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Essentials of Functional MRI [Pehme köide]

(Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 312 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 725 g, 19 Tables, black and white; 130 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Jun-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439818789
  • ISBN-13: 9781439818787
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Essentials of Functional MRISuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 312 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 725 g, 19 Tables, black and white; 130 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Jun-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1439818789
  • ISBN-13: 9781439818787
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781439818787.html
Märksõnad:
"During the last two decades, new developments in functional MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have made it possible to detect changes in the brain over time, as opposed to the "snapshot" produced by conventional MRI. Essentials of Functional MRI breaks down the technical challenges for physicians, researchers, and technologists who use functional MRI but may not be experts in the necessary math and physics. The author describes the theory and practical details of functional MRI (fMRI) methodology, including how to acquire and analyze images, and a wide range of examples demonstrate how fMRI has been used thus far. The author provides the essential information to study, understand, use, and teach the practical aspects of fMRI for those people who are mostlikely to extend its use into clinical practice"--Provided by publisher.

During the last two decades, new developments in functional MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) have made it possible to detect changes in the brain over time, as opposed to the "snapshot" produced by conventional MRI. Essentials of Functional MRI breaks down the technical challenges for physicians, researchers, and technologists who use functional MRI but may not be experts in the necessary math and physics. The author describes the theory and practical details of functional MRI (fMRI) methodology, including how to acquire and analyze images, and a wide range of examples demonstrate how fMRI has been used thus far. The author provides the essential information to study, understand, use, and teach the practical aspects of fMRI for those people who are most likely to extend its use into clinical practice.

Arvustused

"A comprehensive book, combining a strong theoretical background with profound practical hints for the use of fMRI in medical research.... represents a major step forward." Massimo Filippi, M.D., Department of Neurology, Scientific Institute HSR, Italy

