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Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability [Kõva köide]

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(Texas Christian University, USA)
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Energy, the Environment, and SustainabilitySuurem pilt
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Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781138489172.html
Märksõnad:
Energy and the Environment explains in simple terms what the energy demand is at the present, what the environmental effects of energy use are, and what can be accomplished to alleviate the environmental effects of energy use and ensure adequate energy supply. Though technical in approach, the text uses simple explanations of engineering processes and systems and algebra-based math to be comprehensible to students in a range of disciplines. Schematic diagrams, quantitative examples, and numerous problems will help students make quantitative calculations. This will assist them in comprehending the complexity of the energy-environment balance, and to analyze and evaluate proposed solutions.

Arvustused

"Award-winning author Efstathios E. (Stathis) Michaelides, PhD, is the Tex Moncrief Chair of Engineering at Texas Christian University. Though technical in approach, the text uses simple explanations of engineering processes and systems and algebra-based math to be comprehensible to students in a range of disciplines. Schematic diagrams, quantitative examples, and numerous problems help students make quantitative calculations. This will assist them in comprehending the complexity of the energy-environment balance and in analyzing and evaluating proposed solutions.

Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability is designed to provide readers the means to understand the scientific principles of energy conversion and the operation of the technical systems that are employed for the harnessing of all the currently known energy sources. Readers become familiar with the scientific principles for the harnessing of primary energy sources and learn to apply this knowledge to conduct feasibility studies and choose systems that make the best use of our energy resources. A unique aspect of this book is the inclusion of sections at the end of each chapter that debunk many misconceptions related to energy production and the environment. The key to this is the quantitative analysis of the data that are pertinent to each one of the misconceptions.

A second unique feature of Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability is the high emphasis on nuclear energy, energy storage, energy conservation and efficiency, and decision-making methods. When our society decides to seriously tackle the global climate change problem, all four will play important roles in the energy supply of nations." SirReadaLot, July Issue "Award-winning author Efstathios E. (Stathis) Michaelides, PhD, is the Tex Moncrief Chair of Engineering at Texas Christian University. Though technical in approach, the text uses simple explanations of engineering processes and systems and algebra-based math to be comprehensible to students in a range of disciplines. Schematic diagrams, quantitative examples, and numerous problems help students make quantitative calculations. This will assist them in comprehending the complexity of the energy-environment balance and in analyzing and evaluating proposed solutions.

Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability is designed to provide readers the means to understand the scientific principles of energy conversion and the operation of the technical systems that are employed for the harnessing of all the currently known energy sources. Readers become familiar with the scientific principles for the harnessing of primary energy sources and learn to apply this knowledge to conduct feasibility studies and choose systems that make the best use of our energy resources. A unique aspect of this book is the inclusion of sections at the end of each chapter that debunk many misconceptions related to energy production and the environment. The key to this is the quantitative analysis of the data that are pertinent to each one of the misconceptions.

A second unique feature of Energy, the Environment, and Sustainability is the high emphasis on nuclear energy, energy storage, energy conservation and efficiency, and decision-making methods. When our society decides to seriously tackle the global climate change problem, all four will play important roles in the energy supply of nations." SirReadaLot, July Issue

