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Essential Forensic Medicine [Pehme köide]

(Barts and London School of Medicine)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 480 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x203x25 mm, kaal: 1157 g
  • Sari: Essentials of Forensic Science
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Jan-2020
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 047074863X
  • ISBN-13: 9780470748633
Teised raamatud teemal:
Essential Forensic MedicineSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 480 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 252x203x25 mm, kaal: 1157 g
  • Sari: Essentials of Forensic Science
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Jan-2020
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 047074863X
  • ISBN-13: 9780470748633
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780470748633.html
Märksõnad:
"Provides an invaluable distillation of key topics in forensic medicine for undergraduate, masters, and postgraduate students This concise, accessible, and authoritative guide covers the broad area of the forensic medical sciences, delivering core knowledge in the biomedical sciences, and the law and ethics surrounding them. Written by a recognized authority in the field, Essential Forensic Medicine offers complete chapter coverage of the legal system, courts, and witnesses; investigation of the deceasedand their lawful disposal; and the duties of a registered medical practitioner and the General Medical Council. It instructs readers on the general principles of scene examination and the medico-legal autopsy including how to interpret the many kinds of injuries one can suffer--including those from blunt impact and sharp force, firearms and explosives, asphyxia and drowning. Further chapters cover sexual offences, child abuse, and using DNA in human identification, mental health/forensic psychiatry, alcohol and drug abuse. A fresh, accessible, up to date textbook on forensic medicine Written by a well-known expert with 40 years of experience in the field Includes numerous figures and tables, and detailed lists of key information Features numerous case studies to reinforce key concepts and ideas explored within the book Part of the 'Essential Forensic Science' series, Essential Forensic Medicine is a highly useful guide for advanced undergraduate students, Masters students, and new practitioners to the field"--Provided by publisher.

Provides an invaluable distillation of key topics in forensic medicine for undergraduate, masters, and postgraduate students

Essential Forensic Medicine covers the broad area of the forensic medical sciences, delivering core knowledge in the biomedical sciences, and the law and ethics surrounding them. Concise, accessible chapters cover a wide range of topics from basic forensic identification and examination techniques to forensic toxicology and psychiatry.

Written by internationally-recognized experts in the field, this authoritative guide offers complete chapter coverage of the legal system, courts, and witnesses; investigation of the deceased and their lawful disposal; and the duties of a registered medical practitioner and the General Medical Council. It instructs readers on the general principles of scene examination and the medico-legal autopsy including how to interpret the many kinds of injuries one can suffer—including those from blunt impact and sharp force, firearms and explosives, asphyxia and drowning. Further chapters cover sexual offences, child abuse, and using DNA in human identification, mental health, alcohol and drug abuse.

  • A fresh, accessible, up to date textbook on forensic medicine
  • Written by a well-known experts with decades of experience in the field
  • Includes numerous figures and tables, and detailed lists of key information
  • Features numerous case studies to reinforce key concepts and ideas explored within the book
  • Helps students to prepare for examinations and enables practitioners to broaden their understanding of the discipline

Part of the “Essential Forensic Science” series, Essential Forensic Medicine is a highly useful guide for advanced undergraduate students, master’s students, and new practitioners to the field.

List of Contributors xix
Series Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
1 The Legal System, Courts, and Witnesses 1(12)
Peter Vanezis
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.1.1 Common law
2(1)
1.1.2 Civil law (Roman law)
2(1)
1.2 British courts
2(1)
1.3 The Supreme court of the United Kingdom
2(1)
1.4 English and Welsh courts
3(1)
1.4.1 Court of Appeal
3(1)
1.4.2 High Court
3(1)
1.4.3 County Courts
3(1)
1.4.4 Crown Court
3(1)
1.4.5 Magistrates' Courts
4(1)
1.4.6 Tribunals
4(1)
1.5 Scottish Courts
4(2)
1.5.1 The court of session
4(1)
1.5.2 The High Court of Justiciary
4(1)
1.5.3 The Sheriff Court
4(1)
1.5.4 Justice of the Peace Courts
4(2)
1.6 Northern Ireland Courts
6(1)
1.7 Other courts
6(1)
1.7.1 The Court of Justice of the European Union
6(1)
1.7.2 The European Court of Human Rights
6(1)
1.7.3 Court martial (military court)
6(1)
1.7.4 International Courts
6(1)
1.7.5 Coroner Courts
7(1)
1.8 Types of witnesses and evidence
7(4)
1.8.1 Ordinary witness
7(1)
1.8.2 Professional witness versus the expert witness
7(1)
1.8.3 Expert evidence
8(2)
1.8.4 Common knowledge rule
10(1)
1.8.5 Basis rule
10(1)
1.8.6 Ultimate issue rule
11(1)
References
11(2)
2 Investigation of the Deceased and Their Lawful Disposal 13(16)
Peter Vanezis
2.1 Introduction
13(1)
2.2 Certification of details of death by the Registrar of births and deaths and [ awful disposal of the body
13(1)
2.3 Death certificate
14(1)
