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Endothelium and Cardiovascular Diseases: Vascular Biology and Clinical Syndromes [Pehme köide]

, , (Research Scientist at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Brazil
Professor, Cardiology at the Heart Institute (InCor) School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Director, InCors Cardiology Division and Atherosclerosis ),
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 758 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 2080 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Jan-2018
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128123486
  • ISBN-13: 9780128123485
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 758 pages, kõrgus x laius: 276x216 mm, kaal: 2080 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Jan-2018
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0128123486
  • ISBN-13: 9780128123485
Teised raamatud teemal:

Endothelium and Cardiovascular Diseases: Vascular Biology and Clinical Syndromes provides an in-depth examination of the role of endothelium and endothelial dysfunction in normal vascular function, and in a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes, from atherosclerosis, to cognitive disturbances and eclampsia. The endothelium is a major participant in the pathophysiology of diseases, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and hypertension, and these entities are responsible for the largest part of cardiovascular mortality and morbidly. Over the last decade major new discoveries and concepts involving the endothelium have come to light. This important reference collects this data in an easy to reference resource.

Written by known experts, and covering all aspects of endothelial function in health and disease, this reference represents an assembly of recent knowledge that is essential to both basic investigators and clinicians.

  • Provides a complete overview of endothelial function in health and diseases, along with an assessment of new information
  • Includes coverage of groundbreaking areas, including the artificial LDL particle, the development of a new anti-erectile dysfunction agent, a vaccine for atherosclerosis, coronary calcification associated with red wine, and the interplay of endoplasmic reticulum/oxidative stress
  • Explores the genetic features of endothelium and the interaction between basic knowledge and clinical syndromes
I STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
SECTION I STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT
1 The Vascular Endothelium
Salvador Moncada
Introduction
5(3)
References
8(3)
2 Development of the Coronary System: Perspectives for Cell Therapy From Precursor Differentiation
Alexander R. Moise
Angela M.S. Costa
Murilo Carvalho
Ana P. Azambuja
Jose Xavier-Neto
Hozana A. Castillo
The Evolutionary Origin of Coronary Circulation
11(1)
Architecture of the Adult Coronary System
12(1)
Development of the Coronary Vasculature
12(1)
Coronary Formation From Epicardium-Derived Precursors Proceeding From the Epicardium
13(2)
The Role of the Epicardium in Coronariogenesis Genesis
15(1)
Retinoic Acid and VEGF Synchronize the Differentiation of Coronary Smooth Muscle Cells to Endothelial Plexus Formation
16(1)
New Actors in Coronary Vasculature Formation: Contributions of the Venous Sinus and Endocardium
17(2)
Development of Coronary Circulation in Zebrafish: A Model to Study Cardiac Regeneration
19(1)
Exploiting Coronary Developmental Pathways to Regenerate the Injured Heart
20(1)
References
20(2)
Further Reading
22(1)
3 Signal Transduction Pathways in Endothelial Cells: Implications for Angiogenesis
Hugo P. Monteiro
Maria Theresa O.M. Albuquerque
Carlos J. Rocha Oliveira
Marli F. Curcio
Kinase Proteins and Phosphatase Proteins
23(1)
Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways Depending on Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation Residues---Tyrosine/PPs
