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Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste Systems [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 307 pages, kõrgus x laius: 260x193 mm, kaal: 897 g, XVI, 307 p., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Jun-2011
  • Kirjastus: Springer
  • ISBN-10: 9400714599
  • ISBN-13: 9789400714595
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Environmental Microbiology of Aquatic and Waste SystemsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 307 pages, kõrgus x laius: 260x193 mm, kaal: 897 g, XVI, 307 p., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 22-Jun-2011
  • Kirjastus: Springer
  • ISBN-10: 9400714599
  • ISBN-13: 9789400714595
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9789400714595.html
Märksõnad:
The peculiarities of water as an environment for microbial growth, the taxonomy of aquatic microorganisms, and their influence on such areas as global climate and pollution are examined in this book.

This book places the main actors in environmental microbiology, namely the microorganisms, on center stage. Using the modern approach of 16S ribosomal RNA, the book looks at the taxonomy of marine and freshwater bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and the smaller aquatic animals such as nematodes and rotifers, as well as at the study of unculturable aquatic microorganisms (metagenomics). The peculiarities of water as an environment for microbial growth, and the influence of aquatic microorganisms on global climate and global recycling of nitrogen and sulphur are also examined. The pollution of water is explored in the context of self-purification of natural waters. Modern municipal water purification and disease transmission through water are discussed. Alternative methods for solid waste disposal are related to the economic capability of a society. Viruses are given special attention. By focusing on the basics, this primer will appeal across a wide range of disciplines.

Arvustused

From the reviews:

The author explores the environmental systems and links them with the ecology of microorganisms. Each of the well-written topics presented contains current and practical information. The book is based on a course taught by the author; therefore, it is useful for both undergraduates and beginning graduate students in microbiology, public health, aquatic science, and civil/environmental engineering. The work is also valuable for practitioners lacking microbiology or biology backgrounds . Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above. (M. E. Lenczewski, Choice, Vol. 49 (7), March, 2012)

Part I Introduction
1 Nature, Properties, and Distribution of Water
3(12)
1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Water and Their Consequences
3(4)
1.1.1 Molecular Structure of Water and Its Strong Surface Tension
3(1)
1.1.2 The High Surface Tension of Water and Capillarity in Plants
4(1)
1.1.3 The Three Physical States of Water, and the Floatation of Ice
4(1)
1.1.4 The Thermal Properties of Water and Their Effect on Climate
5(1)
1.1.5 The Change in the Nature of Water at Different Temperatures and Lake Temperatures
5(1)
1.1.6 The Low Electrical Conductivity of Pure Water
6(1)
1.1.7 The High Chemical Reactiveness of Water
7(1)
1.1.8 The pH of Water
7(1)
1.1.9 The High Solvent Power of Water
7(1)
1.2 Importance and Uses of Water
7(1)
1.2.1 Composition of Biological Objects
7(1)
1.2.2 Drinking by Man and Animals and Domestic Use
7(1)
1.2.3 Irrigation and Aquaculture
8(1)
1.2.4 Power Generation
8(1)
1.2.5 Transportation
8(1)
1.2.6 Recreation
8(1)
1.2.7 Human Affairs
8(1)
1.3 The Hydrologic Cycle
8(1)
1.4 Classification of Waters
9(1)
1.4.1 Natural Waters
9(1)
1.4.2 Artificial Waters
10(1)
1.5 Global Distribution of Water on Earth and Its Study
10(2)
References
12(3)
2 Peculiarities of Water as an Environmental Habitat for Microorganisms
15(18)
2.1 The Peculiar Nature of Water as an Environment for Microbial Habitation
15(2)
2.2 Ecological Habitats of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
