| Preface for Instructors |
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xiv | |
| Note to Students |
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xxiii | |
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HUMANS AND SUSTAINABILITY: AN OVERVIEW |
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1 Environmental Problems, Their Causes, and Sustainability |
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2 | (22) |
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2 | (2) |
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Core Case study The Greening of American Campuses |
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4 | (1) |
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1.1 What Are Some Principles of Sustainability? |
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5 | (5) |
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1.2 How Are Our Ecological Footprints Affecting the Earth? |
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10 | (3) |
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1.3 Why Do We Have Environmental Problems? |
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13 | (7) |
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Juan Martinez---Working to Reconnect People with Nature |
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17 | (3) |
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1.4 What Is an Environmentally Sustainable Society? |
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20 | (4) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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23 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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23 | (1) |
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Ecological Footprint Analysis |
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23 | (1) |
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ECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABILITY |
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2 Science, Matter, Energy, and Systems |
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24 | (16) |
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24 | (2) |
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Core Case STUDY How Do Scientists Learn about Nature? Experimenting with a Forest |
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26 | (1) |
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2.1 What Do Scientists Do? |
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27 | (2) |
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Jane Goodall: Chimpanzee Researcher and Protector |
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28 | (1) |
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2.2 What Is Matter and What Happens When It Undergoes Change? |
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29 | (4) |
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2.3 What Is Energy and What Happens When It Undergoes Change? |
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33 | (3) |
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2.4 What Are Systems and How Do They Respond to Change? |
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36 | (4) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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39 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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3 Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work? |
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40 | (22) |
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40 | (2) |
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Core Case study Tropical Rain Forests Are Disappearing |
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42 | (1) |
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3.1 How Does the Earth's Life-Support System Work? |
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43 | (1) |
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3.2 What Are the Major Components of an Ecosystem? |
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44 | (4) |
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Science Focus Many of the World's Most Important Organisms Are Invisible to Us |
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46 | (2) |
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3.3 What Happens to Energy in an Ecosystem? |
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48 | (2) |
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3.4 What Happens to Matter in an Ecosystem? |
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50 | (7) |
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Science Focus Water's Unique Properties |
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51 | (6) |
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Thomas E. Lovejoy---Forest Researcher and Biodiversity Educator |
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57 | (1) |
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3.5 How Do Scientists Study Ecosystems? |
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57 | (5) |
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Science Focus Testing Planetary Boundaries: From Holocene to Anthropocene |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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61 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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4 Biodiversity and Evolution |
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62 | (20) |
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62 | (2) |
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Core Case Study Why Are Amphibians Vanishing? |
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64 | (1) |
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4.1 What Is Biodiversity and Why Is It Important? |
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65 | (3) |
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Science Focus Insects Play a Vital Role in Our World |
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66 | (1) |
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Edward O. Wilson: A Champion of Biodiversity |
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67 | (1) |
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4.2 What Roles Do Species Play in Ecosystems? |
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68 | (4) |
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Case Study The American Alligator---A Keystone Species That Almost Went Extinct |
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69 | (1) |
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Science Focus Scientists Are Searching for the Causes of Amphibian Declines |
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70 | (1) |
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Case Study Why Should We Protect Sharks? |
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71 | (1) |
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4.3 How Does the Earth's Life Change over Time? |
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72 | (2) |
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4.4 What Factors Affect Biodiversity? |
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74 | (8) |
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Science Focus Geological Processes Affect Biodiversity |
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76 | (2) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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80 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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5 Species Interactions, Ecological Succession, and Population Control |
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82 | (18) |
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82 | (2) |
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Core Case Study The Southern Sea Otter: A Species in Recovery |
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84 | (1) |
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5.1 How Do Species Interact? |
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85 | (4) |
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Science Focus Threats to Kelp Forests |
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86 | (3) |
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5.2 How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions? |
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89 | (2) |
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5.3 What Limits the Growth of Populations? |
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91 | (9) |
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Science Focus Why Do California's Southern Sea Otters Face an Uncertain Future? |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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98 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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99 | (1) |
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99 | (1) |
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6 The Human Population and Urbanization |
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100 | (28) |
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100 | (2) |
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Core Case Study Portland, Oregon: On a Quest for Urban Sustainability |
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102 | (1) |
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6.1 How Many People Can the Earth Support? |
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103 | (1) |
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Science Focus How Long Can the Human Population Keep Growing? |
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104 | (1) |
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6.2 What Factors Influence the Size of the Human Population? |
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104 | (4) |
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Case Study The U.S. Population---Third Largest and Growing |
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105 | (3) |
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6.3 How Does a Population's Age Structure Affect Its Growth or Decline? |
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108 | (2) |
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Case Study The American Baby Boom |