23(3)
Protein Tyrosine Kinases---Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinases
26(1)
Protein Tyrosine Kinases---Cytoplasmic Protein Tyrosine Kinases
26(2)
Signal Transmission---SH2 and SH3 Domains
28(1)
Conformational Changes and Posttranslational Modifications (PTM) in Ras
29(1)
Ras Intracellular Compartmentalization
29(1)
Ras Signaling Module---ERK1/2 MAP Kinase
30(1)
Cellular Signaling in the Endothelium: Angiogenesis and Participation of Nitric Oxide (NO)
31(4)
References
35(2)
4 Endothelial Barrier: Factors That Regulate Its Permeability
Erik Svensjo
Eliete Bouskela
Introduction
37(3)
Vascular Permeability Regulation by Opening and Closing Adherens Type Junctions---Principal Mechanisms
40(4)
Endothelial Barrier Changes Induced by Inflammation in Obesity
44(1)
Effects of Antioxidants in Increasing Vascular Permeability Induced by I/R
45(1)
Importance of Plasma Extravasation at the Contact Site With Tissue, Parasite, and Bacteria
46(1)
Conclusions
46(1)
References
46(2)
Further Reading
48(1)
5 Vascular Growth Factors, Progenitor Cells, and Angiogenesis
Luis Henrique Wolff Gowdak
Jose Eduardo Krieger
Historical Aspects
49(1)
Vasculogenesis, Angiogenesis, and Atherogenesis
50(2)
Growth Factors and Angiogenesis Modulation
52(2)
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)
54(2)
Progenitor Cells and Angiogenesis
56(2)
Therapeutic Application of Stem Cells and Progenitor Cells
58(2)
Conclusions
60(1)
References
60(2)
Further Reading
62(1)
6 Characteristics of the Endothelium in Both Sexes
Tiago Januario Da Costa
Cinthya Echem
Lucas Giglio Colli
Eliana Hiromi Akamine
Ana Paula Dantas
Maria Helena Catelli De Carvalho
Introduction
63(2)
Estrogens, Progesterone, and Testosterone---Mechanisms of Vascular Action
65(4)
Action of Sex Hormones on Endothelium-Derived Relaxation Factors and Endothelium-Derived Contracting Factors
69(2)
Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors (EDHFs)
71(1)
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
71(2)
Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)
73(1)
Endothelins (ETs)
73(1)
Estrogen Hormone Treatment---Clinical Studies
74(1)
New Experimental Approaches
75(1)
Clinical Perspective
76(1)
Conclusions
76(1)
References
77(8)
SECTION II ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS AND METABOLIC INTERACTIONS
7 Hemodynamic Forces in the Endothelium: From Mechanotransduction to Implications on Development of Atherosclerosis
Denise C. Fernandes
Thais L.S. Araujo
Francisco R.M. Laurindo
Leonardo Y. Tanaka
The Endothelium
85(2)
Shear Stress Sensors
87(1)
Physiological Responses of Endothelial Cell Under Shear Stress
88(4)
Redox Processes in Shear Stress-Induced Signal Transduction in the Endothelium
92(1)
Mechanical Response to Cyclic Stretch
92(1)
Hemodynamic Forces and Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology
93(1)
Conclusions
94(1)
References
94(1)
Further Reading
95(2)
8 Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation: Nitric Oxide and Other Mediators
Francisco R.M. Laurindo
Marcel Liberman
Denise C. Fernandes
Paulo Ferreira Leite
Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilators
97(1)
Nitric Oxide
97(10)
EDHFs
107(4)
Conclusions
111(1)
Acknowledgments
111(1)
References
111(2)
Further Reading
113(2)
9 Vasoconstrictor Substances Produced by the Endothelium
Stefany B.A. Cau
Paulo Roberto B. Evora
Rita C. Tostes
Introduction
115(2)
Endothelial Dysfunction
117(1)
Endothelium-Derived Contracting Factors
117(6)
Conclusions
123(1)
References
124(1)
Further Reading
125(2)
10 Redox Cellular Signaling Pathways in Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Disease
Francisco R.M. Laurindo
What Is a Free Radical?
127(2)
Biochemical Characteristics of Redox Processes: Radical and Nonradical Pathways
129(1)
Antioxidants: The Classical Chemical Concept
130(1)
Oxidative Stress and Cellular Redox Signaling: Advancing the Concept
130(1)
What Is Redox Signaling?