2.4 When may a doctor issue a death certificate?
14(1)
2.5 The form of the certificate in England and Wales
14(1)
2.6 Legal procedures in the coroner system
14(5)
2.6.1 Notification of cases to the coroner
18(1)
2.7 Deaths abroad
19(1)
2.8 Inquests
19(2)
2.8.1 Scope of the inquest
20(1)
2.8.2 Inquest conclusions
20(1)
2.9 Registration of death
21(1)
2.10 Burial
21(1)
2.11 Cremation
21(3)
2.11.1 Introduction
21(2)
2.11.2 The current cremation procedure
23(1)
2.12 The Human Tissue Act 2004 and Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006
24(1)
2.12.1 Existing holdings
25(1)
2.13 Exhumation is discussed in detail in
Chapter 5
25(1)
2.14 Legal procedures in death investigation: Other systems
25(2)
2.14.1 Scotland
25(1)
2.14.1.1 View and grant
25(1)
2.14.1.2 Full autopsy
25(1)
2.14.1.3 Fatal accident inquiry
26(1)
2.14.2 Medico-legal death investigation in the United States
26(1)
2.14.3 The generic criminal investigation and judicial system
26(1)
References
27(2)
3 The Duties of a Registered Medical Practitioner and the General Medical Council 29(8)
Peter Vanezis
3.1 Medical Acts
29(1)
3.2 Role of the GMC
30(2)
3.3 Consent
32(1)
3.4 Decisions involving children and young people
33(1)
3.5 Consent and capacity
34(1)
3.6 Medical confidentiality
35(1)
3.7 Consent for disclosure
35(1)
References
36(1)
4 General Principles of Scene Examination 37(18)
Peter Vanezis
4.1 Concept of the scene
37(1)
4.2 Scene investigation and Locard's principle
38(2)
4.2.1 Management of the scene
38(1)
4.2.2 Health and safety
39(1)
4.2.3 Climatic conditions
40(1)
4.3 Scene location and associated problems
40(6)
4.3.1 Types of scenes encountered
40(1)
4.3.2 Indoor location
41(2)
4.3.3 Outdoor location
43(1)
4.3.4 Outdoor location with Case study
44(1)
4.3.5 Recovery of buried remains from clandestine graves
45(1)
4.3.6 Attendance at a scene where a decomposed body is found
45(1)
4.4 Type of incidents
46(1)
4.4.1 Number of deceased persons
46(1)
4.5 The forensic pathologist and other medical personnel at the scene
47(5)
4.5.1 Introduction
47(1)
4.5.2 The pathologist
47(1)
4.5.3 The pathologist's approach
48(1)
4.5.4 Examination of the body and its environment
49(1)
4.5.5 Ascertaining the fact of death
50(1)
4.5.6 Assessing the post-mortem interval (time of death)
50(1)
4.5.7 Artefacts due to resuscitation attempts
51(1)
4.5.8 Retrospective scene visit
51(1)
4.5.9 Documentation of the scene
52(1)
References
52(1)
Further reading
53(2)
5 The Medico-legal Autopsy 55(18)
Peter Vanezis
5.1 Introduction
55(1)
5.2 Historical background
55(2)
5.3 Types of autopsy
57(1)
5.4 Types of autopsy in the Coroner system
58(2)
5.5 Autopsy procedure
60(7)
5.5.1 Review of the circumstances surrounding death and other information
60(1)
5.5.2 Identification procedure
60(1)
5.5.3 Documentation of the post-mortem examination
61(1)
5.5.4 External examination of the body
62(1)
5.5.5 Internal examination of the body
63(3)
5.5.6 Other Investigations
66(1)
5.6 Examination of the exhumed body
67(2)
5.6.1 Exhumation of legally interred remains
67(1)
5.6.2 Investigation of single or multiple clandestine graves
67(2)
5.7 Safety in the mortuary and dealing with high-risk cases
69(1)
References
70(1)
Further reading
71(2)
6 Interpretation of Injuries: General Principles, Classification, and Age Estimation 73(16)
Peter Vanezis
6.1 Introduction
73(1)
6.2 General aspects
73(4)
6.2.1 Mechanism of injury
73(1)
6.2.2 Strength of force at impact
74(1)
6.2.3 Types of injuries
74(1)
6.2.4 Development and ageing of injuries
75(1)
6.2.5 Factors affecting the development of bruises
76(1)
6.2.5.1 Site of injury
76(1)
6.2.5.2 Type of agent inflicting injury and force used
76(1)
6.2.5.3 Age of the subject
77(1)
6.2.5.4 Sex
77(1)
6.2.5.5 Skin pigmentation
77(1)
6.2.5.6 Conditions in which bruising occurs more easily or spontaneously
77(1)
6.3 Timing of bruises