17(1)
2.3 Foreign Versus Indigenous Aquatic Bacteria
17(1)
2.4 Challenges of Aquatic Life: Factors Affecting the Microbial Population in Natural Waters
18(2)
2.5 Methods for the Enumeration of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment
20(9)
2.5.1 Cultural Methods
20(2)
2.5.2 Direct Methods
22(1)
2.5.2.1 Light Microscopy
22(5)
2.5.2.2 Electron Microscopy
27(1)
2.5.2.3 Flow Cytometry
27(2)
2.5.3 Determination of Bacterial Mass
29(1)
2.5.3.1 Direct Methods
29(1)
2.5.3.2 Indirect Methods
29(1)
References
29(4)
Part II Biological Aspects of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
3 Aspects of the Molecular Biology of Microorganisms of Relevance to the Aquatic Environment
33(14)
3.1 Protein Synthesis
33(4)
3.1.1 Transcription
35(1)
3.1.2 Translation
35(2)
3.2 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
37(1)
3.2.1 Some Applications of PCR in Environmental Biotechnology
38(1)
3.3 Microarrays
38(3)
3.3.1 Applications of Microarray Technology
40(1)
3.4 Sequencing of DNA
41(1)
3.4.1 Sequencing of Short DNA Fragments
41(1)
3.4.2 Sequencing of Genomes or Large DNA Fragments
42(1)
3.4.2.1 Use of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
42(1)
3.4.2.2 Use of the Shotgun Approach
42(1)
3.5 The Open Reading Frame and the Identification of Genes
42(2)
3.6 Metagenomics
44(1)
References
45(2)
4 Taxonomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Aquatic Microorganisms
47(64)
4.1 Taxonomy of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
47(59)
4.1.1 Nature of Modern Taxonomy
47(1)
4.1.2 Evolution of the Classification of Living Things
48(1)
4.1.3 Determining Taxonomic Groups Within Domains
48(2)
4.1.3.1 Definition of Species
50(1)
4.1.3.2 Nomenclature of Biological Objects
51(1)
4.1.3.3 Criteria and Methods for the Identification and Classification of Bacteria and Archae: Morphological, Physiological, Nucleic Acid, and Chemical Properties
51(6)
4.1.4 Bacteria
57(1)
4.1.4.1 Taxonomic Groups Among Bacteria
57(8)
4.1.4.2 Aspects of the Physiology and Ecology of Microorganisms in the Aquatic Environment
65(10)
4.1.5 Archae
75(1)
4.1.5.1 General Properties of Archaea
75(1)
4.1.5.2 Taxonomic Groups Among Archeae
76(2)
4.1.6 Microbial Taxonomic Groups Among Eucharia
78(1)
4.1.6.1 Protozoa
78(2)
4.1.6.2 Fungi
80(2)
4.1.6.3 Algae
82(2)
4.1.7 Viruses
84(2)
4.1.7.1 Viral Taxonomy and Nomenclature
86(1)
4.1.7.2 The Viral Groups
87(3)
4.1.7.3 Bacteriophages in the Aquatic Environment
90(7)
4.1.8 Small Multicellular Macroorganisms in Aquatic Systems
97(7)
4.1.8.1 Crustaceans (Including Rotifers)
104(1)
4.1.8.2 Nematodes
104(2)
References
106(5)
Part III The Ecology of Microorganisms in Natural Waters
5 Ecology of Microorganisms in Freshwater
111(12)
5.1 Microbial Ecology of Atmospheric Waters
111(1)
5.2 Microbial Ecology of Surface Waters
112(2)
5.2.1 Rivers and Streams
112(1)
5.2.2 Lakes and Ponds
112(1)
5.2.3 Wetlands
112(2)
5.3 Groundwaters
114(2)
5.4 Some Microorganisms Usually Encountered in Fresh Water
116(3)
5.4.1 Bacteria
116(1)
5.4.1.1 New Data Regarding Freshwater Bacteria
116(2)
5.4.1.2 Some Bacteria in Freshwater
118(1)
5.4.2 Fungi
118(1)
5.4.3 Algae
119(1)
5.4.4 Protozoa
119(1)
5.5 Succession of Organisms in the Breakdown Materials Added to Aquatic Systems
119(2)
5.5.1 The Physiological Basis of Aquatic Microbial Ecology
119(2)
5.6 Microbial Loop and the Food Web in a Freshwater System
121(1)
References
122(1)
6 Ecology of Microorganisms in Saline Waters (Seas and Oceans)
123(28)
6.1 The Ocean Environment
123(4)
6.2 Some Propertics of Sea Water
127(3)
6.2.1 Salinity
127(1)
6.2.2 Temperature
128(1)
6.2.3 Light
129(1)
6.2.4 Nutrients
130(1)
6.2.5 Oxygen and CO2 in the Marine Environment
130(1)
6.2.6 Sea Sediments
130(1)
6.3 Microbial Ecology of the Seas and Oceans
130(7)
6.3.1 Bacteria
130(3)
6.3.2 Archae
133(1)
6.3.3 Fungi
133(1)
6.3.4 Algae
133(2)
6.3.5 Protozoa
135(1)
6.3.6 Viruses
136(1)
6.3.7 Plankton
136(1)
6.4 Unique Aspects of the Existence of Microorganisms in the Marine Environment
137(2)
6.4.1 Low Temperature
137(1)
6.4.2 High Pressure
138(1)