131(1)
A Conceptual Redefinition of Antioxidants
132(1)
Enzymatic Superoxide Radical Sources in Vessels
132(5)
Endoplasmic Reticulum and Oxidative Stress
137(2)
Redox Processes in Vascular Diseases: Vascular Repair to Injury as an Endothelial/Vascular Pathophysiology Model
139(2)
Atherosclerosis, Endothelial Dysfunction, Redox Pathways, and Lipoprotein Oxidation
141(1)
NADPH Oxidase in the Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis
142(1)
Antioxidants and Atherosclerosis
143(1)
Conclusion
144(1)
Acknowledgments
144(1)
References
144(1)
Further Reading
145(2)
11 Blood Coagulation and Endothelium
Joyce M. Annichino-Bizzacchi
Erich Vinicius De Paula
Introduction
147(1)
Blood Coagulation
147(1)
Platelets
147(1)
Von Willebrand Factor
148(1)
Coagulation Activation Mediated by Endothelial
Factors
148(1)
Tissue Factor and Tissue Factor Inhibitor
149(1)
Contact System
149(1)
Anticoagulant Properties of the Endothelium
149(1)
Endothelium and Fibrinolysis
150(1)
Conclusions
151(1)
References
151(1)
Further Reading
152(1)
12 Endothelium and Genetics
Riccardo Lacchini
Gustavo Henrique Oliveira De Paula
Jose Eduardo Tanus Dos Santos
Introduction
153(2)
Thirteen Years After the Conclusion of the Human Genome Project: What Has Changed?
155(4)
Main Genes Involved in Endothelial Functions
159(6)
What Does Genomic Medicine Hold for the Future of Endothelial Disease Treatment?
165(1)
References
166(5)
13 Epigenetic Regulation of Endothelial Function: With Focus on MicroRNAs
Fernanda Roberta Roque
Clara Nobrega
Tiago Fernandesand Edilamar Menezes De Oliveira
Introduction
171(11)
Potential Role of MicroRNAs in Vascular Therapy
182(1)
Conclusions
183(1)
References
184(3)
Further Reading
187(2)
14 Adhesion Molecules and Endothelium
Juliana Carvalho Tavares
Marcelo Nicolas Muscara
Introduction
189(1)
Endothelial Barrier
189(1)
Proteins Involved in Leucocyte-Endothelium Interactions
190(2)
Examples of Adhesion Molecules Participation in Cardiovascular Diseases
192(7)
References
199(2)
Further Reading
201(2)
15 Endothelium and the Renin-Angiotensin System
Walkyria Oliveira Sampaio
Robson Augusto Souza Dos Santos
Introduction
203(1)
Expression of RAS Components on Vasculature
203(3)
SRA on Endothelial Dysfunction, Atherosclerosis, and Thrombosis
206(3)
References
209(8)
II ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND CLINICAL SYNDROMES
SECTION III METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
16 Methods to Investigate Endothelial Function in Humans
Valeria Costa-Hong
Keyla Yukari Katayama
Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colombo
Evaluation of the Endothelial Function in Humans
217(1)
Invasive Methods
218(2)
Noninvasive Methods
220(5)
Conclusions
225(1)
References
226(2)
Further Reading
228(1)
17 Endothelial Biomarkers
Francisco Antonio Helfenstein Fonseca
Maria Cristina O. Izar
Introduction
229(1)
Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Vascular Repair
229(2)
MicroRNAs and Endothelial Dysfunction
231(1)
ICAM, VCAM, and Selectins
231(1)
Conclusions
231(1)
References
232(5)
SECTION IV AGING AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS
18 Endothelial Alterations in Aging
Mauricio Wajngarten
Amit Nussbacher
Paulo Magno Martins Dourado
Antonio Carlos Palandri Chagas
Introduction
237(1)
Impairment of Endothelium Dependent Vasodilation Associated With Aging
237(1)
Structural Changes Related to Cell Replication/Replacement---Telomere Function
237(4)
