About the Author |
|
xix | |
Introduction |
|
xxi | |
|
Chapter 1 Engineers and designers---Career paths---Institutes |
|
|
1 | (8) |
|
1.1 What is a Piping/Plant Layout Designer and Engineer |
|
|
1 | (3) |
|
|
1 | (2) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
1.2 Engineering Institutions and Engineering Societies |
|
|
4 | (5) |
|
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
The Institution of Plant Engineers (IPlantE), the Society of Operations Engineers (SOE) |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
The Institute of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
The Energy Institute (EI) (Formerly the Institute of Petroleum) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
The Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) |
|
|
7 | (2) |
|
Chapter 2 Piping material, process terms, and piping codes |
|
|
9 | (64) |
|
|
9 | (51) |
|
Design as Addressed in ASME B31.3 Chapter II---Design |
|
|
9 | (2) |
|
Standards as Addressed in ASME B31.3 Chapter IV for Piping Components |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Methods of Manufacturing Pipe |
|
|
11 | (3) |
|
Pipe Diameters, Thicknesses, and Schedules |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
|
15 | (34) |
|
|
49 | (11) |
|
|
60 | (5) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
|
62 | (3) |
|
|
65 | (8) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (3) |
|
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of plant layout design---Plot plans |
|
|
73 | (32) |
|
3.1 Fundamentals of Plant Layout Design |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
3.2 Equipment Layout and Plot Plans |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (2) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Internally Generated Engineering Data |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
3.4 Project Logic Diagram |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
3.5 Plot Plans---Basis for Design |
|
|
77 | (15) |
|
PFD---Process Flow Diagram |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
|
80 | (4) |
|
|
84 | (8) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
3.6 Hazardous Area Classification |
|
|
92 | (6) |
|
3.7 Spacing Within Process and Utility Plants |
|
|
98 | (7) |
|
Chapter 4 Piping and equipment basis for selection |
|
|
105 | (38) |
|
4.1 Bases for the Selection |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
|
109 | (2) |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
111 | (3) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
114 | (8) |
|
Fire Protection Zone (FPZ) |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Fireproofing for Supports, Equipment, and Pipe Racks |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
118 | (1) |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (4) |
|
The Resistance of Flange Gaskets |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Blow-out Resistance---Valves |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
Blow-out Resistance---Pressure Relief Devices |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
Pressure Relief Valves (PRV) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Bursting Discs (Rupture Discs) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
Blow-out Resistance---Piping Flexibility |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (4) |
|
|
130 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (5) |
|
|
134 | (3) |
|
|
137 | (6) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Potential Causes of Increases in Cost or Effort |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Equipment Acquisition Cost |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Identification of Cost and Effort Problems |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
Resolution of Cost Problems |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
Chapter 5 Vessels and drums |
|
|
143 | (26) |
|
5.1 Types of Vessels and Drums |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
5.2 Vessel and Drum Location |
|
|
144 | (3) |
|
5.3 Vessel and Drum Supports |
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
5.5 Platform Arrangements |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
|
156 | (3) |
|
5.7 Vessel and Drum Instrumentation |
|
|
159 | (6) |
|
|
165 | (2) |
|
|
167 | (2) |
|
|
169 | (20) |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
|
169 | (7) |
|
Phase-Change Heat Exchangers |
|
|
172 | (1) |
|
Helical-Coil Heat Exchangers |
|
|
173 | (3) |
|
|
176 | (4) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
181 | (3) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (5) |
|
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
|
186 | (3) |
|
|
189 | (22) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Allowable Nozzle Loadings |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
7.2 NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) |
|
|
190 | (5) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (4) |
|
|
195 | (5) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Reciprocating (Positive Displacement) Pumps |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (6) |
|
|
206 | (4) |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (32) |
|
8.1 Definition, Compressor Types and Drives |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (3) |
|
Compressor Suction Drum/Knockout Pot |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
8.3 Centrifugal Compressors |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
8.4 Reciprocating Compressors |
|
|
215 | (3) |
|
|
218 | (2) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Vertically Split Casing Compressors |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
224 | (2) |
|
|
226 | (4) |
|
|
230 | (6) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
Reciprocating Compressors |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
|
236 | (7) |
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Reciprocating Compressor Piping |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
240 | (3) |
|
|
243 | (28) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (4) |
|
|
244 | (3) |
|
|
247 | (4) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
251 | (6) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
9.5 Combustion Air Preheating Systems |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
9.6 General Arrangement of Furnaces |
|
|
259 | (6) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
9.7 Piping Layout for Furnaces |
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
9.8 Tail Gas Incinerator and Waste Heat Units |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
271 | (14) |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
10.3 Design Considerations |
|
|
272 | (4) |
|
|
276 | (2) |
|
10.5 Support and Elevation |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
10.6 Nozzle Locations and Elevations |
|
|
279 | (3) |
|
Catalyst Unloading Nozzles |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
Nozzle Locations and Elevations |
|
|
280 | (2) |
|
10.7 Platform and Piping Arrangements |
|
|
