| Preface |
|
xviii | |
| Acknowledgments |
|
xx | |
|
Fundamentals and Basic Terminology |
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1 | (55) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (9) |
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Sound Source Modification |
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5 | (2) |
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Control of the Transmission Path |
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7 | (1) |
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Modification of the Receiver |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Facilities in the Design Stage |
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9 | (2) |
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Airborne versus Structure-borne Noise |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (9) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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Acoustic Potential Function |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (10) |
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Plane and Spherical Waves |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (5) |
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Spherical Wave Propagation |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (4) |
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33 | (2) |
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Plane Wave and Far Field Intensity |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (3) |
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41 | (4) |
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43 | (2) |
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Combining Sound Pressures |
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45 | (7) |
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Coherent and Incoherent Sounds |
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45 | (1) |
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Addition of Coherent Sound Pressures |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Addition of Incoherent Sounds (Logarithmic Addition) |
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48 | (2) |
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Subtraction of Sound Pressure Levels |
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50 | (1) |
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Combining Level Reductions |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Specific Acoustic Impedance, Zs |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (38) |
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Brief Description of the Ear |
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56 | (10) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Cochlear Duct or Partition |
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59 | (3) |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (2) |
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Linear Array of Uncoupled Oscillators |
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64 | (2) |
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Mechanical Properties of the Central Partition |
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66 | (13) |
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Basilar Membrane Travelling Wave |
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66 | (4) |
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Energy Transport and Group Speed |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (4) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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Noise Induced Hearing Loss |
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79 | (2) |
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Subjective Response to Sound Pressure Level |
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81 | (13) |
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81 | (3) |
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84 | (1) |
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Comparative Loudness and the Phon |
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85 | (1) |
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Relative Loudness and the Sone |
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86 | (4) |
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90 | (4) |
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Instrumentation for Noise Measurement and Analysis |
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94 | (44) |
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94 | (9) |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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Field Effects and Calibration |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (2) |
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105 | (2) |
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Classes of Sound Level Meter |
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107 | (1) |
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Sound Level Meter Calibration |
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107 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Noise Measurements Using Sound Level Meters |
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109 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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Sound Level Meter Amplifier Mishandling |
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109 | (1) |
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Microphone and Sound Level Meter Response Characteristics |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Reflections from Nearby Surfaces |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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Personal Sound Exposure Meter |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (9) |
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Sound Intensity by the p-u Method |
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117 | (1) |
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Accuracy of the p-u Method |
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118 | (1) |
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Sound Intensity by the p-p Method |
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119 | (2) |
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Accuracy of the p-p Method |
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121 | (2) |
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Frequency Decomposition of the Intensity |
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123 | (1) |
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Direct Frequency Decomposition |
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123 | (1) |
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Indirect Frequency Decomposition |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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Sound Source Localisation |
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126 | (12) |
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Nearfield Acoustic Holography (NAH) |
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127 | (1) |
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Summary of the Underlying Theory |
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128 | (3) |
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Statistically Optimised Nearfield Acoustic Holography (SONAH) |
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131 | (2) |
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Helmholtz Equation Least Squares Method (HELS) |
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133 | (1) |
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133 | (2) |
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Summary of the Underlying Theory |
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135 | (1) |
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Direct Sound Intensity Measurement |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (49) |
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138 | (5) |
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139 | (1) |
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A-weighted Equivalent Continuous Noise Level, LAeq |
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139 | (1) |
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A-weighted Sound Exposure |
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139 | (1) |
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A-weighted Sound Exposure Level, LAE or SEL |
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140 | (1) |
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Day-Night Average Sound Level, Ldn or DNL |
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141 | (1) |
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Community Noise Equivalent Level, Lden or CNEL |