Increase in Production of Vasoconstritor Mediators
241(7)
Conclusions
248(1)
References
249(4)
19 Vascular Function and Cognitive Decline
Ivan Aprahamian
Fabiano Vanderlinde
Marina Maria Biella
Introduction
253(1)
Risk Factors
253(1)
Physiopathology of Vascular Dementia
253(2)
Clinical Presentation
255(1)
Clinical Presentation of Vascular Dementia
255(1)
VD and Genetic Alterations
256(1)
Diagnostic Criteria
257(1)
Cognitive Tracking Tests
258(3)
Everyday Activities
261(1)
Neuroimaging
261(1)
Treatment
262(1)
Conclusions
263(1)
References
263(2)
20 Emotional Stress and Influences on Endothelium
Mayra Luciana Gagliani
Elaine Marques Hojaij
Protasio Lemos Da Luz
Introduction
265(1)
Mental Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases
265(2)
Prevalence of Mental Disorders
267(1)
Costs of Mental Disorders
268(1)
Endothelium and Cardiovascular Diseases
268(1)
Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in General Population
269(2)
Endothelial Dysfunction and Emotional Stress in Cardiac Diseases
271(2)
Hypercholesterolemia
273(1)
Studies With Animals Subjected to Mental Stress
274(1)
Mental Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction---Mechanisms
274(2)
Treatment Options for Mental Diseases and Endothelium Function
276(3)
References
279(3)
Further Reading
282(3)
SECTION V LIPOPROTEINS
21 Lipids and Lipoprotein Mediators of Endothelial Function and Dysfunction
Helena Coutinho Franco De Oliveira
Introduction
285(1)
Low Density Lipoproteins
285(3)
Lipoproteins of the Postprandial Period
288(6)
References
294(3)
22 HDL and Endothelium
Raul Cavalcante Maranhao
Antonio Casela Filho
Gilbert Alexandre Sigal
Antonio Carlos Palandri Chagas
Protasio Lemos Da Luz
Introduction
297(1)
HDL Structure and Metabolism, Esterification, and Reverse Cholesterol Transport
298(4)
CETP
302(1)
HDL Atheroprotective Functions
303(3)
Dysfunctional HDL and Proatherogenic HDL
306(4)
Treatment With HDL, HDL Mimetics, and CETP Inhibitors
310(2)
Conclusions
312(1)
References
313(4)
Further Reading
317(2)
23 Artificial Lipoproteins in Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis
Raul Cavalcante Maranhao
Introduction
319(1)
Artificial Chylomicrons
319(4)
Artificial LDL or LDE
323(2)
Transfer of Lipids to HDL
325(3)
Use of LDE in Drug Targeting
328(6)
Conclusions
334(1)
Acknowledgments
335(1)
References
335(3)
Further Reading
338(3)
SECTION VI DIET AND ENDOTHELIUM
24 Influence of Diet on Endothelial Dysfunction
Ana Maria Lottenberg
Maria Silvia Ferrari Lavrador
Milessa Silva Afonso
Roberta Marcondes Machado
Introduction
341(2)
Dietary Fats
343(1)
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
343(3)
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids
346(1)
Saturated Fatty Acids
347(1)
Trans Fatty Acids
348(1)
Sugars
349(1)
Sucrose
350(1)
Fructose
350(1)
Sodium
351(2)
Phytosterols
353(3)
Conclusions
356(1)
References
356(7)
25 Effects of Mediterranean Diet on Endothelial Function
Jordi Merino
Richard Kones
Emilio Ros
Introduction
363(1)
Scientific Evidence Linking the Mediterranean Diet to Cardiovascular Prevention
364(2)
Mediterranean Diet and Endothelial Function
366(12)
Additional Considerations on the Mediterranean Diet and Health
378(4)
Conclusions
382(1)
Acknowledgments
383(1)
References
383(8)
26 Action of Red Wine and Polyphenols Upon Endothelial Function and Clinical Events
Protasio Lemos Da Luz
Desiderio Favarato
Otavio Berwanger
Introduction
391(7)
Experimental Studies
398(1)