77(3)
6.3.1 Dating bruises at the post-mortem examination
78(1)
6.3.2 Gross naked eye and photographic assessment
78(1)
6.3.3 Microscopical changes in bruises
79(1)
6.3.3.1 Histological changes
79(1)
6.3.3.2 Histochemical changes
80(1)
6.3.3.3 Biochemical methods
80(1)
6.4 Colour measurement of bruising
80(2)
6.4.1 Colorimetry
81(1)
6.4.2 Spectrophotometry
82(1)
6.5 Differentiation from artefacts and other post-mortem appearances
82(3)
6.5.1 'Post-mortem bruising'
83(1)
6.5.2 Hypostasis and congestion
83(1)
6.5.3 Post-mortem injuries
83(2)
6.5.4 Resuscitation injuries and handling after death
85(1)
6.6 Decomposition
85(1)
References
86(1)
Further reading
87(2)
7 Blunt Impact Trauma 89(22)
Peter Vanezis
7.1 External surface injuries
90(7)
7.1.1 Abrasions
90(1)
7.1.2 Bruises
90(5)
7.1.3 Lacerations
95(2)
7.2 Types of incidents in which blunt impact trauma is the predominant feature
97(5)
7.2.1 Road traffic collisions and other transportation-related incidents
97(3)
7.2.1.1 Incidence
97(1)
7.2.1.2 Types of injuries and their assessment in road users
97(1)
7.2.1.3 Injuries to vehicle occupants
97(1)
7.2.1.4 Types of injuries sustained by different body regions
98(1)
7.2.1.5 Injuries from motorcycle collisions
98(1)
7.2.1.6 Injuries to pedestrians
99(1)
7.2.1.7 Injuries to pedal cyclists
99(1)
7.2.1.8 Injuries from train collisions
100(1)
7.2.2 Other incidents that involve blunt impact injuries
100(2)
7.2.2.1 Serious assaults involving beating with objects, kicking, and punching
100(1)
7.2.2.2 Falls from a height
101(1)
7.2.3 Head injuries from blunt impact trauma or non-impact forces on the head
102(8)
7.2.3.1 Injuries to the head from blunt trauma
104(1)
7.2.3.2 Types of fractures to the skull
104(1)
7.2.3.3 Intracranial. injuries
104(1)
7.2.3.4 Focal head injuries
104(1)
7.2.3.5 Diffuse injuries
105(1)
7.2.3.6 Diffuse axonal injury
106(1)
7.2.3.7 DAI in children
106(1)
7.2.3.8 Intracranial haemorrhage
106(4)
References
110(1)
8 Sharp Force Trauma 111(18)
Peter Vanezis
8.1 Introduction
111(1)
8.2 Characteristics of sharp force trauma scenes
112(1)
8.2.1 Location
112(1)
8.2.2 Blood distribution
112(1)
8.2.3 Homicide or suicide?
112(1)
8.3 Incised (slash) wounds
113(3)
8.3.1 Incised wounds to the neck (cut throat wounds)
113(2)
8.3.2 Incised wounds to the wrists
115(1)
8.3.3 Incised wounds to other parts of the body
115(1)
8.4 Stab wounds and their assessment
116(8)
8.4.1 Forces causing injury
116(1)
8.4.2 Examination of clothing
117(1)
8.4.3 Number of wounds
118(1)
8.4.4 Position on the body
118(1)
8.4.5 Defence wounds
119(1)
8.4.6 Characteristics (morphology) of surface wounds
120(1)
8.4.7 Assessment of wound tracts
121(2)
8.4.8 Effects of injury
123(1)
8.4.9 Activity after stabbing injury
124(1)
8.4.10 Manner of death
124(1)
8.5 Glass injuries
124(3)
8.5.1 Glass injuries from assaults
125(1)
8.5.2 Other types of glass injury
125(1)
8.5.3 Accidental glass injury: Case study
126(1)
8.6 Injuries from other sharp objects
127(1)
References
127(2)
9 Firearm and Explosion Injuries 129(26)
Peter Vanezis
9.1 Firearm injuries
129(1)
9.2 Types of firearms
129(1)
9.3 Recoil
130(1)
9.4 Handguns
130(1)
9.4.1 Pistols
130(1)
9.4.2 Revolvers
131(1)
9.5 Rifles
131(1)
9.5.1 Machine guns and military rifles
132(1)
9.5.2 Ammunition used in rifled firearms
132(1)
9.6 Shotguns
132(2)
9.7 Wounds from firearms and other missile injuries
134(1)
9.8 Investigation of firearm injuries
135(2)
9.8.1 The scene
135(1)
9.8.2 Radiological examination
136(1)
9.8.3 Gross autopsy examination
136(1)
9.9 Wounds and range of discharge from rifled firearms
137(4)
9.9.1 Contact wounds
137(1)
9.9.1.1 Close contact and loose contact
137(3)
9.9.2 Near contact
140(1)
9.9.3 Intermediate range
140(1)
9.9.4 Distant gunshot wounds
141(1)
9.10 Entry and exit wounds from single bullets
141(2)
9.10.1 Entry wounds
141(1)
9.10.2 Exit wounds
141(2)