6.4.3 Oxygen
138(1)
6.4.4 Food/Nutrients
138(1)
6.4.5 Light
138(1)
6.4.6 High Temperature
139(1)
6.4.7 Size in Marine Microorganisms
139(1)
6.5 The Place of Microorganisms in the Food Chains of the Oceans and Seas
139(2)
6.6 Marine Microorganisms and Their Influence on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling
141(7)
6.6.1 The Influence of Marine Microorganisms on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling
141(1)
6.6.1.1 Global Marine Algal Sulfur Recycling, Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, Dimethyl Sulfide and Climate Change
142(2)
6.6.1.2 Carbon Recycling by Marine Algae and Reduction of Global Warming
144(1)
6.6.1.3 Marine Microorganisms and the Nitrogen Economy of Seas and Oceans
145(2)
6.6.1.4 The Global C:N:P Marine Ratio and Its Maintenance Through Microbial Activity: The Redfield Ratio
147(1)
References
148(3)
Part IV Pollution and Purification of, and Disease Transmission in, Water
7 Pollution of Aquatic Systems: Pollution Through Eutrophication, Fecal Materials, and Oil Spills
151(38)
7.1 Nature of Pollution
151(6)
7.1.1 The Concept of the Self-purification of Water as Basis for the Understanding of Pollution
152(1)
7.1.2 Definition of Pollution
153(1)
7.1.3 Kinds of Pollutants
154(1)
7.1.4 Pollution by Eutrophication
154(1)
7.1.4.1 "Algal Blooms" and Eutrophication
155(1)
7.1.5 Biological Indicators of Pollution by Eutrophication
156(1)
7.2 Pollution of Water with Reference to Human Health: Bacterial Indicators of Fecal Pollution
157(16)
7.2.1 Microbiological Examination of Water for Fecal Contamination
157(1)
7.2.1.1 Principle of Indicator Organisms
158(1)
7.2.1.2 Procedure for the Determination of Fecal Contamination
159(1)
7.2.1.3 Methods Used in the Enumeration of Indicator Organisms in Water
160(5)
7.2.1.4 Standard Water Analysis
165(1)
7.2.1.5 Total Maximum Daily Loads and Microbial Source Tracking in Water Pollution
165(8)
7.3 Pollution by Petroleum in Oceans and Seas: Role of Microorganisms in Oil Degradation and Remediation
173(13)
7.3.1 Composition of Crude Oil
173(1)
7.3.1.1 Categorization of Crude Petroleum
173(4)
7.3.2 Oil Spills
177(1)
7.3.2.1 Behavior of Oil in an Oil Spill
178(5)
7.3.2.2 Remediation of Oil Spills
183(3)
References
186(3)
8 Disease Transmission in Water
189(26)
8.1 Disease Transmission Through Drinking Water
189(11)
8.1.1 Communicable Diseases Transmitted Through Drinking Water
190(3)
8.1.2 Disease Outbreaks in Drinking Water Due to the Presence of Chemicals, and Biotoxins
193(1)
8.1.2.1 Brief Notes on Some Water-Borne Diseases
193(7)
8.2 Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters
200(8)
8.2.1 Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters Through Fecal Material
201(1)
8.2.1.1 Fecal Bacteria Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
201(1)
8.2.1.2 Fecal Protozoa Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
201(1)
8.2.1.3 Fecal Viruses Which Have Caused Disease Outbreaks in Recreational Waters
202(1)
8.2.2 Disease Transmission in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
202(1)
8.2.2.1 Disease Transmission by Bacteria in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
202(4)
8.2.2.2 Disease Transmission by Viruses in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
206(1)
8.2.2.3 Disease Transmission by Protozoa in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material
207(1)
8.2.2.4 Disease Transmission by Fungi in Recreational Water Through Non-fecal Material: Trichophyton spp. and Epidermophyton floccosum
208(1)
8.3 Disease Transmission Through Shellfish Growing in Fecally Contaminated Water
208(3)
8.3.1 Description of Shellfish
208(1)
8.3.2 Monitoring the Aquatic Environment of Shellfish Growth
209(1)
8.3.2.1 Procedure for Monitoring Shellfish Growing Areas in the US
210(1)
8.4 Recent Developments Regarding Knowledge of Pathogens in Drinking Water
211(2)
References
213(2)
9 Municipal Purification of Water
215(34)
9.1 The Need for Water Purification
215(1)
9.2 The Quality of the Raw Water to Be Purified
216(1)
9.3 Processes for the Municipal Purification of Water