"I find the book packed with information. It will be useful for both a clinical audience and MR technologists." W. Einar Mencl, Ph.D., Director of Neuroimaging Research, Haskins Laboratories and Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Author xv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1(4)
References
3(2)
Chapter 2 Basic Concepts 5(32)
2.1 Basic Anatomy of an MRI System
5(8)
2.1.1 The Static Magnetic Field
5(3)
2.1.2 Magnetic Field Gradients
8(2)
2.1.3 Radio-Frequency Magnetic Fields
10(3)
2.2 Representing Images with Numbers and Vice Versa
13(7)
2.2.1 MR Image Data Formats
17(3)
2.3 Recurring Math Concepts: Representing Data as Sums of Meaningful Components
20(16)
2.3.1 Decomposing Signals or Images into Simpler Components
20(2)
2.3.2 General Linear Model
22(4)
2.3.3 The Fourier Transform
26(7)
2.3.4 Useful Properties of the Fourier Transform
33(3)
References
36(1)
Chapter 3 Source of the MR Signal and Its Properties 37(22)
3.1 Origins of the MR Signal
37(3)
3.2 The Equilibrium State—Magnetization in Tissues
40(1)
3.3 Behavior of the Magnetization When Not at Equilibrium
40(2)
3.4 Pushing the Magnetization Away from Equilibrium—The RF Pulse
42(3)
3.5 Detecting the MR Signal
45(1)
3.6 Relaxation Back to Equilibrium
46(6)
3.7 Observing the Effects of Relaxation
52(4)
References
56(3)
Chapter 4 The Fundamental Building Blocks of MRI Methods: Spin Echoes and Gradient Echoes 59(26)
4.1 The Need for Echoes
59(3)
4.2 Spin Echo
62(4)
4.3 Gradient Echo
66(2)
4.4 Steady-State Methods and Stimulated Echoes
68(8)
4.4.1 Steady-State Methods
70(2)
4.4.2 Stimulated Echoes
72(4)
4.5 Signal Weighting and Contrast
76(3)
4.6 Inversion-Recovery Methods
79(1)
4.7 Magnetization Transfer Contrast
80(1)
4.8 Summary
81(3)
References
84(1)
Chapter 5 Creating an Image from the Magnetic Resonance Signal 85(36)
5.1 Spatially Selective Radio-Frequency Pulses
86(7)
5.2 Encoding Spatial Information into the MR Signal to Create an Image
93(4)
5.3 Constructing an Image from k-Space
97(6)
5.4 Signal Strength, Imaging Speed, and Spatial Resolution—You Cannot Have It All
103(5)
5.5 Fast Imaging Methods
108(5)
5.6 Parallel Imaging
113(2)
5.7 Causes of Image Artifacts and Distortion
115(5)
References
120(1)
Chapter 6 Principles and Practice of Functional MRI 121(40)
6.1 How MRI Becomes Functional MRI
121(1)
6.2 Contrast Mechanisms: Linking the MR Signal and Neural Function
122(8)
6.2.1 BOLD Contrast
122(1)
6.2.2 Physiological Origins of BOLD
123(5)
6.2.3 Quantifying the BOLD MR Signal Change
128(2)
6.3 General BOLD fMRI Methods
130(4)
6.4 Special Regions
134(7)
6.4.1 Causes of Image Distortion and Signal Loss
134(4)
6.4.2 Modified fMRI Methods for Special Regions
138(3)
6.5 Specific Examples of fMRI Applications—Setting the Acquisition Parameters
141(2)
6.6 Alternative Contrast Mechanisms
143(13)
6.6.1 Signal Enhancement by Extravascular Water Protons (SEEP)
144(2)
6.6.2 Perfusion-Weighted Imaging (PWI)
146(4)
6.6.3 Vascular Space Occupancy (VASO)
150(1)
6.6.4 Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI)
151(5)
References
156(5)
Chapter 7 Functional MRI Study Design 161(24)
7.1 Basic Principles of fMRI Study Design
161(1)
7.2 Choice of Stimulation Method or Task
162(2)
7.3 Choice of the fMRI Study Design
164(5)
7.3.1 Block Designs
165(1)
7.3.2 Event-Related Designs
165(1)
7.3.3 Fast Event-Related Designs
166(1)
7.3.4 Mixed Designs
167(1)
7.3.5 Behaviorally Driven Designs
168(1)
7.4 Order and Timing of Presentation of Tasks or Stimuli
169(4)
7.4.1 Subtraction Method
171(1)
7.4.2 Factorial Method
171(1)
7.4.3 Parametric Method
171(1)
7.4.4 Conjunction Method
172(1)
7.5 Timing of Tasks or Stimuli, Duration, Sampling Rate
173(9)
7.5.1 The Sampling Rate
173(1)
7.5.2 The Order and Timing of Blocks or Events—Design Efficiency
173(6)
7.5.3 The Number of Time Points (Volumes)
179(1)
7.5.4 The Number of Events or Blocks
180(2)
7.6 Summary of Factors Influencing fMRI Study Design
182(1)
References
183(2)
Chapter 8 Functional MRI Data Analysis 185(32)
8.1 Hypothesis Testing
185(3)
8.2 fMRI Analysis Software
188(1)
8.3 Preprocessing
189(6)
8.3.1 Global Normalization
189(1)
8.3.2 Motion Correction
189(2)
8.3.3 Slice Timing Correction
191(1)
8.3.4 Spatial Normalization
191(2)
8.3.5 Spatial Smoothing
193(1)
8.3.6 Temporal Filtering
194(1)
8.4 Data Analysis Methods
195(8)
8.4.1 Model-Driven, Univariate Analysis Methods
196(2)
8.4.1.1 Correlation
196(1)
8.4.1.2 General Linear Model
196(2)
8.4.2 Data-Driven, Multivariate Analysis Methods
198(3)
8.4.3 Data Analysis for Resting-State Studies
201(2)
8.5 Statistical Threshold, and Correction for Multiple Comparisons
203(2)
8.6 Group Analysis
205(6)
8.6.1 Fixed-Effects, Random-Effects, and Conjunction Analyses
206(1)
8.6.2 General Linear Model for Group Analysis
207(1)
8.6.3 Partial Least Squares Analysis
207(1)
8.6.4 Functional and Effective Connectivity, and Dynamic Causal Modeling
208(3)
8.7 Interpretation of fMRI Results, What Do They Really Mean?
211(1)
References
212(5)
Chapter 9 Clinical Applications of Functional MRI 217(36)
9.1 Examples of Current Clinical Applications of fMRI
218(6)
9.2 Examples of Forthcoming Clinical Applications
224(23)
9.2.1 Resting-State Studies, Default-Mode Network Studies
224(3)
9.2.2 Multiple Sclerosis
227(3)
9.2.3 Stroke
230(2)
9.2.4 Consciousness Disorders/Coma
232(3)
9.2.5 Traumatic Brain Injury
235(2)
9.2.6 fMRI Studies Using Saccadic Eye Movements
237(5)
9.2.7 Spinal Cord Injury and Disease
242(5)
9.2.7.1 True Physiological Variation
243(1)
9.2.7.2 Human Studies and Clinical Applications
243(4)
9.2.8 Concluding Points about the Use of fMRI for Clinical Diagnosis and Monitoring
247(1)
References
247(6)
Glossary of Terms 253(20)
Appendix: Decision Tree for BOLD fMRI Study Design 273(6)
Index 279
Patrick. W. Stroman, Ph.D ., is now an associate professor Queen's University in Ontario, Canada. He holds a Canada research chair in imaging physics, and leads a research program that focuses on the development of spinal fMRI as a tool for clinical assessments and spinal cord research.