282 | (2) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (24) |
|
11.1 Distillation Process |
|
|
285 | (3) |
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (2) |
|
11.3 Design Considerations |
|
|
290 | (3) |
|
11.4 Elevations and Supports |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
11.5 Nozzle Locations and Elevations |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
11.6 Platform Arrangements |
|
|
295 | (5) |
|
Circular Platform Bracket Spacing |
|
|
296 | (4) |
|
|
300 | (3) |
|
11.8 Instruments on Towers |
|
|
303 | (3) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
11.9 Design of Fractionation Towers |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Calculation of Column Diameter |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
Chapter 12 Pipe racks/structures |
|
|
309 | (22) |
|
12.1 Pipe racks---Widths, Bent Spacing's, and Elevations of Racks |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
12.2 Pipe Racks---Setting Pipe, Valve and Instrument Locations |
|
|
312 | (4) |
|
Pipe Routing in a Pipe Rack |
|
|
312 | (4) |
|
12.3 Pipe Racks---Piping Flexibility and Supports |
|
|
316 | (3) |
|
12.4 Pipe Racks---Structural Considerations |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
12.5 Pipe Racks---Other Considerations |
|
|
319 | (2) |
|
12.6 Structures---Design Features |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
12.7 Structures---Structural Details |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
12.8 Structural Arrangements |
|
|
324 | (3) |
|
|
325 | (2) |
|
12.9 Structures---Drill Structures---Coker Units |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
12.10 Structures---Operations Platforms |
|
|
328 | (3) |
|
Chapter 13 Underground piping |
|
|
331 | (16) |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
331 | (2) |
|
|
333 | (3) |
|
Underground Drainage Systems |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
Uncontaminated Stormwater |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Solvent Collection Systems |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Underground Piping and Services |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Underground Cooling Water |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
13.4 Construction Materials |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
13.5 Oily Water and Stormwater Systems |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
13.6 Chemical and Process Closed Sewers |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
13.7 Process and Potable Water |
|
|
338 | (2) |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
13.9 Underground Electrical and Instrument Ducts |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
13.10 Underground Details |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
Line Sizing: Calculations Using the "Manning Formula" |
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
Chapter 14 Instrumentation |
|
|
347 | (14) |
|
14.1 Types of Instruments |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
14.2 Instrument Locations |
|
|
348 | (8) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (2) |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
14.3 Beta Ratios and Instrument Positions |
|
|
356 | (5) |
|
|
361 | (20) |
|
15.1 Codes and Regulations |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
National and Local Codes and Regulations |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (5) |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
15.5 Sizing Tanks and Dikes |
|
|
370 | (2) |
|
Developing Tank Height and Dike Size |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
372 | (6) |
|
|
376 | (2) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (3) |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
Chapter 16 Utility stations, steam and condensate piping |
|
|
381 | (16) |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
|
383 | (2) |
|
Drip Legs Collect Condensate From the Steam Line |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
|
385 | (4) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (2) |
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
16.7 Utility Hose Stations |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
Chapter 17 Pipe supports selection, anchors---guides |
|
|
397 | (14) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (4) |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
17.3 Guides and Restraints |
|
|
402 | (4) |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (4) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Selection of Spring Hangers |
|
|
409 | (2) |
|
Chapter 18 Pipe sizing and pressure drop calculations |
|
|
411 | (62) |
|
18.1 Theory of Flow in Pipes |
|
|
411 | (15) |
|
Dynamic (Absolute Viscosity) |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Turbulent and Laminar Flow |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Equations for Flow of Fluids |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
|
421 | (4) |
|
Relative Roughness of Pipe, Materials, and Friction Factor for Complete Turbulence |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (3) |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
18.3 Formulas and Nomographs for Flow Through Valves and Fittings |
|
|
429 | (9) |
|
18.4 Flow of Fluids Through Valves and Fittings |
|
|
438 | (7) |
|
Equivalent Lengths for Valves and Fittings |
|
|
438 | (5) |
|
Laminar Flow in Valves, Fittings, and Pipe |
|
|
443 | (2) |
|
18.5 Examples of Flow Problems |
|
|
445 | (3) |
|
|
448 | (25) |
|
Specific Gravity-Temperature Relationships for Petroleum Oils (Courtesy of Crane Co.) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Physical Properties of Water |
|
|
466 | (7) |
|
Chapter 19 Pipe stress analysis and layout of hot and cold piping |
|
|
473 | (28) |
|
|
473 | (6) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
Axial Loading: Normal Stress |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
Centric & Eccentric Loading |
|
|
476 | (3) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
479 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (5) |
|
Principal Axis and Stress |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Circumferential Principal Stress |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
The Maximum Principal Stress Failure Theory |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Circumferential Principal Stress |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Radial Principal Stress (RPS) |
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
Calculating Pipe Wall Thickness |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
19.4 Quick Check Formulas |
|
|
485 | (10) |
|
Coefficients for Carbon Steel |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
491 | (1) |
|
|
492 | (3) |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
|
496 | (1) |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
19.8 Design Procedures and Requirements |
|
|
497 | (4) |
|
Overstressing of Piping Components |
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
498 | (3) |
Index |
|
501 | |