Foreword xiii
Author xv
Commonly Used Abbreviations xvii
1 Fundamental Concepts
1(34)
1.1 Work, Energy, Heat
2(1)
1.2 Units and Unit Conversions
3(4)
1.3 Elements of Thermodynamics: Principles of Energy Conversion
7(10)
1.3.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
9(3)
1.3.2 Thermodynamic Cycles and Cyclic Engines
12(1)
1.3.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics
13(4)
1.3.4 Perpetual Motion Engines
17(1)
1.4 Thermal Efficiency and Other Figures of Merit
17(6)
1.4.1 Power Plants
18(1)
1.4.2 Refrigeration and Heat Pump Cycles
19(2)
1.4.3 Component Efficiencies
21(2)
1.5 Practical Cycles for Power Production and Refrigeration
23(5)
1.5.1 Vapor Power Cycles: The Rankine Cycle
23(2)
1.5.2 Gas Cycles: The Bray ton Cycle
25(2)
1.5.3 Refrigeration, Heat Pump, and Air-Conditioning Cycles
27(1)
1.6 Exergy: Availability
28(4)
1.6.1 Geothermal Energy Resources
29(1)
1.6.2 Fossil Fuel Resources
30(1)
1.6.3 Radiation: The Sun as Energy Resource
31(1)
1.7 Myths and Reality about Energy Conversion
32(3)
References
34(1)
2 Energy Demand and Supply
35(36)
2.1 Demand for Energy: Whither Does It Go?
36(10)
2.1.1 Economic Development, Quality of Life, and Human Development
37(3)
2.1.2 Benefits to the Human Society from Mechanization and Energy
40(3)
2.1.3 Global Trends of the Demand for Energy
43(3)
2.2 Energy Supply: Whence Does It Come?
46(8)
2.2.1 Energy Prices, Economics, and Politics
50(4)
2.3 Energy for Transportation
54(3)
2.4 Production of Electricity
57(3)
2.5 Future TPES Demand
60(3)
2.6 Energy Resources and Reserves
63(4)
2.6.1 Finite Life of a Resource
64(3)
2.7 Sustainable Energy Supply and Limitations
67(4)
References
69(2)
3 Environmental Effects of Energy Production and Utilization
71(54)
3.1 Energy, Ecology, and the Environment
71(2)
3.2 Recent Successes in Environmental Stewardship
73(11)
3.2.1 Formation of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides
73(1)
3.2.2 Acid Rain
74(6)
3.2.3 Lead Abatement
80(2)
3.2.4 Ozone Depletion: The "Ozone Hole"
82(2)
3.3 Global Climate Change
84(25)
3.3.1 Greenhouse Effect
84(2)
3.3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions
86(4)
3.3.3 Weather and Climate
90(1)
3.3.4 Potential GCC Effects on the Climate
91(2)
3.3.5 Mitigating and Remedial Actions
93(5)
3.3.6 The Kyoto Protocol
98(1)
3.3.7 The Paris Agreement
99(2)
3.3.8 The Kigali Agreement on Hydrofluorocarbons
101(1)
3.3.9 Uniqueness of the GCC Problem
101(5)
3.3.10 Myths and Reality Related to GCC
106(3)
3.4 Nuclear Waste
109(3)
3.4.1 Initial Treatment of the Waste
110(1)
3.4.2 Long-Term Disposal
111(1)
3.5 Thermal Pollution
112(5)
3.5.1 Energy--Water Nexus
113(2)
3.5.2 Effects on the Aquatic Life
115(1)
3.5.3 Myths and Reality Related to Water Use
115(2)
3.6 Energy Sustainability and Carbon Footprint
117(8)
References
123(2)
4 Fossil Fuels
125(36)
4.1 Heating Value of Fuels
126(1)
4.2 Types of Fossil Fuels
127(7)
4.2.1 Coal
127(3)
4.2.2 Petroleum (Crude Oil)
130(1)
4.2.3 Natural Gas
131(1)
4.2.4 Oil Shale and Shale Gas
132(1)
4.2.5 Tar Sands
133(1)
4.3 Physicochemical Fuel Conversions
134(8)
4.3.1 Petroleum Refining
134(2)
4.3.2 Coal Liquefaction and Gasification: Synfuels
136(2)
4.3.3 Fluidized Bed Reactors
138(4)
4.4 Fossil Fuel Resources and Reserves: Peak Oil
142(8)
4.4.1 Hubbert Curve
142(3)
4.4.2 Life Cycle of Fossil Fuels: New Models for the Depletion of a Resource
145(5)
4.5 Environmental Effects
150(5)
4.5.1 Coal Mining and Strip Mining
151(2)
4.5.2 Oil Transport and Spills
153(1)
4.5.3 Hydraulic Fracturing (Fracking)
154(1)
4.6 Future of Fossil Fuel Consumption
155(1)
4.7 CO2 Avoidance
156(5)
References
158(3)
5 Nuclear Energy
161(44)
5.1 Elements of Nuclear Physics
161(13)
5.1.1 Nuclear Fission
164(3)
5.1.2 Nuclear Fusion
167(1)
5.1.3 Radioactivity
168(4)
5.1.4 Chain Reaction
172(2)
5.2 Essential Components of Nuclear Reactors
174(2)
5.3 Reactor and Power Plant Classifications
176(6)