Resveratrol Bioavailability
399(1)
Polyphenols vs Alcohol
400(2)
Wine, Resveratrol, and Cognitive Function
402(1)
J Curve
402(1)
Adverse Effects of Alcohol
403(1)
Resveratrol and Longevity
403(1)
Basic Action Mechanisms of Wine and Polyphenols
404(3)
Endothelial Progenitor Cells
407(1)
Coagulation and Platelets
407(1)
Antiinflammatory Effects
407(1)
Lipidic Effects
408(1)
Glycemic Metabolism
408(2)
Conclusions
410(1)
References
410(8)
Further Reading
418(3)
SECTION VII KIDNEY AND HYPERTENSION
27 Kidney and Endothelium
Jose Jayme Galvao De Lima
Introduction
421(1)
Renal Endothelium
421(1)
Nitric Oxide and the Kidney
421(1)
Endothelium and Nephropathy Progression
422(1)
Oxidative Stress and Chronic Renal Disease
423(1)
Other Factors Involved in Nephropathy Progression
423(1)
Biomarkers of Endothelial Function
424(1)
Endothelium in Some Types of Renal Disease
425(1)
Therapeutic Implications
426(1)
Conclusions
427(1)
References
427(2)
28 Endothelium and Arterial Hypertension
Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colombo
Luiz Aparecido Bortolotto
Introduction
429(1)
Endothelial Dysfunction
429(1)
Vasodilators: Nitric Oxide
430(1)
Immunological Mechanisms and Arterial Hypertension
431(1)
The Role of Cytokines in Hypertension
432(1)
Endothelium and Arterial Rigidity in Hypertension
433(1)
Prognostic Value of Endothelial Dysfunction in Arterial Hypertension
434(1)
Treatment of Arterial Hypertension and Endothelium
434(2)
References
436(3)
29 Endothelial Alterations in Pulmonary Hypertension
Mariana Meira Clave
Antonio Augusto Lopes
Introduction
439(1)
Endothelium in Pulmonary Vascular Dysfunction: Decrease in Capacity to Mediate Vasodilation
439(1)
Participation in Vascular Remodeling Process
440(2)
Endothelium, Thrombosis and Inflammation in Pulmonary Vascular Disease
442(1)
Platelets in Pulmonary Vascular Disease
443(1)
Markers of Microvascular Dysfunction in Pulmonary Vascular Disease
444(4)
The Future of Biomarkers in Pulmonary Hypertension
448(1)
References
449(6)
SECTION VIII CORONARY DISEASE AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS
30 Endothelial Alterations in Chronic Coronary Disease
Aline Alexandra Iannoni De Moraes
Antonio Carlos Palandri Chagas
Jose Rocha Faria Neto
Protasio Lemos Da Luz
Introduction
455(1)
Physiopathological Bases for CAD
455(8)
Evaluation of Coronary Micorvascular Dysfunction
463(2)
CMD and CAD Treatment
465(3)
Conclusions
468(1)
References
469(4)
31 Molecular Mechanisms of the Arterial Wall in Acute Coronary Syndromes
Breno Bernardes De Souza
Haniel Alves Araujo
Viviane Zorzanelli Rocha Giraldez
Peter Libby
Roberto Rocha C.V. Giraldez
Introduction
473(1)
Endothelial Dysfunction in Acute Coronary
Syndromes
473(5)
Vasospastic and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
478(3)
Conclusions
481(1)
References
481(2)
Further Reading
483(2)
32 Endothelium: A Coordinator of Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Marina Beltrami Moreira
Guillermo Garcia-Cardena
Marco Aurelio Lumertz Saffi
Peter Libby
Introduction
485(2)
Acute Activation of Endothelial Cells in Septic Shock
487(1)
The Endothelial Cell in a Chronic Inflammatory State: Atherosclerosis
488(2)
Conclusions
490(1)
References
490(3)
33 Endothelium in Atherosclerosis: Plaque Formation and Its Complications
Protasio Lemos Da Luz
Antonio Carlos Palandri Chagas
Paulo Magno Martins Dourado
Francisco R.M. Laurindo
Introduction and Historical Perspective
493(1)
Atherogenesis Overview