217(16)
9.3.1 Pretreatments
217(1)
9.3.2 Storage and Sedimentation Without Coagulation
218(1)
9.3.3 Aeration
218(1)
9.3.4 Coagulation and Flocculation
219(1)
9.3.5 Sedimentation
220(1)
9.3.6 Filtration
220(1)
9.3.7 Chlorination (and Other Methods of) Disinfection
221(1)
9.3.7.1 Reactions of Chlorine with Chemicals Found in Water
222(2)
9.3.7.2 The Present Practice of Water Chlorination
224(1)
9.3.7.3 Mode of Action of Chlorine Disinfection
225(1)
9.3.7.4 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Disinfection in Water by Chlorine (and the other Halogens)
225(1)
9.3.7.5 Tests for Chlorine in Water
226(1)
9.3.7.6 Alternative Methods of Disinfection Besides Chlorine and Other Halogens
227(1)
9.3.7.7 Ozone
227(2)
9.3.8 Ultraviolet Light
229(1)
9.3.8.1 Mode of Action and Use of UV
229(1)
9.3.9 Iron and Manganese Control
229(1)
9.3.10 Softening of Water
230(1)
9.3.11 Fluoridation
230(1)
9.3.12 Algae Control (and Control of Taste and Odors)
231(1)
9.3.12.1 Methods for the Control of Algae and Taste and Odor
231(1)
9.3.13 Color and Turbidity Removal
231(1)
9.3.14 Miscellaneous Treatments Water Purification
231(1)
9.3.14.1 Plumbosolvency Removal
231(1)
9.3.14.2 Radium (Radioactivity) Removal
232(1)
9.3.14.3 Reverse Osmosis
232(1)
9.3.14.4 Ion Exchange
232(1)
9.3.14.5 Electrodeionization
232(1)
9.4 Purification of Bottled Water
233(1)
9.5 Standards Required of Water
233(12)
9.5.1 Standards Required for Drinking Water
233(2)
9.5.1.1 The Microbiological Standards
235(1)
9.5.1.2 Turbidity
235(8)
9.5.1.3 Chemical Standards
243(1)
9.5.2 Standards Required for Recreational Waters
243(1)
9.5.3 Standards Required for Shellfish Harvesting Waters
244(1)
References
245(4)
Part V Waste Disposal in Aquatic and Solid Media
10 Waste Disposal in the Aqueous Medium: Sewage Disposal
249(26)
10.1 Nature of Wastes
249(1)
10.2 Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter Content in Sewage and Wastewaters
250(4)
10.2.1 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen
250(1)
10.2.1.1 The Biological or Biochemical Oxygen Demand Test
250(3)
10.2.1.2 Permanganate Value Test
253(1)
10.2.1.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand
253(1)
10.2.1.4 Total Organic Carbon
254(1)
10.2.1.5 Total Suspended Solids
254(1)
10.2.1.6 Volatile Suspended Solids
254(1)
10.3 Systems for the Treatment of Sewage
254(14)
10.3.1 Aerobic Breakdown of Raw Waste Waters
254(1)
10.3.1.1 The Activated Sludge System
255(4)
10.3.1.2 The Trickling Filter
259(2)
10.3.1.3 Rotating Discs
261(1)
10.3.1.4 Oxidation Ponds
262(2)
10.3.2 Anaerobic Sewage Systems
264(1)
10.3.2.1 Treatment of the Sludge from Aerobic Sewage Treatment Systems: Anaerobic Breakdown of Sludge
264(1)
10.3.2.2 The Septic Tank
265(2)
10.3.2.3 The Imhoff Tank
267(1)
10.3.2.4 Cesspools
267(1)
10.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment
268(7)
10.4.1 Methods Used in Advanced Wastewater Treatment
269(6)
11 The Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes
275(30)
11.1 The Nature of Wastes in General
275(1)
11.2 The World-Wide Development of Interest in the Environment
276(6)
11.2.1 The Stockholm Conference, 1972: Beginning of World-Wide Interest in the Protection of the Environment
276(5)
11.2.2 Environmental Regulation in the European Union
281(1)
11.2.3 Environmental Regulations in Japan
281(1)
11.2.4 Governmental Regulation of the Environment in Ghana
281(1)
11.2.5 Egypt's Environmental Affairs Agency
282(1)
11.3 Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes
282(16)
11.3.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management
283(1)
11.3.1.1 Source Reduction
284(1)
11.3.1.2 Recycling
284(1)
11.3.1.3 Incineration with Energy Recovery
285(5)
11.3.1.4 Composting
290(2)
11.3.1.5 Landfills Used in the Disposal of MSW
292(6)
11.4 Anaerobic Breakdown of Organic Matter in Landfills (and Aquatic Sediments)
298(3)
11.4.1 Some Properties of Methanogens
298(1)
11.4.2 Landfill Gas
299(2)
11.4.2.1 Landfill Methane Capture Technology
301(1)
11.5 Options for Municipal Solid Wastes Management
301(1)
References
302(3)
Index 305