5.3.1 Pressurized Water Reactors and Boiling Water Reactors
177(2)
5.3.2 Gas-Cooled Reactors
179(1)
5.3.3 Other Thermal Reactor Types
180(1)
5.3.4 Breeder Reactors
180(2)
5.4 Useful Parameters for Nuclear Energy
182(3)
5.5 Notorious Nuclear Power Plant Accidents
185(5)
5.5.1 Accident at Three Mile Island
187(1)
5.5.2 Accident at Chernobyl
187(2)
5.5.3 Accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi
189(1)
5.6 Environmental Effects: The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
190(3)
5.6.1 Mining, Refining, and Enrichment
190(1)
5.6.2 Reprocessing of Spent Fuel; Temporary and Permanent Storages
191(1)
5.6.3 Environmental and Health Effects of the Fuel Cycle
192(1)
5.7 Economics of Nuclear Energy
193(1)
5.8 Future of Nuclear Energy
194(6)
5.8.1 To Breed or Not to Breed?
198(2)
5.9 Myths and Reality about Nuclear Energy
200(5)
References
203(2)
6 Renewable Energy
205(94)
6.1 Hydroelectric Energy
205(6)
6.1.1 Global Hydroelectric Energy Production
208(1)
6.1.2 Environmental Impacts and Safety Concerns
209(1)
6.1.3 Planned Hydroelectric Installations and Future Expansion
210(1)
6.2 Solar Energy
211(19)
6.2.1 Variability of Solar Radiation
212(5)
6.2.2 Thermal Collectors
217(5)
6.2.3 Thermal Solar Power Plants
220
6.2.4 Solar Cells and Photovoltaics
222(4)
6.2.5 Solar Power Data and Solar Energy Calculations
226(2)
6.2.6 Environmental Impacts of Solar Energy
228(2)
6.3 Wind Energy
230(16)
6.3.1 Fundamentals of Wind Power
231(5)
6.3.2 Wind Turbines
236(2)
6.3.3 Wind Power Generation
238(5)
6.3.4 Average Power and Annual Energy Production
243(1)
6.3.5 Wind Farms
244(1)
6.3.6 Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy
245(1)
6.4 Geothermal Energy
246(14)
6.4.1 Fundamentals of Geothermal Energy
247(3)
6.4.2 Geothermal Resources
250(1)
6.4.3 Electric Power Production
251(1)
6.4.3.1 Dry Steam Units
252(1)
6.4.3.2 Single- and Dual-Flashing Units
253(2)
6.4.3.3 Binary Units
255(1)
6.4.3.4 Hybrid Geothermal-Fossil Power Units
256(1)
6.4.4 District Heating
257(2)
6.4.5 Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy
259(1)
6.5 Biomass Energy
260(15)
6.5.1 Heating Value of Biomass
260(4)
6.5.2 Biofuels: Ethanol Production from Corn
264(4)
6.5.3 Aquatic Biomass
268(1)
6.5.4 Environmental and Ecological Impacts of Biomass Use
269(2)
6.5.5 Social, Economic, and Other Issues Related to Biomass
271(1)
6.5.5.1 Food Production and Food Prices
272(1)
6.5.5.2 Food Scarcity
272(1)
6.5.5.3 Economic Subsidies
273(1)
6.5.5.4 Global Poverty Levels
274(1)
6.5.5.5 Stability of Energy Prices
274(1)
6.5.5.6 GHG Policies and Regulations
274(1)
6.5.5.7 Technological Advances
275(1)
6.5.5.8 Global and Regional Climate Change
275(1)
6.6 Sea/Ocean Energy
275(10)
6.6.1 Ocean Currents
275(2)
6.6.2 Wave Energy
277(2)
6.6.3 Tidal Energy
279(5)
6.6.4 Ocean--Freshwater Salinity Gradient
284(1)
6.6.5 Ocean--Thermal Energy Conversion
284(1)
6.7 Myths and Reality about Renewable Energy
285(14)
References
296(3)
7 Energy Storage
299(56)
7.1 Demand for Electricity: The Need to Store Energy
300(12)
7.1.1 Electricity Supply by Types of Power Plants
301(7)
7.1.2 Wholesale Electricity Prices: Deregulation
308(3)
7.1.3 Energy Storage Applications and Figures of Merit
311(1)
7.2 Electromechanical Storage
312(8)
7.2.1 Pumped Water
313(2)
7.2.2 Compressed Air
315(2)
7.2.3 Flywheels, Springs, and Torsion Bars
317(2)
7.2.4 Capacitors, Ultracapacitors, and Superconducting Coils
319(1)
7.3 Thermal Storage
320(7)
7.3.1 Sensible and Latent Heat Storage
320(3)
7.3.2 Storage of "Coolness"
323(2)
7.3.3 Phase-Change Materials: Eutectic Salts
325(2)
7.4 Chemical Storage: Batteries
327(1)
74.1 Wet and Dry Cell Batteries
327(6)
7.4.2 Lead Batteries
329(1)
7.4.3 Lithium Batteries
330(2)
7.4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Batteries
332(1)
7.5 Hydrogen Storage
333(15)
7.5.1 Fuel Cells
335(5)
7.5.2 Practical Types of Fuel Cells
340(1)
7.5.3 Hydrogen Economy
341(3)
