This thematic commentary analyses the core provisions and overarching themes of the EU Artificial Intelligence Act to provide readers with the information needed to understand, situate and implement this new piece of legislation in their practice.
The book offers a rich variety of views on one of the most challenging legal innovations of EU law. It analyses individual provisions exhaustively, where their relevance and complexity require specific analysis to guide their implementation, and thematically, where beneficial for a broader view of some of the strategic axes of the Act. Importantly, the chapters unpack connections both within the various components of the EU AI Act itself, as well as with other key instruments such as the Digital Services Act (DSA), the Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
The Thematic Commentary thus provides in-depth coverage of key aspects of the EU AI Act, including detailed reviews of rules on prohibited practices, high-risk AI systems, governance structures, measures to support innovation such as regulatory sandboxes, or codes of conduct.
A companion website (bloomsbury.pub/eu-artificial-intelligence-act) provides updates and supplementary resources, including essential policy developments (such as the EU Digital Omnibus AI and related implementing measures), to help readers keep the Commentary aligned with the evolving EU AI governance framework.
Written by a curated selection of authors that include renowned academics, global practitioners, and institutional experts involved in the drafting process, this Commentary is a key authoritative source bringing together many different voices. Whether for legal practitioners seeking insights into the practical implementation of the EU AI Act, scholars, regulators and policymakers who need to understand the theoretical and policy implications of the Act, or students looking for an advanced analysis of the EU AI Act in context, this Thematic Commentary is the guiding reference on AI regulation in the EU.
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This thematic commentary analyses the overarching themes in the EU AI Act to provide readers with the information needed to process and implement this new piece of legislation in their practice.
Introduction to the Commentary, Gianclaudio Malgieri (Leiden University,
the Netherlands), Gloria González Fuster (Vrije Universiteit Brussel,
Belgium), Alessandro Mantelero (Polytechnic University Tourin, Italy) and
Gabriela Zanfir-Fortuna (Future of Privacy Forum, USA)
Part I: Key Issues
1. The EU AI Act: The Objectives of the Law (Article 1), Gianclaudio Malgieri
(Leiden University, the Netherlands)
2. The Scope of the AI Act in Light of the EU's Digital Strategy (Article 2),
Alessandro Mantelero (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
3. Definitions in the AI Act: Main Actors and Key Concepts (Article 3),
Gabriela Zanfir-Fortuna (Future of Privacy Forum, USA)
4. The Risk Framework in the AI Act and the Role of the European Commission,
Laura Caroli (Center for Strategic and International Studies, USA)
5. The Mixed Nature of the AI Act: Product Safety and Fundamental Rights
Regulation, Giovanni De Gregorio (Católica Global School of Law, Portugal)
and Marco Almada (University of Luxembourg)
Part II: Prohibited Practices
6. The Prohibitions Related to Human Vulnerabilities and Manipulation
(Articles 5(1)(a) and 5(1)(b)), Maria-Lucia Rebrean (Leiden University, the
Netherlands) and Silvia De Conca (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the
Netherlands)
7. Social Scoring (Article 5(1)(c)), Nathan Genicot (Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Belgium)
8. Predictive Policing and Facial Recognition (Article 5(1)(d) and 5(1)(e)),
Bart Custers (Leiden University, the Netherlands)
9. The Prohibition of Emotion Recognition Systems in Education and the
Workplace (Article 5(1)(f)), Andreas Häuselmann (Open Universiteit, the
Netherlands)
10. The Prohibitions Related to Biometric Surveillance and their Exceptions
(Articles 5(1)(g), and 5(2) to 5(8)), Gavin Robinson (Leiden University, the
Netherlands)
Part III: High-Risk AI Systems
11. Classification of High-Risk AI Systems and Its Update (Articles 6, 7, 50,
71, Annex I, Annex III), Giorgio Resta (Rome Tre University, Italy) and