9.10.3 Entry or exit?
143(1)
9.10.4 Graze wounds
143(1)
9.10.5 Ricochet wounds
143(1)
9.11 Shotgun Wounds
143(3)
9.11.1 Contact wounds
143(1)
9.11.2 Near-range wounds
144(1)
9.11.3 Intermediate-range wounds
145(1)
9.11.4 Location of wadding
145(1)
9.11.5 Intermediate target
146(1)
9.12 High-velocity rifle wounds
146(1)
9.13 Modified projectiles
147(1)
9.14 Air-gun injuries
147(1)
9.15 Injuries from humane veterinary killers, industrial stud guns, and blank cartridge guns
147(1)
9.16 Injuries from rubber and plastic bullets
147(1)
9.17 The effects of being shot
147(1)
9.18 Explosions
148(1)
9.19 Effects of an explosion
148(1)
9.20 Explosion injuries
149(3)
9.21 Investigating the cause of the explosion
152(1)
References
152(1)
Further reading
153(2)
10 Forensic Aspects of Asphyxia and Drowning 155(26)
Peter Vanezis
10.1 Non-mechanical asphyxia
156(2)
10.1.1 Reduced atmospheric pressure in aircraft cabin failure or at high altitude
156(1)
10.1.2 Asphyxia from other gases
156(2)
10.1.3 Cyanide poisoning
158(1)
10.2 Mechanical. asphyxias
158(3)
10.2.1 Introduction
158(1)
10.2.2 Signs of mechanical asphyxia
159(2)
10.2.2.1 Petechial haemorrhages
159(1)
10.2.2.2 Cyanosis
159(1)
10.2.2.3 Congestion of organs
159(1)
10.2.2.4 Pulmonary oedema
159(2)
10.2.2.5 Fluidity of blood
161(1)
10.3 Types of mechanical asphyxial and related conditions
161(13)
10.3.1 Smothering (external airway obstruction)
161(1)
10.3.2 Choking (internal airway obstruction)
161(1)
10.3.3 Aspiration
162(1)
10.3.4 Postural (positional) asphyxia
162(1)
10.3.5 Traumatic (compression) asphyxia
163(1)
10.3.6 Manual strangulation
163(4)
10.3.7 Neck holds in law enforcement
167(1)
10.3.8 Ligature strangulation
168(2)
10.3.9 Ligature marks
170(1)
10.3.10 Hanging
170(2)
10.3.11 Judicial hanging
172(1)
10.3.12 Auto-erotic asphyxia
172(2)
10.4 Drowning
174(2)
10.4.1 The scope of the problem
174(1)
10.4.2 Initial considerations and approach
175(1)
10.5 Mechanism and pathophysiology of drowning
176(1)
10.5.1 Mechanisms of drowning
176(1)
10.5.1.1 Dry drowning
176(1)
10.5.1.2 Wet drowning
176(1)
10.5.2 Pathophysiology of drowning
176(1)
10.6 Diatoms and their use in the investigation of drowning
177(1)
References
178(3)
11 Forensic Medical Aspects of Human Rights Issues 181(18)
Peter Vanezis
11.1 Torture
181(8)
11.1.1 The use of torture throughout history
182(2)
11.1.2 Modern methods of torture and its investigation
184(4)
11.1.2.1 Investigation of cases of torture
185(3)
11.1.3 Torture and International Law
188(1)
11.1.4 The use of torture by the State
188(1)
11.2 Development of Humanitarian Law and the Geneva Conventions
189(2)
11.2.1 Humanitarian and Human Rights Law
189(1)
11.2.2 Recent international conventions or instruments
189(2)
11.2.2.1 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
189(2)
11.2.3 Global support for human security
191(1)
11.3 Responses to torture and its eradication
191(1)
11.4 Physician participation in torture
191(1)
11.5 Physician participation in Capital punishment
192(2)
11.5.1 Stages of participation in an execution
192(1)
11.5.2 Ethical considerations
193(1)
11.6 The investigation of mass graves/multiple deaths related to armed conflict
194(3)
11.6.1 Planning
194(3)
References
197(2)
12 Sexual Offences 199(14)
Philip Beh
12.1 Introduction
199(1)
12.2 Sexual offences
199(2)