493(1)
Endothelial Dysfunction as Early Event
494(1)
Cytokines, Adhesion Molecules, and Mononuclear Cells Recruitment
494(3)
Monocytes and Endothelium
497(1)
Macrophages
498(2)
LDL Modifications, Foam Cells Formation, and Pathophysiological Implications
500(1)
Concept of Inflammation---A Synopsis
501(2)
Adaptive Immune Response
503(1)
Smooth Muscle Cells and Fibrotic Plaque Formation
503(1)
Participation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Atherosclerosis
504(1)
Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis
504(1)
Interactions Between Endothelial Dysfunction Redox Pathways, Lipoprotein Oxidation, and Atherosclerosis
505(1)
Plaque Rupture, Erosion, and Thrombosis
505(4)
References
509(3)
Further Reading
512(1)
34 Endothelial Function and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Desiderio Favarato
Protasio Lemos Da Luz
Introduction
513(1)
Normal and Dysfunctional Endothelium Activities
513(1)
Endothelial Activity Assessment Methods
514(1)
Endothelial Activity and Prognosis
514(1)
Risk Factors and Endothelial Function
515(5)
Hypercholesterolemia
520(1)
Low HDL-Cholesterol
521(1)
Conclusions
522(1)
References
522(4)
Further Reading
526(1)
35 Sleep Disorders and Endothelial Dysfunction
Fernanda Fatureto Borges
Geraldo Lorenzi-Filho
Luciano F. Drager
Introduction
527(1)
Endothelial Function in OSA
527(3)
Effect of Treatment for OSA in the Endothelial Function
530(3)
Perspectives
533(1)
References
533(4)
36 Smoking and the Endothelium
Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo
Rodrigo Modolo
Heitor Moreno
Introduction
537(2)
Pathophysiological Bases
539(7)
Current Stage of Knowledge
546(3)
Clinical Implications and Practical Applications
549(2)
References
551(3)
Further Reading
554(1)
37 Endothelial Dysfunction and Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Women With Angina and Nonobstructive Coronaries
Jenna Maughan
Janet Wei
Erika Jones
C. Noel Bairey Merz
Puja Mehta
Introduction
555(1)
Diagnosis
556(4)
Female-Specific Issues
560(1)
Mechanistic Pathways Leading to Adverse Events
560(1)
Conclusions
561(1)
References
561(4)
SECTION IX HEART FAILURE
38 Endothelial Alterations in Heart Failure---Mechanisms and Molecular Basis
Santiago A. Tobar
Daniel Umpierre
Michael Andrades
Nadine Clausell
Introduction
565(1)
Pathogenesis
565(1)
Molecular Bases
565(2)
Oxidative Stress and eNOS Alterations
567(3)
Pathophysiologic Implications
570(1)
Therapeutic Implications Involving Pathophysiological Aspects of Endothelial Dysfunction
571(1)
The Role of Physical Exercise in Improvement of Endothelial Function in Heart Failure
571(1)
Conclusions
572(1)
References
572(1)
Further Reading
573(2)
39 Heart Failure: Influence of Drug Interventions on Vessels
Fernando Bacal
Iascara Wozniak De Campos
Jose Leudo Xavier
Introduction
575(1)
Endothelium and Vasomotor Control
576(3)
Drug Intervention in Acute Heart Failure
579(2)
Drug Intervention in Chronic Heart Failure
581(5)
Conclusions
586(1)
References
587(1)
Further Reading
588(3)
SECTION X PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS AND CARDIAC SURGERY
40 Postpercutaneous Interventions: Endothelial Repair
Julio Flavio Marchini
Vinicius Esteves
Pedro A. Lemos
Introduction
591(1)
Neointima and Reestenosis
591(2)
Repair Process
593(1)
Angioplasty With Conventional Stent
594(1)
Angioplasty With Drug-Eluting Stent
594(1)
Angioplasty With Bioabsorbable Scaffolds
595(1)
Conclusions
595(1)
References
595(2)
