by unlawful means |
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
14.4 The impact of EU law |
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
14.5 Statutory immunities |
|
|
474 | (8) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
14.5.2 Workers and their employer |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
14.5.4 Related wholly or mainly to |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
14.5.6 `In contemplation of' |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
14.5.7 `In furtherance of' |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
14.6 Trade union liability |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
14.7 Loss of trade union immunity |
|
|
484 | (5) |
|
|
489 | (6) |
|
14.8.1 Criminal liability |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
14.8.2 The Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
14.8.3 The Public Order Act 1986 |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
14.8.5 Immunity for picketing |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
14.10 Withholding pay for industrial action |
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Further reading and references |
|
|
499 | (1) |
Index |
|
500 | |