12.3 Responding to sexual offences
201(2)
12.4 Attendance at scenes of sexual violence
203(1)
12.5 Examination for injuries in sexual assault
204(4)
12.5.1 Head
205(1)
12.5.2 Face
205(1)
12.5.3 Neck
206(1)
12.5.4 Trunk
206(1)
12.5.5 Limbs
206(1)
12.5.6 Ano-genital region
207(1)
12.6 Interpretation of findings
208(1)
12.7 Examination of Fatal Sexual Assault
209(2)
12.7.1 Evidence of Asphyxia
210(1)
12.7.2 Modes of death
210(1)
References
211(1)
Further reading
211(2)
13 Paediatric Forensic Medicine 213(20)
Philip Beh
Peter Vanezis
13.1 Introduction
213(1)
13.2 Stillbirth/neonatal deaths
213(1)
13.2.1 Child destruction
213(1)
13.2.2 Determination of Live Birth and Infanticide
214(1)
13.3 Sudden death in infancy syndrome
214(2)
13.3.1 Scene examination
215(1)
13.4 Child abuse
216(1)
13.5 Types of child abuse
217(11)
13.5.1 Physical abuse
217(8)
13.5.1.1 Typical physical injuries
217(8)
13.5.2 Emotional and psychological abuse
225(1)
13.5.3 Child sexual abuse and exploitation
226(1)
13.5.4 Scene examination
227(1)
13.6 Management of child abuse
228(3)
13.6.1 Safeguarding and protecting children
229(1)
13.6.2 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
229(1)
13.6.3 Working together to safeguard children
230(1)
13.6.4 Safeguarding risks to children
231(1)
References
231(2)
14 Sudden Natural Death 233(12)
Peter Vanezis
14.1 Introduction
233(1)
14.2 Sudden/Unexpected deaths where findings at autopsy are non-specific
234(3)
14.2.1 Sudden infant death syndrome
234(1)
14.2.2 Sudden unexplained death in infancy
235(1)
14.2.3 Sudden adult death syndrome
235(1)
14.2.4 Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
235(1)
14.2.5 Dead in bed syndrome
236(1)
14.2.6 Sudden Unexpected Death in Alcohol Misuse
237(1)
14.3 Deaths involving different body systems
237(3)
14.3.1 Cardiovascular deaths
237(2)
14.3.1.1 Ischaemic heart disease
237(1)
14.3.1.2 Hypertensive heart disease
237(1)
14.3.1.3 Valvular heart disease
237(1)
14.3.1.4 Cardiomyopathies
237(1)
14.3.1.5 Other cardiac conditions
238(1)
14.3.1.6 Pulmonary thromboembolism
238(1)
14.3.1.7 Dating of pulmonary emboli and deep vein thrombi
239(1)
14.3.1.8 Intracranial vascular conditions
239(1)
14.3.1.9 Aneurysms
239(1)
14.3.2 Other intracranial causes
239(1)
14.3.2.1 Epilepsy
239(1)
14.3.2.2 Other conditions
240(1)
14.4 Sudden death in Schizophrenia
240(1)
14.5 Respiratory causes
240(2)
14.5.1 Bronchial asthma
240(1)
14.5.2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
241(1)
14.5.3 Aspiration of gastric contents
241(1)
14.5.4 Tuberculosis
241(1)
14.6 Gastrointestinal causes
242(1)
References
243(2)
15 Heat, Cold, and Electricity 245(16)
Peter Vanezis
15.1 Deaths from the effects of heat
245(8)
15.1.1 Fires
245(6)
15.1.1.1 Introduction
245(1)
15.1.1.2 The scene
246(1)
15.1.1.3 Findings in fire deaths
247(3)
15.1.1.4 Burns
250(1)
15.1.1.5 Scalds
250(1)
15.1.2 Heatstroke and Hyperthermia
251(2)
15.2 Deaths from the effects of cold
253(2)
15.2.1 Hypothermia
253(2)
15.2.1.1 Thermoregulation and features of hypothermia
254(1)
15.3 Deaths from electricity
255(4)
15.3.1 Epidemiology
255(1)
15.3.2 Electrocution
255(9)
15.3.2.1 Mechanism of injury
256(1)
15.3.2.2 Injuries
256(3)
15.4 Lightning
259(1)
References
259(2)
16 Diagnosing Death and Changes after Death 261(24)
Peter Vanezis
16.1 Introduction
261(1)
