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xiii | |
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xvii | |
Preface |
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xix | |
About the Authors |
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xxi | |
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1 | (8) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Sources of Water Supply |
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9 | (10) |
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2.1 Essentials of a Water Supply System |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (3) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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2.8 Groundwater Under the Direct Influence |
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17 | (1) |
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2.9 Choice of Source of Water Supply |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (22) |
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19 | (3) |
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22 | (2) |
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3.3 Naturally Developed Well |
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24 | (2) |
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3.4 Artificial Gravel Pack |
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26 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (9) |
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3.7 Failure of Wells and Remediation |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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41 | (14) |
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41 | (1) |
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4.2 Forecasting Population |
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41 | (6) |
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4.3 Estimating Water Demand |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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50 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Water Quality and Treatment |
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55 | (10) |
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55 | (1) |
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5.2 Source of Water Supply |
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55 | (1) |
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5.3 Water Quality Standards |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (8) |
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Chapter 6 Coagulation and Flocculation |
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65 | (18) |
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65 | (1) |
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6.2 Coagulating Chemicals |
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65 | (3) |
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6.3 Chemistry of Coagulation |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (2) |
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6.5 Flocculation Phenomenon |
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71 | (6) |
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77 | (1) |
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6.7 Operational Control Tests |
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78 | (5) |
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83 | (12) |
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83 | (1) |
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7.2 Sedimentation Basins and Tanks |
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83 | (2) |
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7.3 Theory of Sedimentation |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (4) |
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7.5 Factors Affecting Operation of Sedimentation |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (3) |
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95 | (14) |
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8.1 Filtration Mechanisms |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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8.3 Components of a Gravity Filter |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
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8.5 Design and Performance Parameters |
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100 | (5) |
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8.6 Hydraulics of Gravity Filters |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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8.8 Optimum Filter Operation |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (16) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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9.4 Chemistry of Chlorination |
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113 | (3) |
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116 | (1) |
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9.6 Points of Chlorination |
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117 | (1) |
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9.7 Factors Affecting Chlorine Dosage |
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118 | (2) |
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9.8 Chlorination Equipment |
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120 | (5) |
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Chapter 10 Water Softening |
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125 | (10) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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10.3 Types of Lime-Soda Ash Processes |
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128 | (7) |
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Chapter 11 Miscellaneous Water Treatment Methods 1 |
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135 | (10) |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (1) |
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11.3 Iron and Manganese Control |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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Chapter 12 Miscellaneous Water Treatment Methods II |
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145 | (14) |
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12.1 Taste and Odour Control |
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145 | (1) |
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12.2 Taste and Odour Removal |
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146 | (4) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (8) |
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Chapter 13 Water Distribution |
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159 | (20) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (4) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (2) |
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167 | (3) |
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13.6 Pipe-Laying and Testing |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (2) |
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13.10 Service Connections |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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175 | (4) |
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Chapter 14 Pipeline Systems |
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179 | (16) |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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14.4 System Classification |
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182 | (4) |
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14.5 Complex Pipe Networks |
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186 | (3) |
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14.6 Computer Applications |
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189 | (6) |
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Chapter 15 Pumps and Pumping |
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195 | (20) |
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15.1 Positive Displacement Pumps |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (5) |
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200 | (3) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (4) |
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208 | (1) |
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15.9 Operation and Maintenance |
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209 | (6) |
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Chapter 16 Wastewater Collection System |
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215 | (20) |
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16.1 Infiltration and Inflow |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (4) |
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16.4 Operation and Maintenance |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (4) |
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16.8 Sampling and Flow Measurement |
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231 | (4) |
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Chapter 17 Design of Sewers |
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235 | (24) |
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235 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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17.4 Minimum Flow Velocity |
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239 | (1) |
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17.5 Maximum Velocity or Non-Scouring Velocity |
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239 | (1) |
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17.6 Partially Full Pipes |
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240 | (4) |
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17.7 Equivalent Self-Cleaning Velocity |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (13) |
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Chapter 18 Construction of Sewers |
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259 | (22) |
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18.1 Materials for Sewers |
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259 | (2) |
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18.2 Layout and Installation |
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261 | (7) |
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268 | (1) |
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18.4 Structural Requirements |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (4) |
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274 | (2) |
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18.7 Field Supporting Strength |
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276 | (5) |
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281 | (10) |
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19.1 Wet Well Lift Stations |
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281 | (1) |
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19.2 Dry Well Lift Stations |
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281 | (1) |
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19.3 Wastewater Flow Pumps |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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19.6 Electrical and Controls |
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283 | (1) |
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19.7 Lift Station Maintenance |
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283 | (2) |
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19.8 Pump Operating Sequence |
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285 | (6) |
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Chapter 20 Natural Purification |
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291 | (16) |
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20.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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20.3 Factors Affecting Self-Purification |
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295 | (1) |
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296 | (5) |
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301 | (1) |
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20.6 Disposal by Land Treatment |
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301 | (2) |
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20.7 Comparison of Disposal Methods |
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303 | (4) |
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Chapter 21 Wastewater Characteristics |
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307 | (16) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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21.3 Physical Characteristics |
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308 | (1) |
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21.4 Chemical Characteristics |
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309 | (2) |
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21.5 Biological Characteristics |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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21.7 Industrial Wastewater |
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312 | (2) |
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21.8 Infiltration and Inflow |
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314 | (1) |
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21.9 Municipal Wastewater |
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314 | (1) |
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21.10 Evaluation of Wastewater |
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315 | (8) |
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Chapter 22 Preliminary Treatment |
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323 | (12) |
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323 | (3) |