Cristina Frattone (Roma Tre University, Italy)
12. Obligations of Providers of High-Risk AI Systems (Articles 8, 9, 16, 20,
21, 22), Phil Lee (Digiphile, UK)
13. Deployers: - Key Obligations (Article 26), Phil Lee (Digiphile, UK)
14. Conformity Assessment, Quality and Risk Management Systems (Articles 8,
9, 17, 42, 43, 46), Alessandro Mantelero (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
15. The Fundamental Rights Impact Assessment (Article 27), Alessandro
Mantelero (Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
16. Data and Data Governance (Article 10), Margo Bernelin (Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, France) and Michaël Van den Poel (Eubelius,
Beligum)
17. Accountability and Transparency (Articles 11-13, 18-19, and 50), Anda
Bologa (Center for European Policy Analysis, USA)
18. Human Oversight (Article 14), Melanie Fink (Leiden University, the
Netherlands)
19. Accuracy, Robustness, and Cybersecurity (Article 15), Giuseppe Vaciago
(42Law Firm, Austria; Politecnico di Torino, Italy)
20. Identification and Obligations of Importers, Distributors, and
Responsibilities Along the AI Value Chain (Articles 23, 24, 25), Bart
Schermer (Leiden University, the Netherlands)
21. Standards, Certificates, Registration (Articles 40, 41, 44-49), Irene
Kamara (Tilburg University, the Netherlands)
Part IV: GPAI and General-Purpose AI Models
22. The Obligations of Providers of General-Purpose AI Models (Articles 53,
54 and 56), Michael Veale (University College London, UK) and Joao Quintais
(University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands)
23. General Purpose AI Models with Systemic Risks - Classification and
Specific Obligations (Articles 51, 52, 55), Connor Dunlop (Lucid Computing,
USA)
Part V: Measures in Support of Innovation
24. AI Regulatory Sandboxes and Testing in Real-World Conditions (Articles
57-61), Thiago Guimaraes Moraes (Brazilian Data Protection Authority,
Brazil)
25. SMEs and Derogation (Articles 62 and 63), Vincenzo Tiani (Future of
Privacy Forum, USA)
Part VI : Governance
26. EU-Level Governance (AI Office, AI Board, Advisory Forum, Scientific
Panel) (Articles 64 to 69), Claudio Novelli (Yale University, USA)
27. National Level Governance (National Competent Authorities) and
Notification Procedures, Joanna Mazur (University of Warsaw, Poland)
Part VII: Monitoring and Enforcement
28. Implementing Articles 72 and 73 of the EU AI Act: Practical Insights and
Recommendations for Post Market Monitoring and Reporting Serious Incidents,
Brenda Leong (Luminos.law, USA)
29. Enforcement (Articles 74-84 and 88-94), Luca Tosoni (Schjødt, formerly
Norwegian Data Protection Agency, Norway)
30. The Right to Explanation in the AI Act (Article 86), Margot E Kaminski
(University of Colorado Law School, USA) and Gianclaudio Malgieri (Leiden
University, the Netherlands)
31. Remedies and Penalties (Articles 85, 87, 99-101), Maria Magierska
(Maastricht University, the Netherlands)
Part VIII: Codes of Conducts, Guidelines and AI Literacy
32. Codes of Conduct and EC Guidelines (Articles 56, 95-98), Denise Amram
(Scuola Superiore SantAnna, Italy) and Roberta Romano (Scuola Superiore
SantAnna, Italy)
33. AI Literacy (Article 4), Tommaso Fia (University of Tübingen, Germany)
Part IX : The AI Act Interactions with the Digital Rulebook
34. The AI Act and the GDPR, Gloria González Fuster (Vrije Universiteit
Brussel, Belgium)
35. The AI Act and the Digital Services Act: Legal Consistency and Normative
Tensions, Gianclaudio Malgieri (Leiden University, the Netherlands)
36. The AI Act and the Product Liability Directive, Gianmarco Gori (Vrije
Universiteit Brussel, Belgium)
37. Divergent Paths, Subtle Crossroads: Disentangling the DMA and the DA from
the AI Act, Muhammed Demircan (DLA Piper, USA), Osman Gazi Gucluturk
(Galatasaray University, Turkey), and Heidi Waem (DLA Piper, USA)
Gianclaudio Malgieri is Associate Professor of Law and Technology at Leiden University, the Netherlands. Gloria González Fuster is Research Professor at Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium. Alessandro Mantelero is Associate Professor of Law, Polytechnic University Tourin, Italy. Gabriela Zanfir-Fortuna is Vice President for Global Privacy, Future of Privacy Forum, USA.