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109 | (1) |
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6.4 What Are Some Ways to Slow Human Population Growth? |
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110 | (4) |
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Case Study Slowing Population Growth in India |
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112 | (1) |
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Case Study Slowing Population Growth in China |
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113 | (1) |
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6.5 What Are the Major Urban Resource and Environmental Problems? |
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114 | (5) |
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Case Study Urbanization in the United States |
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115 | (4) |
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119 | (1) |
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6.6 How Does Transportation Affect Urban Environmental Impacts? |
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119 | (3) |
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6.7 How Can Cities Become More Sustainable and Livable? |
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122 | (6) |
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Case Study The Eco-City Concept in Curitiba, Brazil |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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126 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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7 Climate and Biodiversity |
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128 | (32) |
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128 | (2) |
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Core Case Study Why Should We Care about Coral Reefs? |
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130 | (1) |
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7.1 What Factors Influence Climate? |
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131 | (4) |
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7.2 What Are the World's Major Terrestrial Ecosystems and How Are Human Activities Affecting Them? |
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135 | (11) |
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Science Focus Staying Alive in the Desert |
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139 | (7) |
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7.3 What Are the Major Types of Marine Aquatic Systems and How Are Human Activities Affecting Them? |
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146 | (6) |
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Case Study Revisiting Coral Reefs---Amazing Centers of Biodiversity |
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147 | (5) |
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7.4 What Are the Major Types of Freshwater Systems and How Are Human Activities Affecting Them? |
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152 | (8) |
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Alexandra Cousteau: Environmental Storyteller and National Geographic Emerging Explorer |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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159 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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8 Sustaining Biodiversity: Saving Species and Ecosystem Services |
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160 | (24) |
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160 | (2) |
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Core Case Study Where Have All the Honeybees Gone? |
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162 | (1) |
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8.1 What Role Do Humans Play in the Loss of Species and Ecosystem Services? |
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163 | (2) |
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Science Focus Estimating Extinction Rates |
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164 | (1) |
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8.2 Why Should We Try to Sustain Wild Species and the Ecosystem Services They Provide? |
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165 | (2) |
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8.3 How Do Humans Accelerate Species Extinction and Degradation of Ecosystem Services? |
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167 | (9) |
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Science Focus Honeybee Losses: A Search for Causes |
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172 | (3) |
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Case Study A Disturbing Message from the Birds |
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175 | (1) |
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Cagan Hakki ekerciolu: Protector of Birds and National Geographic Emerging Explorer |
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176 | (1) |
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8.4 How Can We Sustain Wild Species and the Ecosystem Services They Provide? |
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176 | (8) |
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Case Study The U.S. Endangered Species Act |
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177 | (4) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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183 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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9 Sustaining Biodiversity: Saving Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services |
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184 | (30) |
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184 | (2) |
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Core Case Study Costa Rica---A Global Conservation Leader |
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186 | (1) |
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9.1 What Are the Major Threats to Forest Ecosystems? |
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187 | (6) |
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Science Focus Putting a Price Tag on Nature's Ecosystem Services |
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188 | (2) |
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Case Study Many Cleared Forests in the United States Have Grown Back |
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190 | (3) |
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9.2 How Should We Manage and Sustain Forests? |
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193 | (3) |
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9.3 How Should We Manage and Sustain Grasslands? |
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196 | (1) |
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9.4 How Should We Manage and Sustain Parks and Nature Reserves? |
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197 | (4) |
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Case Study Stresses on U.S. Public Parks |
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197 | (1) |
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Science Focus Reintroducing the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park |
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198 | (1) |
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Case Study Identifying and Protecting Biodiversity in Costa Rica |
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199 | (2) |
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9.5 What Is the Ecosystem Approach to Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services? |
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201 | (3) |
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Case Study Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica |
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203 | (1) |
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9.6 How Can We Help to Sustain Aquatic Biodiversity? |
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204 | (10) |
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Science Focus Ocean Acidification: The Other CO2 Problem |
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206 | (3) |
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Sylvia Earle---Advocate for the Oceans |
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209 | (1) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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212 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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212 | (1) |
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Ecological Footprint Analysis |
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213 | (1) |
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SUSTAINING RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY |
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10 Food Production and the Environment |
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214 | (34) |
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214 | (2) |
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Core Case Study Growing Power---An Urban Food Oasis |
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216 | (1) |
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10.1 What Is Food Security and Why Is It Difficult to Attain? |
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217 | (1) |
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10.2 How Is Food Produced? |
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218 | (5) |
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Case Study Industrialized Food Production in the United States |
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220 | (3) |
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10.3 What Environmental Problems Arise from Industrialized Food Production? |
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223 | (8) |
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Science Focus Soil Is the Foundation of Life on Land |
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226 | (5) |
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10.4 How Can We Protect Crops from Pests More Sustainably? |
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231 | (5) |
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Case Study Ecological Surprises: The Law of Unintended Consequences |