16.2 Is the person really dead?
262(2)
16.3 Types of death
264(2)
16.3.1 Somatic death
264(1)
16.3.2 Cellular death
265(1)
16.4 Diagnosis of circulatory death
266(1)
16.5 Diagnosis of brain death
267(1)
16.6 Diagnostic tests for brain stem death
268(1)
16.7 Organ donation
268(2)
16.7.1 Management of the brain dead person
269(1)
16.7.2 Donation after circulatory death
269(1)
16.7.3 Organ donation (opt in/out) policy in the UK
269(1)
16.7.4 Family's role in organ donation
269(1)
16.7.5 Position of the coroner
270(1)
16.8 Early Indications of Death
270(13)
16.8.1 Within a few minutes of death
270(1)
16.8.2 Early changes after death up to 12 hours
270(7)
16.8.2.1 Cooling of the body
271(1)
16.8.2.2 Use of a nomogram for estimating the time of death
272(1)
16.8.2.3 Rigor mortis
272(4)
16.8.2.4 Hypostasis (syn. Livor mortis)
276(1)
16.8.3 Intermediate changes after death
277(10)
16.8.3.1 Putrefaction
278(2)
16.8.3.2 Adipocere
280(1)
16.8.3.3 Mummification
281(1)
16.8.3.4 Post-mortem action by predators
281(1)
16.8.3.5 Late changes
282(1)
References
283(2)
17 Identification: General Principles, including Anthropology, Fingerprints, and the Investigation of Mass Deaths 285(26)
Peter Vanezis
17.1 Introduction
285(1)
17.2 Reasons for identification
286(1)
17.3 Reasons for identification in deceased individuals
286(1)
17.4 Reasons for identification in living persons
286(1)
17.5 Approach
286(1)
17.6 Biological (general) identification (what type of individual are we trying to identify?)
287(1)
17.6.1 Stature
287(1)
17.6.2 Age
287(1)
17.6.3 Ancestry
288(1)
17.6.4 Gender
288(1)
17.7 Personal identification
288(4)
17.7.1 Recognition
288(4)
17.7.1.1 Recognition in the deceased
288(1)
17.7.1.2 Recognition in the living
289(1)
17.7.1.3 Comparative methods using ante-mortem information
290(1)
17.7.1.4 Identification of skeletal remains
291(1)
17.8 Victim identification and management in disasters (mass fatality incidents)
292(4)
17.8.1 Functions of the post-mortem team
294(1)
17.8.2 Functions of the Ante-mortem team
295(1)
17.8.3 Identification commission functions
295(1)
17.8.4 Commission procedure
296(1)
17.9 Practical procedures for identification
296(9)
17.10 Identification of buried human remains
305(1)
17.11 The use of fingerprints in identification
305(5)
17.11.1 Introduction
305(1)
17.11.2 Current techniques in fingerprint analysis
306(1)
17.11.3 Classification and matching
307(1)
17.11.4 The process of identification
307(1)
17.11.5 Recent developments
308(1)
17.11.6 Recent legal developments
309(1)
References
310(1)
18 Use of DNA in Human Identification 311(24)
Denise Syndercombe Court
18.1 DNA fingerprint discovery
311(1)
18.2 Identification using DNA
312(4)
18.2.1 DNA in human identification
312(1)
18.2.2 The human genome
313(1)
18.2.3 PCR analysis
314(1)
18.2.4 STR analysis
314(2)
18.3 The National DNA database
316(3)
18.4 Forensic analysis
319(5)
18.4.1 DNA inhibition
319(1)
18.4.2 DNA degradation
319(1)
18.4.3 Low-level DNA
320(1)
18.4.4 DNA contamination
320(4)
18.5 DNA mixtures
324(4)
18.6 Lineage markers
328(1)
18.6.1 Y Chromosome analysis
328(1)
18.6.2 X Chromosome analysis
329(1)
18.7 Mitochondrial analysis
329(1)
18.8 Kinship testing
330(1)
18.9 Missing persons investigations
330(1)
18.10 Disaster victim identification
331(2)
References
333(2)
19 Forensic Odontology and Human Identification 335(10)
Philip Marsden
19.1 The human dentition
335(1)
19.2 The dental identification process
336(2)
19.2.1 Dental records
336(1)
19.2.2 Radiographs
337(1)
19.3 Post-mortem procedure
338(1)
19.3.1 Access to the mouth
338(1)
19.4 Dental ageing
339(1)
19.5 Dental reconciliation
340(1)
19.6 Identification outcomes