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22.2 Comminution of Sewage |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (3) |
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330 | (1) |
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22.6 Process Calculations |
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330 | (5) |
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Chapter 23 Primary Treatment |
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335 | (12) |
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23.1 Factors Affecting Settling |
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335 | (4) |
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23.2 Rectangular Clarifier |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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23.6 Chemical Precipitation |
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341 | (1) |
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342 | (5) |
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Chapter 24 Activated Sludge Process (ASP) |
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347 | (22) |
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24.1 Biological Treatment |
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347 | (1) |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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24.4 Process Loading Parameters |
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350 | (7) |
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357 | (1) |
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24.6 Mathematical Relationships |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (3) |
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363 | (2) |
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365 | (4) |
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Chapter 25 Stabilization Ponds |
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369 | (14) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (5) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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25.7 Operational Problems |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (5) |
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Chapter 26 Attached Growth Systems |
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383 | (18) |
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383 | (1) |
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26.2 Main Components of a Trickling Filter |
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383 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (1) |
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26.5 BOD Removal Efficiency |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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26.7 Secondary Clarification |
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388 | (5) |
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26.8 Rotating Biological Contactor |
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393 | (2) |
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26.9 Process Control Parameters |
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395 | (2) |
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26.10 Operation of RBC System |
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397 | (4) |
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Chapter 27 Anaerobic Systems |
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401 | (14) |
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401 | (2) |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (3) |
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27.6 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket |
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409 | (6) |
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415 | (20) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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28.4 Mass Volume Relationship |
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417 | (2) |
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28.5 Sludge Stabilization |
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419 | (1) |
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419 | (5) |
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28.7 Dewatering of Sludge |
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424 | (3) |
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427 | (8) |
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Chapter 29 Advanced Wastewater Treatment |
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435 | (12) |
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29.1 Suspended Solids Removal |
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435 | (2) |
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29.2 Control of Nutrients |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (3) |
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29.4 Treatment Methods for Removal of Toxins |
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442 | (1) |
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29.5 Improved Treatment Technologies |
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442 | (1) |
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29.6 Water Recycle and Reuse |
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443 | (1) |
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29.7 Water Quality and Reuse |
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444 | (3) |
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Chapter 30 Industrial Wastewater Treatment |
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447 | (8) |
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30.1 Industrial Wastewater Discharges |
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447 | (1) |
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30.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment |
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448 | (2) |
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450 | (1) |
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30.4 Common Effluent Treatment Plants |
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451 | (4) |
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Chapter 31 Sources of Air Pollution |
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455 | (16) |
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31.1 Composition and Structure of the Atmosphere |
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455 | (1) |
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31.2 Units of Measurement |
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456 | (1) |
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31.3 Causes of Air Pollution |
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457 | (1) |
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31.4 Sources of Air Pollution |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (3) |
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31.6 Effects of Air Pollution |
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462 | (3) |
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31.7 Air Sampling and Measurement |
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465 | (3) |
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468 | (3) |
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Chapter 32 Meteorological Aspects of Air Pollution |
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471 | (18) |
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32.1 Atmospheric Stability |
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471 | (8) |
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479 | (6) |
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32.3 Design of Stack Height |
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485 | (4) |
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Chapter 33 Air Pollution Control |
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489 | (8) |
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489 | (1) |
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489 | (1) |
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33.3 Source Prevention Methods |
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489 | (1) |
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33.4 Equipment for Particulate Pollutants |
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490 | (4) |
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33.5 Control of Gaseous Pollutants |
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494 | (3) |
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Chapter 34 Introduction to Solid Waste |
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497 | (6) |
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34.1 Types of Solid Waste |
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497 | (1) |
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34.2 Municipal Solid Waste |
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498 | (2) |
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34.3 Sources of Solid Wastes |
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500 | (1) |
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34.4 Quantity and Composition of Solid Wastes |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (2) |
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Chapter 35 Solid Waste Management |
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503 | (14) |
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35.1 Common Methods of Solid Waste Disposal |
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503 | (1) |
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35.2 Generation to Disposal |
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503 | (2) |
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35.3 Disposal of Solid Waste |
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505 | (5) |
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35.4 Engineered Landfilling |
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510 | (4) |
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35.5 Resource and Energy Recovery |
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514 | (1) |
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35.6 Construction Materials Waste |
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514 | (1) |
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35.7 Solid Waste: Indian Perspective |
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514 | (3) |
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Chapter 36 Hazardous Waste |
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517 | (6) |
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36.1 Characteristics of Hazardous Waste |
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517 | (1) |
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36.2 Hazardous Waste Management |
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517 | (2) |
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36.3 Storage Tanks and Impoundments |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (3) |
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Chapter 37 Noise Pollution |
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523 | (10) |
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523 | (1) |
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524 | (5) |
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529 | (1) |
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37.4 Frequency Band Analysis |
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530 | (3) |
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Chapter 38 Noise Pollution and Control |
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533 | (8) |
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38.1 Man-Made Sources of Noise |
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533 | (1) |
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38.2 Effects of Noise on Human Health |
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533 | (3) |
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38.3 Noise Abatement and Control |
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536 | (1) |
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38.4 Noise Control Strategies |
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537 | (4) |
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Chapter 39 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) |
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541 | (6) |
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541 | (1) |
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39.2 Types of Environmental Impacts |
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542 | (1) |
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542 | (1) |
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39.4 Information Required for EIA |
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542 | (1) |
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39.5 Significant Environmental Impacts |
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543 | (1) |
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543 | (3) |
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546 | (1) |
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39.8 Expert Committees for EIA |
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546 | (1) |
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Chapter 40 Rural Sanitation |
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547 | (12) |
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547 | (1) |
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548 | (1) |
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40.3 Concrete Vault Privy |
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549 | (1) |
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550 | (3) |
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553 | (3) |
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556 | (3) |
Appendices |
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559 | (4) |
Index |
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563 | |