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233 | (3) |
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10.5 How Can We Improve Food Security? |
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236 | (2) |
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Jennifer Burney: Environmental Scientist and National Geographic Emerging Explorer |
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237 | (1) |
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10.6 How Can We Produce Food More Sustainably? |
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238 | (10) |
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Case Study Soil Erosion in the United States |
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238 | (5) |
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Science Focus Perennial Polyculture and the Land Institute |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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246 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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246 | (1) |
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Ecological Footprint Analysis |
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247 | (1) |
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11 Water Resources and Water Pollution |
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248 | (40) |
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248 | (2) |
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Core Case Study The Colorado |
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250 | (1) |
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11.1 Will We Have Enough Usable Water? |
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251 | (4) |
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Case Study Freshwater Resources in the United States |
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253 | (2) |
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11.2 How Can We Increase Freshwater Supplies? |
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255 | (7) |
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Case Study Aquifer Depletion in the United States |
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256 | (3) |
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Case Study How Dams Can Kill an Estuary |
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259 | (2) |
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Case Study The Aral Sea Disaster: A Glaring Example of Unintended Consequences |
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261 | (1) |
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11.3 How Can We Use Freshwater More Sustainably? |
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262 | (6) |
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Sandra Postel: National Geographic Fellow and Freshwater Conservationist |
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268 | (1) |
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11.4 How Can We Deal with Water Pollution? |
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268 | (20) |
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Case Study Is Bottled Water a Good Option? |
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275 | (3) |
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Science Focus The Gulf of Mexico's Annual Dead Zone |
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278 | (4) |
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Science Focus Treating Sewage by Working with Nature |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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287 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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287 | (1) |
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Ecological Footprint Analysis |
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287 | (1) |
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12 Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources |
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288 | (24) |
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288 | (2) |
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Core Case Study The Crucial Importance of Rare Earth Metals |
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290 | (1) |
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12.1 What Are the Earth's Major Geological Processes and What Are Mineral Resources? |
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291 | (2) |
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12.2 How Long Might Supplies of Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Last? |
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293 | (3) |
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Case Study Global and U.S. Rare Earth Supplies |
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294 | (2) |
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12.3 What Are the Environmental Effects of Using Nonrenewable Mineral Resources? |
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296 | (5) |
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Case Study The Real Cost of Gold |
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299 | (1) |
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Science Focus The Nanotechnology Revolution |
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300 | (1) |
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12.4 How Can We Use Mineral Resources More Sustainably? |
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301 | (3) |
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Science Focus Graphene: A Revolutionary Material |
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302 | (1) |
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Yu-Guo Guo: Designer of Nanotechnology Batteries and National Geographic Emerging Explorer |
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303 | (1) |
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12.5 What Are the Earth's Major Geological Hazards? |
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304 | (8) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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311 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (46) |
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312 | (2) |
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Core Case Study The Astounding Potential for Wind Power in the United States |
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314 | (1) |
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13.1 What Is Net Energy and Why Is It Important? |
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315 | (1) |
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13.2 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Fossil Fuels? |
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316 | (11) |
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Science Focus Removing Tightly Held Oil and Natural Gas by Drilling Sideways and Fracking |
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318 | (1) |
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Case Study Oil Production and Consumption in the United States |
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319 | (3) |
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Case Study Natural Gas Production and Fracking in the United States |
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322 | (5) |
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13.3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Nuclear Power? |
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327 | (5) |
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Case Study The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident in Japan |
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331 | (1) |
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13.4 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource? |
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332 | (8) |
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Science Focus The Search for Better Batteries |
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336 | (4) |
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13.5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Renewable Energy Resources? |
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340 | (12) |
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Andrs Ruzo---Geothermal Energy Sleuth and National Geographic Young Explorer |
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351 | (1) |
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13.6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future? |
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352 | (6) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (2) |
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356 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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356 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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357 | (1) |
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Ecological Footprint Analysis |
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357 | (1) |
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14 Environmental Hazards and Human Health |
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358 | (28) |
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358 | (2) |
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Core Case Study Mercury's Toxic Effects |
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360 | (1) |
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14.1 What Major Health Hazards Do We Face? |
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361 | (1) |
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14.2 What Types of Biological Hazards Do We Face? |
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361 | (8) |
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Science Focus Genetic Resistance to Antibiotics Is Increasing |
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362 | (1) |
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Case Study The Global Threat from Tuberculosis |
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362 | (3) |
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Hayat Sindi: Science Entrepreneur and National Geographic Emerging Explorer |