7.5.4 Case Study of Hydrogen Energy Storage for Buildings
344(4)
7.6 Characteristics, Timescales, and Cost of Energy Storage
348(2)
7.7 Myths and Reality on Energy Storage
350(5)
References
353(2)
8 Energy Conservation and Higher Efficiency
355(52)
8.1 Desired Actions, Energy Consumption, Conservation, and Higher Efficiency
356(3)
8.2 Use of the Exergy Concept to Reduce Energy Resource Consumption
359(6)
8.2.1 Utilization of Fossil Fuel Resources
360(1)
8.2.2 Minimization of Energy or Power Used for Desired Actions
361(4)
8.3 Improved Efficiency in Electric Power Generation
365(5)
8.3.1 For Rankine Vapor Cycles
365(1)
8.3.2 For Bray ton Gas Cycles
366(1)
8.3.3 Combination of Processes and Desired Actions: Cogeneration
367(3)
8.4 Waste Heat Utilization
370(3)
8.4.1 From Rankine (Steam) Cycles
370(2)
8.4.2 From Bray ton (Gas) Cycles: Combined Cycles
372(1)
8.5 Conservation and Efficiency Improvement in Buildings
373(17)
8.5.1 Use of Fluorescent Bulbs or Light-Emitting Diodes
374(2)
8.5.2 Use of Heat Pump Cycles for Heating and Cooling
376(3)
8.5.3 Ground Source Heat Pumps
379(2)
8.5.4 Hot Water Supply
381(3)
8.5.5 Adiabatic Evaporation
384(1)
8.5.6 District Cooling
385(1)
8.5.7 Fenestration (Windows) Improvement
386(1)
8.5.8 Improved Efficiency of Appliances
387(1)
8.5.9 Other Energy Conservation Measures for Buildings
388(2)
8.6 Conservation and Improved Efficiency in Transportation
390(11)
8.6.1 Electric Vehicles with Batteries
394(5)
8.6.2 Fuel Cell-Powered Vehicles
399(2)
8.7 Myths and Reality on Conservation and Efficiency
401(6)
References
405(2)
9 Energy Economics and Decision-Making Methods
407(44)
9.1 Introduction
407(3)
9.1.1 Fundamental Concepts of Economics
409(1)
9.2 Time-Value of Money
410(8)
9.2.1 Simple and Compound Interests
411(1)
9.2.2 Cash Flow
412(2)
9.2.3 Equivalence of Funds and Present Value
414(2)
9.2.4 Note on the Discount Rate and Interest Rates
416(2)
9.3 Decision-Making Process
418(5)
9.3.1 Developing a List of Alternatives
419(2)
9.3.2 Externalities
421(2)
9.4 Investment Appraisal Methods
423(7)
9.4.1 Net Present Value
423(3)
9.4.2 Annual Worth Method
426(1)
9.4.3 Average Return on Book
426(1)
9.4.4 Payback Period
427(1)
9.4.5 Internal Rate of Return
428(1)
9.4.6 External Rate of Return
429(1)
9.4.7 Profitability Index
429(1)
9.5 Case Studies: Financial Analysis of a Wind Farm Project
430(16)
9.5.1 NPV and Governmental Incentives or Disincentives
434(8)
9.5.2 Use of the NPV Method for Improved Efficiency Projects
442(3)
9.5.3 Financing Energy Efficiency Projects as Mortgages
445(1)
9.6 Project Financing for Alternative Energy Technology
446(5)
References
450(1)
Answers to Selected Problems 451(4)
Index 455
Efstathios E. (Stathis) Michaelides, PhD, is currently the Tex Moncrief Chair of Engineering at Texas Christian University (TCU). Prior to this he held professorial and several administrative positions in four Universities. He is recognized as a leading scholar in the areas of multiphase flows and energy conversion, where he also authored four monographs. He has published more than 140 journal papers and has contributed more than 230 scientific papers in national and international conferences. Among his achievements is the extension of the Immersed Boundary numerical method for particulate flows and heat transfer (with Professor Z.G. Feng). He chaired the 4th International Conference on Multiphase Flows (New Orleans May 27 to June 1, 2001). He was awarded an honorary M.A. degree from Oxford University (1983); the ASEE Centennial Award for Exceptional Contributions to the Profession of Engineering (1993). The Lee H. Johnson award for Teaching Excellence (1995); the Senior Fulbright Fellowship (1997); the ASME Freeman Scholar award (2002); the Outstanding Researcher award at Tulane University (2003); the ASME Outstanding Service award (2007); the ASME Fluids Engineering award (2014); and the ASME-FED 90th Anniversary Medal.