340(1)
19.6.1 No Comparison can be Made
340(1)
19.7 Bite Marks
341(1)
References
342(1)
Further reading
343(2)
20 Crime and Mental Health/Forensic Psychiatry 345(18)
Vivek Khosla
Orlando Trujillo-Bueno
20.1 Introduction
345(1)
20.2 Mental disorder
346(1)
20.3 Mental Disorder and Criminal Behaviour
347(1)
20.4 Organic disorders
348(1)
20.4.1 Dementia
348(1)
20.4.2 Delirium
348(1)
20.4.3 Brain damage and personality change
348(1)
20.4.4 Epilepsy and Sleeping Disorders
348(1)
20.5 Substance Misuse Disorders
349(1)
20.6 Mood Disorders
349(1)
20.7 Psychotic Disorders
349(1)
20.8 Neurotic and Anxiety Disorders
350(1)
20.9 Personality Disorders
350(1)
20.10 Learning Disabilities
351(1)
20.11 Sexual Offending and Mental Disorders
351(1)
20.11.1 Morbid Jealousy
351(1)
20.11.2 Erotomania
351(1)
20.12 Mental Health Legislation
352(1)
20.13 Section 48: transfer of unsentenced prisoners
353(1)
20.13.1 Restriction orders and restriction directions
353(1)
20.14 Section 41: restriction order
353(1)
20.15 Section 49: restriction direction
353(1)
20.16 Specific psychiatric issues during criminal proceedings
353(4)
20.16.1.1 Psychiatric Defences
353(3)
20.16.1.2 Mens Rea and Actus Reus
356(1)
20.16.1.3 Fitness to Plead
356(1)
20.17 Serial Killers
357(1)
20.18 Clinical Forensic Psychiatry
357(2)
20.18.1 The role of the Forensic Psychiatrist
357(2)
20.18.1.1 Clinical assessment and diagnosis
358(1)
20.18.1.2 Aspects of treatment and management
358(1)
20.18.1.3 Addressing areas of risk
358(1)
20.18.2 Providing a good-quality rehabilitation package
359(1)
20.19 Secure Forensic Mental Health Services
359(1)
20.19.1 Admission Criteria to High Secure Services
360(1)
20.19.2 Admission Criteria to Medium Secure Services
360(1)
20.19.3 Admission Criteria to Low Secure Services
360(1)
20.19.4 Specific provision
360(8)
20.19.4.1 Physical Security
360(1)
20.19.4.2 Procedural Security
360(1)
20.19.4.3 Relational Security
360(1)
20.20 Conclusions and final thoughts
360(1)
References
361(2)
21 Maternal Deaths 363(8)
Mohamed Dada
21.1 Introduction and definitions
363(3)
21.2 Causes of maternal deaths
366(1)
21.3 The autopsy in maternal death
366(2)
21.4 Specialised pathology in pregnancy
368(1)
21.4.1 Amniotic fluid embolism
368(1)
21.4.2 Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and hypertension
368(1)
21.4.3 Haemorrhage
369(1)
References
369(2)
22 The Examination of Detainees and Death in Custody 371(12)
Peter Vanezis
22.1 Defining death in custody
371(1)
22.2 Ministerial Council on Deaths in Custody
372(1)
22.3 Deaths in custody in England and Wales
373(1)
22.4 Management of detainees in police custody
374(1)
22.4.1 Risk assessment
374(1)
22.4.1.1 Role of the doctor
375(1)
22.5 Role of the Independent Office for Police Conduct
375(1)
22.5.1 Investigation types
375(1)
22.6 Deaths related to restraint
376(1)
22.7 Excited Delirium Syndrome/Acute Behavioural Disturbance
377(1)
22.8 Conflict resolution (De-escalation)
377(1)
22.9 Methods of restraint
378(2)
22.9.1 Physical contact involving pressure to the body
378(1)
22.9.2 Use of baton guns (previously 'rubber bullets')
379(1)
22.9.3 Conducted electrical device CED (laser gun)
379(1)
22.9.4 Chemical sprays/gas
380(1)
22.9.5 Drug administration
380(1)
22.10 Addendum
380(1)
22.10.1 Recent developments in the UK
380(1)
References
380(3)
23 Forensic Toxicology: Clinico-pathological Aspects and Medico-legal Issues 383(22)
Nadia Porpiglia
Chiara Laposata
Franco Tagliaro
23.1 Introduction
383(1)
23.2 Biological samples collected for toxicological analysis
383(2)
23.2.1 Blood
384(1)
23.2.2 Urine
384(1)
23.2.3 Liver
384(1)
23.2.4 Vitreous humour
384(1)
23.2.5 Stomach contents
385(1)