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141 | (1) |
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Effective Perceived Noise Level, LPNE |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (13) |
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Requirements for Speech Recognition |
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147 | (1) |
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Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk |
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147 | (2) |
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International Standards Organisation Formulation |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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Bies and Hansen Formulation |
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152 | (1) |
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Dresden Group Formulation |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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Some Alternative Interpretations |
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156 | (3) |
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Hearing Damage Risk Criteria |
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159 | (4) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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Implementing a Hearing Conservation Program |
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163 | (1) |
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Speech Interference Criteria |
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164 | (2) |
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Broadband Background Noise |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (1) |
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Psychological Effects of Noise |
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166 | (1) |
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Noise as a Cause of Stress |
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166 | (1) |
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Effect on Behaviour and Work Efficiency |
|
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167 | (1) |
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Ambient Noise Level Specification |
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167 | (13) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (4) |
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Comparison of Noise Weighting Curves with dB(A) Specifications |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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Environmental Noise Level Criteria |
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180 | (3) |
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180 | (3) |
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Environmental Noise Surveys |
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183 | (4) |
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183 | (1) |
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Duration of the Measurement Survey |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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Sound Sources and Outdoor Sound Propagation |
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187 | (73) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (4) |
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188 | (3) |
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Fluid Mechanical Monopole Source |
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191 | (1) |
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192 | (8) |
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Pulsating Doublet or Dipole (Far-field Approximation) |
|
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192 | (3) |
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Pulsating Doublet or Dipole (Near-field) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (2) |
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Fluid Mechanical Dipole Source |
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199 | (1) |
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Quadrupole Source (Far-Field Approximation) |
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200 | (3) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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Fluid Mechanical Quadrupole Source |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (3) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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Piston in an Infinite Baffle |
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206 | (8) |
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207 | (3) |
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210 | (2) |
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Radiation Load of the Near Field |
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212 | (2) |
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Incoherent Plane Radiator |
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214 | (5) |
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214 | (4) |
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Several Walls of a Building or Enclosure |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (2) |
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Simple Source Near a Reflecting Surface |
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220 | (1) |
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Observer Near a Reflecting Surface |
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221 | (1) |
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Observer and Source Both Close to a Reflecting Surface |
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222 | (1) |
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Reflection and Transmission at a Plane/Two Media Interface |
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222 | (10) |
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223 | (1) |
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Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission |
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223 | (4) |
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Spherical Wave Reflection at a Plane Interface |
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227 | (3) |
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230 | (2) |
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Sound Propagation Outdoors, General Concepts |
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232 | (28) |
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232 | (1) |
|
Limits to Accuracy of Prediction |
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233 | (1) |
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Outdoor Sound Propagation Prediction Schemes |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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Excess Attenuation Factor, A E |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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Shielding by Barriers, Houses and Process Equipment/Industrial Buildings, A bhp |
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237 | (4) |
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Attenuation due to Forests and Dense Foliage, Af |
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241 | (2) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Simple Method (Hard or Soft Ground) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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Detailed, Accurate and Complex Method |
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246 | (2) |
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Image Inversion and Increased Attenuation at Large Distance |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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Attenuation in the Shadow Zone (Negative Sonic Gradient) |
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251 | (2) |
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Meteorological Attenuation Calculated according to Tonin (1985) |
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253 | (1) |
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Meteorological Attenuation Calculated according to CONCAWE |
|
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254 | (1) |
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Meteorological Attenuation Calculated according to ISO 9613-2 (1996) |
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255 | (4) |
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Combined Excess Attenuation Model |
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259 | (1) |
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Accuracy of Outdoor Sound Predictions |
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259 | (1) |
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Sound Power, Its Use And Measurement |