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365 | (1) |
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Case Study The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic |
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365 | (1) |
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Case Study Malaria---The Spread of a Deadly Parasite |
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366 | (3) |
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14.3 What Types of Chemical Hazards Do We Face? |
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369 | (3) |
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Science Focus The Controversy over BPA |
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370 | (2) |
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14.4 How Can We Evaluate Chemical Hazards? |
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372 | (5) |
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Case Study Pollution Prevention Pays |
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376 | (1) |
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14.5 How Do We Perceive Risks and How Can We Avoid the Worst of Them? |
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377 | (9) |
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Case Study Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes |
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379 | (3) |
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382 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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384 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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385 | (1) |
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385 | (1) |
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15 Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Ozone Depletion |
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386 | (42) |
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386 | (2) |
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Core Case Study Melting Ice in Greenland |
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388 | (1) |
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15.1 What Is the Nature of the Atmosphere? |
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389 | (1) |
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15.2 What Are the Major Air Pollution Problems? |
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389 | (10) |
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15.3 How Should We Deal with Air Pollution? |
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399 | (3) |
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15.4 How Might the Earth's Climate Change in the Future? |
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402 | (8) |
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Science Focus Using Models to Project Future Changes in Atmospheric Temperatures |
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408 | (2) |
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15.5 What Are Some Possible Effects of a Warmer Atmosphere? |
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410 | (4) |
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15.6 What Can We Do to Slow Projected Climate Change? |
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414 | (7) |
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15.7 How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and What Can We Do about It? |
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421 | (7) |
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Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina---A Scientific Story of Expertise, Courage, and Persistence |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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427 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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16 Solid and Hazardous Waste |
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428 | (24) |
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428 | (2) |
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Core Case Study E-Waste---An Exploding Problem |
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430 | (1) |
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16.1 What Are the Problems Related to Solid and Hazardous Wastes? |
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431 | (2) |
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Case Study Solid Waste in the United States |
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431 | (2) |
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16.2 How Should We Deal with Solid Waste? |
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433 | (2) |
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16.3 Why Are Refusing, Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling So Important? |
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435 | (4) |
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Case Study Ocean Garbage Patches: There Is No Away |
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436 | (1) |
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Mike Biddle's Contribution to Plastics Recycling |
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437 | (1) |
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Science Focus Bioplastics |
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438 | (1) |
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16.4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Burning or Burying Solid Waste? |
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439 | (3) |
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16.5 How Should We Deal with Hazardous Waste? |
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442 | (4) |
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Case Study Recycling E-Waste |
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442 | (3) |
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Case Study Hazardous Waste Regulation in the United States |
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445 | (1) |
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16.6 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Low-Waste Economy? |
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446 | (6) |
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Case Study Industrial Ecosystems: Copying Nature |
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447 | (2) |
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449 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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451 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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451 | (1) |
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Ecological Footprint Analysis |
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451 | (1) |
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SUSTAINING HUMAN SOCIETIES |
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17 Environmental Economics, Politics, and Worldviews |
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452 | |
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452 | (2) |
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Core Case Study The United States, China, and Sustainability |
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454 | (1) |
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17.1 How Are Economic Systems Related to the Biosphere? |
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455 | (2) |
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17.2 How Can We Use Economic Tools to Deal with Environmental Problems? |
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457 | (8) |
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462 | (3) |
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465 | (1) |
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17.3 How Can We Implement More Sustainable and Just Environmental Policies? |
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465 | (9) |
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Case Study Managing Public Lands in the United States---Politics in Action |
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466 | (5) |
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Case Study U.S. Environmental Laws and Regulations |
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471 | (3) |
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17.4 What Are Some Major Environmental Worldviews? |
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474 | (2) |
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Science Focus Biosphere 2---A Lesson in Humility |
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475 | (1) |
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17.5 How Can We Live More Sustainably? |
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476 | (3) |
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Lester R. Brown: Champion of Sustainability |
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479 | (2) |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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Doing Environmental Science |
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483 | (1) |
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Global Environment Watch Exercise |
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483 | (1) |
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Ecological Footprint Analysis |
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483 | |
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1 | (1) |
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2 Reading Graphs and Maps |
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2 | (3) |
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5 | (9) |
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14 | (25) |
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5 Environmental Data and Data Analysis |
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39 | (10) |
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6 Geologic and Biological Time Scale |
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49 | (1) |
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7 Principles of Sustainability |
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50 | |
| Glossary |
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1 | (1) |
| Index |
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1 | |
