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Ethics and the Practice of Forensic Science 2nd edition [Pehme köide]

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(West Virginia University, USA)
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Ethics and the Practice of Forensic Science, 2e explores the ethical issues facing those who work in the forensic sciences, highlighting the complicated nature of ethics and decision-making at the crime scene, lab, and in the courts. This edition provides a new chapter on the "Ferguson Effect" faced by the criminal justice syste



While one would hope that forensic scientists, investigators, and experts are intrinsically ethical by nature, the reality is that these individuals have morality as varied as the general population. These professionals confront ethical dilemmas every day, some with clear-cut protocols and others that frequently have no definitive answers.





Since the publication of the first edition of Ethics and the Practice of Forensic Science, the field of forensic science has continued to see its share of controversy. This runs the gamut of news stories from investigators, lab personnel, or even lab directors falsifying results, committing perjury, admitting to fraud, to overturned convictions, questions about bias, ethics, and what constitutes an "expert" on the witness stand.





This fully updated edition tackles all these issues—including some specific instances and cases of unethical behavior—and addresses such salient issues as accreditation requirements, standardization of ethical codes, examiner certification, and standards for education and training.





The new edition provides:







  • A new chapter on the "Ferguson Effect" faced by the criminal justice system






  • The context of forensic science ethics in relation to general scientific ethics, measurement uncertainty, and ethics in criminal justice






  • Ethical conundrums and real-world examples that forensic scientists confront every day






  • The ethics and conduct codes of 20 different forensic and scientific professional organizations






  • An outline of the National Academies of Science (NAS) recommendations and progress made on ethics in forensic science since the release of the NAS report






Ethics and the Practice of Forensic Science, Second Edition

explores the range of ethical issues facing those who work in the forensic sciences—highlights the complicated nature of ethics and decision-making at the crime scene, in the lab, and in the courts. The book serves both as an essential resource for laboratories to train their employees and as an invaluable textbook for the growing number of courses on ethics in criminal justice and forensic science curricula.





Accompanying PowerPoint® slides and an Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank are available to professors upon qualifying course adoption.

Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Author xvii
1 What Is Ethics?
1(18)
Introduction
1(1)
Ethical Theories
2(1)
The Study of Ethics
3(1)
Utilitarianism: The Greater Good
4(2)
Deontological Ethics: Obligation and Intention
6(2)
Comparing Approaches for Forensic Science
8(1)
Ethical Decision-Making
9(3)
Framework for Ethical Decisions
12(2)
Rule 1 Inherent Good Surpasses Noninherent Good
13(1)
Rule 2 Noninherent Evil Surpasses Inherent Evil
13(1)
Rule 3 When Selecting between Levels of Good or Evil, Select the Highest Good or the Lowest Evil
14(1)
Result of Decisions
14(3)
Conclusion
17(1)
References
17(2)
2 An Ethical Approach to Forensic Professionalism
19(12)
Introduction
19(1)
Education
20(3)
Competence
23(2)
Professions and Professionalism
25(1)
Awareness
26(1)
National Academy of Sciences Report
27(2)
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
29(1)
Conclusion
29(1)
References
30(1)
3 Ethics in Forensic Science
31(18)
Introduction
31(1)
Crime Scene
32(1)
Laboratory
33(3)
Role of the Scientific Expert Witness
36(3)
Qualification
39(2)
Parameters
41(2)
Misconduct
43(4)
Conclusion
47(1)
References
48(1)
4 The Ethics of the Criminal Justice Culture
49(18)
Introduction
49(2)
Recruitment
51(1)
Culture
51(3)
Ethics of Criminal Justice
54(2)
Ethics Training
56(1)
Unethical Behavior
57(6)
Sources of Pressure for the Forensic Scientist
63(1)
Conclusion
64(1)
References
65(2)
5 Changing the "Game" of Policing: Ethics and Efficacy in Police Reform and Forensic Investigations
67(20)
The Policing Field and the Disposition It Creates
69(1)
Consequences of the Policing Game
70(4)
Retaliatory Violence against Police
74(1)
"Doing Right" in Policing
75(1)
Identifying the Summum Bonum of Policing: Strong Neighborhoods
76(4)
"Doing Right" by Neighborhood Type: A Situational Ethics toward the Greatest Good
80(1)
Forensic Investigations and Building Strong Neighborhoods
81(2)
Conclusion
83(1)
Author Biographies
83(1)
References
84(3)
6 Ethics in the Courtroom: The Scientist's Perspective
87(18)
Introduction
87(2)
Role of Attorneys
89(1)
Attorney-Expert Relationship
90(3)
Admissibility of Scientific Evidence
93(3)
The Frye Case
93(2)
The Daubert Case
95(1)
Misconduct
96(3)
Examples of Misconduct
99(3)
Duke Lacrosse Case, 2006
99(2)
Joseph Buffy, 2016
101(1)
Conclusion
102(1)
References
102(3)
7 Ethics in Science and Research
105(18)
Introduction
105(1)
Science, Technology, and Society
106(2)
Research and Publication
108(4)
Ethics in Science and Research
112(2)
Uncertainty
114(1)
Measurement Uncertainty
114(3)
Goodness of Measurements
117(1)
Misconduct
118(2)
Conclusion
120(1)
Author Biography
121(1)
References
121(2)
8 Unethical Behavior: The Fork in the Road
123(20)
Introduction
123(3)
Unethical Behavior
126(5)
Motivation
131(3)
Justification
134(1)
Consequences
135(6)
Whistle-Blowing
137(4)
Conclusion
141(1)
References
141(2)
9 Good Examples of Bad Behavior
143(12)
O. J. Simpson Case
143(2)
Annie Dookhan
145(1)
St. Paul Crime Laboratory
146(1)
Case Studies
147(4)
Competency Issues
147(1)
Austin Police Department Crime Laboratory
147(1)
Personal Gain
148(1)
Oregon State Police Crime Laboratory
148(1)
Abuse of Power
148(1)
Massachusetts State Crime Laboratory (Amherst)
148(1)
Florida Department of Law Enforcement
149(1)
Wrongful Convictions
149(1)
Validity of Bite Mark Evidence
149(1)
Overstatement of Hair Evidence
150(1)
Fabrication
150(1)
New Jersey State Police Office of Forensic Science
150(1)
Advocacy
151(1)
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Laboratory
151(1)
Notorious Examples of Misconduct That Every Forensic Scientist Should Know
151(3)
Fred Zain
151(1)
Michael West
152(1)
Kathleen Lundy
152(1)
Joyce Gilcrist
152(1)
Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory
153(1)
Sandra Anderson
153(1)
Making a Murderer
153(1)
Conclusion
154(1)
References
154(1)
10 Codes of Ethics
155(24)
Introduction
155(2)
The National Commission on Forensic Science and the Organization of Scientific Area Committees
157(2)
Developing Codes of Ethics
157(2)
Purpose
159(1)
Familiarity with Codes of Ethics
160(2)
Survey of Forensic Science Ethics Documents
162(6)
The American Academy of Forensic Sciences
168(2)
Article II Code of Ethics and Conduct
168(1)
Section 1 The Code of Ethics and Conduct
168(1)
Section 2 Member and Affiliate Liability
169(1)
Section 3 Sanctions
169(1)
The American Board of Criminalistics
170(2)
Rules of Professional Conduct
170(2)
American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors
172(2)
The International Association for Identification
174(2)
Codes of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct
174(1)
Professionalism
174(1)
Competency and Proficiency
175(1)
Clear Communication
175(1)
Organizational Responsibility
176(1)
Conclusion
176(1)
References
176(3)
Appendix A Additional U.S. Forensic Science Professional Codes of Ethics 179(32)
Appendix B U.S. Law Enforcement Professional Codes of Ethics 211(8)
Appendix C International Forensic Science Professional Codes of Ethics 219(16)
Appendix D When Ethics Are Used to Retaliate 235(4)
Bibliography 239(6)
Index 245
Robin Bowen has an undergraduate degree in Forensic and Investigative Sciences, a graduate degree in Secondary Science Education, and is currently pursuing her doctorate in Instructional Design and Technology from West Virginia University. She is currently teaching a number of courses at the undergraduate level and is the minor coordinator in the Department of Forensic and Investigative Science at West Virginia University. Bowen was formerly the Assistant Director for Forensic and Investigative Science Outreach, a program that developed research, scientific resources, and professional training for forensic scientists and related professionals. Her primary responsibilities included coordination of continuing education programs, management of research projects, and correspondence of progress to the National Institute of Justice. Ms. Bowen is the author of Ethics and the Practice of Forensic Science. She has participated as an advisory member of the Outreach and Communication Interagency Working Group (IWG) under the National Science and Technology Council Subcommittee (NSTC) on Forensic Science and as a member of the Editorial Advisory Board for the revised edition of Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. Bowen was the primary developer of the Forensic Educational Alliance, an initiative to offer a variety of forensic science continuing education online courses.