41 Stents and the Endothelium
J. Ribamar Costa, Jr.
Daniel Chamie
J. Eduardo Sousa
Alexandre Abizaid
Introduction
597(1)
Poststent Acute Endothelial Response: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
597(2)
Intrastent Restenosis
599(2)
Stent Thrombosis
601(2)
Hypersensitivity Reactions
603(1)
Bioabsorbable Vascular Supports (Bioresorbable Stents)
604(1)
Conclusions
605(2)
References
607(1)
Further Reading
608(1)
42 Vascular Disease of the Transplanted Heart: Physiopathology and Therapeutic Options
Alfredo Inacio Fiorelli
Noedir Antonio Groppo Stolf
Raul Cavalcante Maranhao
Introduction
609(1)
Types of Rejection
609(1)
Vascular Disease of the Graft
610(11)
Conclusions
621(2)
References
623(6)
SECTION XI DIABETES AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
43 Erectile Dysfunction and the Endothelium
Fabiola Zakia Monica
Gilberto De Nucci
Introduction
629(1)
Contractile and Relaxing Substances Derived From Endothelium and Nervous Fibers
629(3)
Role of Endothelium in Erectile Function and Dysfunction: Focus on the NO-GCS-PDE5 Pathway
632(2)
Androgens and Erectile Function
634(1)
Possible Therapeutic Role of Substances That Act Directly in Soluble Guanilato Cyclase for the Treatment of Eretric Dysfunction
634(1)
Conclusions
635(1)
References
635(2)
Further Reading
637(2)
44 Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelium: Molecular Interactions
Mario J.A. Saad
Introduction
639(1)
Mechanisms Responsible for Endothelial Disorder in the Obese
639(2)
Obesity, Resistance to Insulin and Angiotensin
641(1)
Molecular Events Related to Interaction of Insulin Versus Angiotensin
641(5)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction
646(1)
Mechanisms Responsible for Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes
647(1)
Hyperglycemia Induces Increases in ROS Production
647(2)
Glycolytic Flow Change to Alternative Pathway Induced by Hyperglycemia
649(1)
Change in Glycolytic Flow to Alternative Pathway Induced by Hyperglycemia
649(1)
Blocking of PPP Induced by Hyperglycemia
650(1)
Activation of PKC Induced by Hyperglycemia
650(1)
Conclusions
651(1)
References
651(4)
SECTION XII NON-CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES AND ENDOTHELIUM
45 Endothelial Mechanisms in Preeclampsia
Soubhi Kahhale
Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco
Marcelo Zugaib
Introduction
655(2)
Evidence of Endothelial Damage in Preeclampsia
657(2)
Activation of the Coagulation System
659(2)
Serum Cytotoxic Factor
661(1)
Free Radicals
661(1)
Endothelium Research Methods
662(1)
Conclusion and Physiopathological Model
662(2)
References
664(1)
Further Reading
664(3)
46 Endothelium and Nitric Oxide: Interactions in Cancer Evolution
Roberta Eller Borges
Wagner Luiz Batista
Elaine Guadelupe Rodrigues
Hugo Pequeno Monteiro
The Endothelium and Nitric Oxide
667(1)
Nitric Oxide as a Connecting Element Between Angiogenesis and Tumor Development
668(2)
References
670(3)
47 Endothelial Function in Skin Microcirculation
Cristina Pires Camargo
Rolf Gemperli
Introduction
673(1)
Anatomy of Skin Microvascularization
673(1)
Blood Flow Regulation
674(3)
Changes in the Endothelial Function Due to Conditions of the Skin Itself
677(1)
References
678(5)
SECTION XIII TREATMENT OF ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION
48 Clinical Endothelial Dysfunction: Prognosis and Therapeutic Target
Elisa Alberton Haas
Marcelo Nishiyama
Protasio Lemos Da Luz
Introduction
683(6)
Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target
689(4)
References
693(4)
Further Reading
697(2)
49 Physical Exercise and the Endothelium
Carlos Eduardo Negrao
Ana Cristina Andrade
Maria Janieire De Nazare Nunes Alves
Allan Robson Kluser Sales
Introduction
699(1)
Vascular Blood Flow Regulatory Mechanisms During the Exercise
699(3)
Vascular Blood Flow Regulatory Mechanisms During Exercise in Pathological Conditions
702(1)
Effects of Physical Training in Endothelial Function
703(3)
References
706(5)
50 Endothelium and Immunological Alterations in Atherosclerosis
Prediman K. Shah
The Potential Role of Innate Immunity in Atherogenesis
711(1)