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260 | (28) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Relation Between Sound Power and Sound Pressure |
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262 | (2) |
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Radiation Field of a Sound Source |
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264 | (3) |
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Free-field Simulation in an Anechoic Room |
|
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265 | (1) |
|
Sound Field Produced in an Enclosure |
|
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266 | (1) |
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Determination of Sound Power Using Intensity Measurements |
|
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267 | (1) |
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Determination of Sound Power Using Conventional Pressure Measurements |
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268 | (15) |
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Measurement in Free or Semi-free Field |
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269 | (4) |
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Measurement in a Diffuse Field |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method One |
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276 | (1) |
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Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method Two |
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277 | (1) |
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Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method Three |
|
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (4) |
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Determination of Sound Power Using Surface Vibration Measurements |
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283 | (2) |
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Some Uses Of Sound Power Information |
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285 | (3) |
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286 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (65) |
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288 | (3) |
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Wall-interior Modal Coupling |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (5) |
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291 | (5) |
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296 | (1) |
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Bound Between Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Behaviour |
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296 | (4) |
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297 | (1) |
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Modal Damping and Bandwidth |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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299 | (1) |
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High Frequencies, Statistical Analysis |
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300 | (5) |
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Effective Intensity in a Diffuse Field |
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301 | (1) |
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Energy Absorption at Boundaries |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (7) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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Measurement of the Room Constant |
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312 | (3) |
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Reference Sound Source Method |
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313 | (1) |
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Reverberation Time Method |
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313 | (2) |
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315 | (6) |
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Measurement of Absorption Coefficients |
|
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315 | (3) |
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Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
|
Porous Liners with Perforated Panel Facings |
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319 | (2) |
|
Sound Absorption Coefficients of Materials in Combination |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (5) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (3) |
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326 | (17) |
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Flat Room with Specularly Reflecting Floor and Ceiling |
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328 | (2) |
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Flat Room with Diffusely Reflecting Floor and Ceiling |
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330 | (5) |
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Flat Room with Specularly and Diffusely Reflecting Boundaries |
|
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335 | (2) |
|
Long Room with Specularly Reflecting Walls |
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337 | (3) |
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Long Room with Circular Cross-section and Diffusely Reflecting Wall |
|
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340 | (2) |
|
Long Room with Rectangular Cross-section |
|
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342 | (1) |
|
Applications Of Sound Absorption |
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343 | (1) |
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Relative Importance of the Reverberant Field |
|
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (9) |
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344 | (2) |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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Interaural Cross Correlation Coefficient, IACC |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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Total Sound Level or Loudness, G |
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348 | (1) |
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348 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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349 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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Estimation of Parameters for Occupied Concert Halls |
|
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351 | (1) |
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Optimum Volumes for Auditoria |
|
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352 | (1) |
|
Partitions, Enclosures and Barriers |
|
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353 | (79) |
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353 | (1) |
|
Sound Transmission Through Partitions |
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354 | (40) |
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354 | (5) |
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359 | (5) |
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364 | (1) |
|
Panel Transmission Loss (or Sound Reduction Index) Behaviour |
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365 | (5) |
|
Sharp's Prediction Scheme for Isotropic Panels |
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370 | (3) |
|
Davy's Prediction Scheme for Isotropic Panels |
|
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373 | (1) |
|
Thickness Correction for Isotropic Panels |
|
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (1) |
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Double Wall Transmission Loss |
|
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376 | (1) |
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Sharp Model for Double Wall TL |
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376 | (5) |
|
Davy Model for Double Wall TL |
|
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381 | (3) |
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384 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
|
Effect of the Flow Resistance of the Sound Absorbing Material in the Cavity |
|
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386 | (1) |
|
Multi-leaf and Composite Panels |
|
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386 | (1) |
|
Triple Wall Sound Transmission Loss |
|
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387 | (1) |
|
Common Building Materials |
|
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (7) |
|
Noise Reduction vs Transmission Loss |
|
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394 | (4) |
|
Composite Transmission Loss |
|
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394 | (3) |
|
Flanking Transmission Loss |
|
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (13) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (4) |
