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European Model of Agriculture [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 502 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 241x162x30 mm, kaal: 867 g
  • Sari: Oxford Studies in European Law
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Mar-2004
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019924216X
  • ISBN-13: 9780199242160
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European Model of AgricultureSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 502 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 241x162x30 mm, kaal: 867 g
  • Sari: Oxford Studies in European Law
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Mar-2004
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 019924216X
  • ISBN-13: 9780199242160
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780199242160.html
Märksõnad:
In order to meet the increasing economic and environmental challenges faced by the European farming industry, the EU has advocated a new 'European Model of Agriculture' that will provide a competitive and diverse agricultural sector that is environmentally responsible and addresses issues of food quality and animal welfare.

Implementing such a range of policies is requiring the EU to pass a large amount of legislation. This book sets out to analyse whether the legislative framework for this model can deliver these policy objectives.

Tension between the EU model and the global economy as supervised by the WTO, the emphasis on environmental protection, and the place of agriculture in the wider rural economy are all issues at the heart of the present debate. This book provides early consideration of the mid-term review of the Common Agricultural Policy and is therefore essential reading for academics, practioners, and policy makers in the field.
Tables of Cases xix
Tables of Legislation xxv
Table of Treaties and Conventions xlvii
Abbreviations liii
Introduction 1(6)
1. The Early Development of the European Model of Agriculture 7(50)
1. The Special Status of Agriculture
7(13)
1.1. Introduction
7(1)
1.2. The Special Status of Agriculture at Community Level
8(4)
1.3. The Special Status of Agriculture at National Level
12(1)
1.4. A Declining Economic Role for Agriculture
13(1)
1.5. Justifications for Continued 'Exceptionalism'
14(6)
2. The Treaty of Rome and Developments Prior to the MacSharry Reforms
20(20)
2.1. The Treaty of Rome
20(2)
2.2. The Common Organizations of the Market
22(2)
2.3. Early Developments Beyond the Common Organizations of the Market
24(16)
2.3.1. General
24(1)
2.3.2. Structural and Regional Policy
24(7)
2.3.2.1. Introduction
24(2)
2.3.2.2. The Structural Directives
26(2)
2.3.2.3. Council Directive 75/268/EEC
28(2)
2.3.2.4. Targeted Structural Measures and the Structural Funds
30(1)
2.3.3. Environmental Policy
31(3)
2.3.4. Council Regulation (EEC) 797/85: A More Comprehensive Programme
34(3)
2.3.5. Indications of a Multifunctional Agriculture
37(3)
3. The MacSharry Reforms
40(13)
3.1. General
40(2)
3.2. The Shift Away from Price and Market Support to Direct Payments
42(6)
3.2.1. General
42(1)
3.2.2. The Cereals Sector: A Template
43(4)
3.2.3. Limitations on Production
47(1)
3.3. The Accompanying Measures
48(2)
3.4. The 'Greening' of Existing Measures
50(2)
3.5. The Retreat from Modulation
52(1)
4. Other Multifunctional Measures Prior to the Agenda 2000 Reforms
53(4)
2. Agenda 2000: Towards the Berlin Summit 57(49)
1. Introduction
57(5)
2. Pressures Driving Reform
62(20)
2.1. The Community Perspective
62(8)
2.1.1. General
62(1)
2.1.2. Participation in World Markets
63(1)
2.1.3. Acceptability of the Common Agricultural Policy
64(1)
2.1.4. A Proper Level of Subsidiarity
65(2)
2.1.5. Eastward Enlargement
67(1)
2.1.6. World Trade Considerations
68(2)
2.2. Wider Considerations
70(12)