Neutrophils, Nets, and Atherosclerosis
712(1)
The Role of Adaptive Immunity in Atherosclerosis
712(2)
Clinical Implications
714(1)
Conclusion
714(1)
References
714(3)
Index 717
Professor Protásio L. da Luz, MD, FACC received his medical degree and completed a Residency and Specialization in Cardiology at Universidade de São Paulo Brazil (USP), and completed a postgraduate Fellowship in Critical Care Medicine at the University of Southern California. He has been a Research Scientist at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Full Professor of Cardiology at the Heart Institute (InCor) School of Medicine, USP, and Director of the InCors Cardiology Division and Atherosclerosis Unit. He is a Full Member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the State of São Paulo, and has authored or co-authored over 490 scientific publications and book chapters (258 of them peer-reviewed). Primary research interests include endothelium, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease and prevention, and translational medicine. He received the Brazilian National Award for Scientific Merit, the Order of Medical Merit from the Brazilian government, and the Fundação Conrado Wessel Award in Medicine. Dr. Peter Libby is a cardiovascular medicine specialist at Brigham and Womens Hospital and Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School (HMS). Receiving his medical degree from the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, he undertook a cellular physiology research fellowship at HMS. After a residency in internal medicine and a fellowship in cardiovascular disease, he became board certified in both. He is an editor of the leading cardiovascular medicine textbook, and the author of over 500 peer-reviewed publications, 575 reviews, chapters, etc. He has received funding from the American Heart Association (AHA) and National Institutes of Health, plus recognitions on four continents, including the AHA and American College of Cardiologys highest research awards, the Gold Medal of the European Society of Cardiology, the Anitschkow award from the European Atherosclerosis Society, the Ernst Jung Gold Medal for Medicine, and the Earl Benditt award for vascular biology. Professor Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo, MD received his medical degree and completed his Internal Medicine and Cardiology residency at the Heart Institute at the University of São Paulo School of Medicine in Brazil (FMUSP), where he earned his PhD on signaling processes in the vascular system. He trained in Physiology and Pharmacology at the University of Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. He founded and has directed the Vascular Biology Laboratory at the Heart Institute (InCor), FMUSP since 2008. He is author or co-author of over 145 publications in peer-reviewed journals. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and a past Council Member of the Society for Free Radical Biology. He belongs to the Editorial Boards of Free Radical Biology and Medicine and Clinical Science, and served as Chair and Vice-Chair of the Gordon Research Conference on Nox Family NADPH Oxidases. Antonio Carlos Palandri Chagas MD, PhD, is Professor of Medicine and Chief of Cardiology at the Medical School of ABC, São Paulo Brazil, where he earned his medical degree. His Residency in Internal Medicine and postgraduate work in cardiology were at the University of São Paulo; his PhD thesis covered myocardial ischemia. His postdoctoral fellowship was at the University of California San Franciscos Cardiovascular Research Institute. A Fellow of the American College of Cardiology (ACC) who serves on the board of the JACC, he was the Brazilian Chapters first governor. He belongs to the European Society of Cardiology. He was president of the São Paulo State Society of Cardiology, and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. He attained ACCs International Service Award; Chief of the Department of Internal Medicine at the Medical School of ABC; and Chair of ACCs International Assembly of Governors. He has authored over 145 peer-reviewed journal publications.