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402 | (3) |
|
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405 | (1) |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (1) |
|
Enclosure Vibration Isolation |
|
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (2) |
|
|
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410 | (1) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (18) |
|
Diffraction at the Edge of a Thin Sheet |
|
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412 | (3) |
|
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415 | (4) |
|
|
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419 | (4) |
|
|
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423 | (1) |
|
Effects of Wind and Temperature Gradients on Barrier Attenuation |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
ISO 9613-2 Approach to Barrier Insertion Loss Calculations |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
|
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427 | (2) |
|
|
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429 | (3) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
Impermeable Jacket and Porous Blanket Lagging |
|
|
429 | (3) |
|
|
|
432 | (82) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
Diffusers as Muffling Devices |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Classification of Muffling Devices |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
|
|
437 | (9) |
|
Impedance of an Orifice or a Short Narrow Duct |
|
|
437 | (3) |
|
|
|
440 | (3) |
|
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (32) |
|
Acoustical Analogs of Kirchhoff's Laws |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
End Corrections for a Helmholtz Resonator Neck and Quarter Wave Tube |
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Quality Factor of a Helmholtz Resonator and Quarter Wave Tube |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Insertion Loss due to Side Branch |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
Transmission Loss due to Side Branch |
|
|
453 | (3) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (5) |
|
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
|
|
466 | (6) |
|
Pressure Drop Calculations for Reactive Muffling Devices |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
|
|
473 | (5) |
|
|
|
478 | (18) |
|
Locally Reacting and Bulk Reacting Liners |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
|
479 | (3) |
|
|
|
482 | (5) |
|
|
|
487 | (3) |
|
Higher Order Mode Propagation |
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
Cross-sectional Discontinuities |
|
|
494 | (2) |
|
Pressure Drop Calculations for Dissipative Mufflers |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
Effect of Duct End Reflections |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (2) |
|
Break-out Sound Transmission |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
Break-in Sound Transmission |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (4) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (2) |
|
More Complex Methods (Cummings and Ih) |
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
Directivity of Exhaust Ducts |
|
|
506 | (8) |
|
|
|
514 | (42) |
|
|
|
514 | (2) |
|
|
|
516 | (18) |
|
Single-degree-of-freedom Systems |
|
|
517 | (7) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
|
|
525 | (2) |
|
Two-stage Vibration Isolation |
|
|
527 | (2) |
|
Practical Isolator Considerations |
|
|
529 | (3) |
|
Lack of Stiffness of Equipment Mounted on Isolators |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Lack of Stiffness of Foundations |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
Superimposed Loads on Isolators |
|
|
533 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (4) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
538 | (4) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (8) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
Sources of Measurement Error |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Sources of Error in the Measurement of Transients |
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
Accelerometer Calibration |
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
Piezo-resistive Accelerometers |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
|
548 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
Damping of Vibrating Surfaces |
|
|
550 | (3) |
|
When Damping is Effective and Ineffective |
|
|
550 | (2) |
|
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
|
553 | (3) |
|
Sound Power and Sound Pressure Level Estimation Procedures |
|
|
556 | (61) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (4) |
|
|
|
561 | (3) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Large Compressors (Noise Levels within the Inlet and Exit Piping) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Centrifugal Compressors (Interior Noise Levels) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
Rotary or Axial Compressors (Interior Noise Levels) |
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Reciprocating Compressors (Interior Noise) |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
Large Compressors (Exterior Noise Levels) |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Compressors for Chillers and Refrigration Units |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (2) |
|
|
|
567 | (1) |
|
|
|
568 | (7) |
|
General Estimation Procedures |
|
|
568 | (6) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
General Jet Noise Control |
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (16) |
|
Internal Sound Power Generation |
|
|
575 | (7) |
|
Internal Sound Pressure Level |
|
|
582 | (3) |
|
External Sound Pressure Level |
|
|
585 | (3) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Control Valve Noise Reduction |
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
Control Valves for Liquids |
|
|
589 | (1) |
|
|
|
590 | (1) |
|
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
592 | (2) |
|
Diesel and Gas-Driven Engines |
|
|
594 | (4) |
|
|
|
594 | (2) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Small Electric Motors (below 300 kW) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Large Electric Motors (above 300 kW) |
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (14) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (5) |
|
United States FHWA Traffic Noise Model (TNM) |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (5) |
|
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
Practical Numerical Acoustics |
|
|
617 | (41) |
|
|
|
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (31) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
Boundary Element Method (BEM) |
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (8) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
Pressure Formulated Acoustic Elements |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
Displacement Formulated Acoustic Elements |
|
|
636 | (2) |
|
Practical Aspects of Modelling Acoustic Systems with FEA |
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Modal Coupling using Matlab |
|
|
641 | (7) |
|
Acoustic Potential Energy |
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
High-Frequency Region: Statistical Energy Analysis |
|
|
649 | (9) |
|
|
|
651 | (3) |
|
|
|
654 | (4) |
|
APPENDIX A WAVE EQUATION DERIVATION |
|
|
658 | (7) |
|
|
|
658 | (1) |
|
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Wave Equation (Linearised) |
|
|
661 | (4) |
|
APPENDIX B PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS |
|
|
665 | (4) |
|
APPENDIX C ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS MATERIALS |
|
|
669 | (18) |
|
Flow Resistance and Resistivity |
|
|
669 | (4) |
|
Sound Propagation in Porous Media |
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
Sound Reduction Due to Propagation Through a Porous Material |
|
|
675 | (2) |
|
Measurement and Calculation of Absorption Coefficients |
|
|
677 | (10) |
|
Porous Materials with a Backing Cavity |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
Multiple Layers of Porous Liner backed by an Impedance ZL |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Porous Liner Covered with a Limp Impervious Layer |
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Porous Liner Covered with a Perforated Sheet |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
Porous Liner Covered with a Limp Impervious Layer and a Perforated Sheet |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
APPENDIX D FREQUENCY ANALYSIS |
|
|
687 | (17) |
|
|
|
687 | (1) |
|
Discrete Fourier Analysis |
|
|
688 | (13) |
|
|
|
693 | (3) |
|
Sampling Frequency and Aliasing |
|
|
696 | (1) |
|
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
|
697 | (1) |
|
|
|
697 | (3) |
|
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
|
|
701 | (3) |
|
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Frequency Response (or Transfer) Function |
|
|
703 | (1) |
| References |
|
704 | (22) |
| List of Acoustical Standards |
|
726 | (11) |
| Index |
|
737 | |