23.2.6 Hair and nails
385(1)
23.3 Interpretation of toxicology results
385(2)
23.4 Interactions between drugs
387(1)
23.5 Assessing the cause of death
388(1)
23.6 Alcohol
389(12)
23.6.1 Physiological effects of alcohol with a forensic interest
390(1)
23.6.2 Effects on performance and behaviour
390(2)
23.6.2.1 General effects and symptoms
390(1)
23.6.2.2 Schematic summary of alcohol-related effects
391(1)
23.6.3 Alcohol and driving
392(1)
23.6.3.1 Legislative measures
393(1)
23.6.4 Acute alcohol poisoning
393(2)
23.6.4.1 Post-mortem findings in acute alcoholic poisoning
393(1)
23.6.4.2 The 'fatal level' in acute alcoholic poisoning
394(1)
23.6.5 Alcoholic ketoacidosis
395(1)
23.6.6 Causes of death directly related to chronic alcohol abuse
396(1)
23.6.7 Biomarkers of Chronic alcohol abuse
396(1)
23.6.8 Ethanol and its metabolites
397(2)
23.6.9 Liver enzymes
399(1)
23.6.10 MCV
399(1)
23.6.11 CDT
399(2)
23.7 Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
401(1)
23.8 Alcohol interaction with other drugs
402(1)
References
402(3)
24 Illicit Drug Use 405(38)
Giovanni Serpelloni
Claudia Rimondo
24.1 Definitions
405(2)
24.1.1 Illicit drug use
405(1)
24.1.2 Substance abuse
405(1)
24.1.3 Drug misuse
406(1)
24.1.4 Recreational drug use
406(1)
24.1.5 Problem drug use
406(1)
24.1.6 Tolerance
406(1)
24.1.7 Chronic drug use
407(1)
24.1.8 Addiction
407(1)
24.1.9 Craving
407(1)
24.2 Type of substances
407(5)
24.2.1 Cannabis
407(1)
24.2.2 Cocaine
408(1)
24.2.3 Heroin
408(1)
24.2.4 Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
409(1)
24.2.5 Hallucinogens
409(1)
24.2.6 Inhalants
410(1)
24.2.7 New psychoactive substances
410(2)
24.3 The legal scenario of drug use
412(4)
24.3.1 International law
412(2)
24.3.2 EU drug policy
414(1)
24.3.3 UK level
415(1)
24.4 The drug scene today
416(4)
24.4.1 Drug demand
416(1)
24.4.2 Drug supply
417(1)
24.4.3 New psychoactive substances
417(1)
24.4.4 Internet and cybercrime
418(1)
24.4.5 Fentanyl-related intoxications and deaths
418(1)
24.4.6 Debate on cannabis legalisation
419(1)
24.5 Consequences of drug use
420(14)
24.5.1 Effects on mental health
420(4)
24.5.1.1 Cannabis
420(1)
24.5.1.2 Cocaine
421(1)
24.5.1.3 Heroin
422(1)
24.5.1.4 Methamphetamine
422(1)
24.5.1.5 Hallucinogens
422(1)
24.5.1.6 Inhalants
423(1)
24.5.1.7 New psychoactive substances
423(1)
24.5.2 Effects on the organism
424(3)
24.5.2.1 Cannabis
424(1)
24.5.2.2 Cocaine
424(1)
24.5.2.3 Heroin
425(1)
24.5.2.4 Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
426(1)
24.5.2.5 Hallucinogens
426(1)
24.5.2.6 Inhalants
426(1)
24.5.2.7 New psychoactive substances
427(1)
24.5.3 Drug use and related infectious pathologies
427(2)
24.5.4 Criminal behaviour
429(1)
24.5.5 Drugs and driving
429(5)
24.5.5.1 Cannabis
431(1)
24.5.5.2 Cocaine
431(1)
24.5.5.3 Opioids
432(1)
24.5.5.4 Amphetamine/Methamphetamine
432(1)
24.5.5.5 Benzodiazepines and other medicines
432(1)
24.5.5.6 Drug use in the workplace
433(1)
References
434(9)
Index 443
Peter Vanezis, MB, ChB, MD, PhD, FRCPath, FRCP (Glasg.), FFLM, FCSFS, FAFMS (UK), DMJ (Path), He has been Professor of Forensic Medical Sciences and Director of the Cameron Forensic Medical Sciences at Barts and the London (Queen Mary University of London) since 2006 (now Emeritus). He was formerly Regius Professor of Forensic Medicine and Science at the University of Glasgow. He is a Fellow of The Royal College of Pathologists, Fellow of Royal College of Physicians of Glasgow, Fellow of the Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine and Fellow of the Chartered Society of Forensic Scientists. Peter Vanezis was awarded an OBE in June 2001, for Forensic Pathology Services in Kosovo.