"Oh God, here comes Esther Ross." Such was the greeting she received from members of the U.S. Congress during her repeated trips to the Capitol on behalf of Stillaguamish Indians. Tenacious and passionate, Esther Ross’s refusal to abandon her cause resulted in federal recognition of the Stillaguamish Tribe in 1976. Her efforts on behalf of Pacific Northwest Indians at federal, state, and local levels led not only to the rebirth of the Stillaguamish but also to policy reforms affecting all Indian tribes.
"Oh God, here comes Esther Ross." Such was the greeting she received from members of the U.S. Congress during her repeated trips to the Capitol on behalf of Stillaguamish Indians. Tenacious and passionate, Esther Ross’s refusal to abandon her cause resulted in federal recognition of the Stillaguamish Tribe in 1976. Her efforts on behalf of Pacific Northwest Indians at federal, state, and local levels led not only to the rebirth of the Stillaguamish but also to policy reforms affecting all Indian tribes.
In this rare, in-depth portrait of a contemporary American Indian woman, Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown document Ross’s life and achievements. At the turn of the twentieth century, the Stillaguamish tribe, located on the Puget Sound in Washington State, had all but disappeared. With no organization or system of communication, tribal members dispersed. Desperate for help, surviving members asked Ross, a young, well-educated descendant of Stillaguamish and Norwegian heritage, to assist them in suing for lost land and government services. For fifty years, she waged a persistent campaign, largely self-staffed and self-funded. Despite personal problems, cultural barriers, and reluctance among some tribal members, Ross succeeded, but she was eventually forced from tribal leadership.
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ix | |
Foreword |
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xi | |
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Introduction |
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xv | |
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Preface |
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xxi | |
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List of Abbreviations and Acronyms |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (10) |
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2 Stillaguamish: The Land and the People |
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13 | (10) |
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3 The Stillaguamish: A Tribe Reborn |
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23 | (3) |
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4 Duality: Tribal and Domestic Affairs |
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26 | (7) |
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33 | (10) |
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6 Claims: Land Losses and Family Losses |
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43 | (15) |
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7 Fish Wars: The Courts and the Rivers |
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58 | (6) |
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8 Esther Meets the Rebel General |
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64 | (10) |
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9 The Poor People's Campaign |
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74 | (5) |
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10 War Cry along the Stilly |
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79 | (8) |
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11 Legacy of the Dead, Land Base for the Living |
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87 | (8) |
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12 Organization, Disorganization, and Militancy |
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95 | (8) |
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13 Mrs. Ross Goes to Washington---Again |
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103 | (6) |
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14 Half the Salmon: The Boldt Case |
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109 | (15) |
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15 The Boldt Court: The Fallout |
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124 | (12) |
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16 The Push for Recognition |
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136 | (9) |
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17 The Chief and the Wagon Train |
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145 | (12) |
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18 While Waiting for Recognition |
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157 | (9) |
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19 The Case of the Flying Fish |
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166 | (4) |
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170 | (10) |
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21 A Celebration at Muckleshoot Hall |
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180 | (5) |
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22 Recognition Brings More Troubles |
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185 | (13) |
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23 Calling the Roll: A Troublesome Task |
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198 | (10) |
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24 A War of Words and Wills |
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208 | (8) |
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25 Stratagems for Leadership |
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216 | (10) |
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226 | (9) |
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27 Debility and Denouement |
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235 | (11) |
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28 Epilogue and Retrospect |
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246 | (7) |
Notes |
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253 | (40) |
Bibliography |
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293 | (8) |
Index |
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301 | |
Robert H. Ruby was both physician and independent scholar. Along with John A. Brown, he was coauthor of numerous books, including Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A History.
John A. Brown was Professor Emeritus of History at Wenatchee Valley College, Washington. He is coauthor of numerous books, including Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A History.