2.2.1. The OECD and Multifunctionality
70(4)
2.2.2. The Agricultural Recession
74(8)
2.2.2.1. Introduction
74(1)
2.2.2.2. Agricultural Markets: Prices and Incomes
75(1)
2.2.2.3. Agricultural Structures
76(1)
2.2.2.4. The Broader Role of the Agricultural Industry
76(2)
2.2.2.5. The Restructuring of the Food Chain
78(1)
2.2.2.6. The Impact of BSE and FMD
79(3)
2.2.2.7. Conclusion
82(1)
3. The Agenda 2000 Document and Negotiations
82(24)
3.1. The Agenda 2000 Document
82(10)
3.1.1. Assessment of the Reform Process, the Long-term Outlook, and Policy Objectives
82(3)
3.1.2. The Detailed Proposals
85(7)
3.1.2.1. Introduction
85(1)
3.1.2.2. Common Organizations of the Market
86(1)
3.1.2.2.1. General
86(1)
3.1.2.2.2. Arable Crops
86(1)
3.1.2.2.3. Beef and Veal
87(1)
3.1.2.2.4. Milk and Milk Products
88(1)
3.1.2.2.5. Individual Ceilings
89(1)
3.1.2.3. Rural Policy
90(2)
3.2. The 1998 Proposed Regulations
92(14)
3.2.1. Introduction and the 1998 Explanatory Memorandum
92(3)
3.2.2. The Detailed Proposals
95(8)
3.2.2.1. Introduction
95(1)
3.2.2.2. Common Organizations of the Market
96(1)
3.2.2.2.1. Arable Crops
96(1)
3.2.2.2.2. Beef and Veal
97(1)
3.2.2.2.3. Milk and Milk Products
98(3)
3.2.2.3. Rural Policy
101(1)
3.2.2.4. Financing
101(1)
3.2.2.5. Horizontal Measures
102(1)
3.2.3. Conclusion and Responses
103(3)
3. From the Berlin Summit to the Mid-term Review 106(69)
1. The Berlin Summit
106(24)
1.1. Introduction
106(1)
1.2. The Political Agreement
107(5)
1.2.1. General
107(1)
1.2.2. Common Organizations of the Market
108(2)
1.2.2.1. Arable Crops
108(1)
1.2.2.2. Beef and Veal
108(1)
1.2.2.3. Milk and Milk Products
109(1)
1.2.3. Rural Development
110(1)
1.2.4. Horizontal Measures
110(1)
1.2.5. Conclusion
111(1)
1.3. Agreement at Berlin
112(18)
1.3.1. General
112(3)
1.3.2. Common Organizations of the Market
115(6)
1.3.2.1. Introduction
115(1)
1.3.2.2. Arable Crops
116(1)
1.3.2.3. Beef and Veal
117(1)
1.3.2.4. Milk and Milk Products
117(4)
1.3.3. Rural Development
121(1)
1.3.4. Financing Measures
122(1)
1.3.5. Horizontal Measures
123(1)
1.3.6. The Reform of the Structural Funds
123(3)
1.3.7. Funding Eastward Enlargement
126(4)
2. Ongoing Reform
130(45)
2.1. General
130(2)
2.2. Reform Outside the Common Organizations of the Market
132(26)
2.2.1. Introduction
132(1)
2.2.2. Food Safety and Food Quality
133(9)
2.2.3. GMOs
142(13)
2.2.3.1. General
142(2)
2.2.3.2. Directive 2001/18/EC
144(6)
2.2.3.3. The Legislation on Traceability and Labelling and on Genetically Modified Food and Feed
150(2)
2.2.3.4. Environmental Liability
152(3)
2.2.4. Animal Welfare
155(3)
2.3. Livestock Sector
158(1)
2.4. The Mid-term Review
159(18)
2.4.1. Introduction
159(3)
2.4.2. The Policy Document
162(6)
2.4.2.1. Stabilizing Markets and Improving Common Organizations of the Market
162(1)
2.4.2.1.1 Arable Crops
162(1)
2.4.2.1.2 Beef
162(1)
2.4.2.1.3 Milk and Milk Products
163(1)
2.4.2.2. Achieving Simpler and More Sustainable Direct Support
164(1)
2.4.2.2.1. Introduction
164(1)
2.4.2.2.2. The Single Decoupled Income Payment per Farm
164(1)
2.4.2.2.3. Conditions Attached to the Single Decoupled Income Payment per Farm
165(1)
2.4.2.3. Securing a Better Balance of Support as Between Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
166(2)
2.4.2.4. Consolidating and Strengthening Rural Development
168(1)
2.4.3. The Proposed Regulations to Implement the Mid-term Review
168(3)
2.4.4. Agreement
171(4)
4. The Two Pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy 175(88)
1. Introduction
175(2)
2. The 'First Pillar'
177(32)
2.1. Competitiveness in Terms of Price
177(3)
2.2. Competitiveness in Terms of Quality
180(2)
2.3. Direct Payments and Limitations on Production
182(3)
2.4. The Advantages of Direct Payments
185(18)
2.4.1. General
185(1)
2.4.2. Certainty and Scope for Further Reform
185(2)
2.4.3. Transparency
187(1)
2.4.4. WTO Compatibility
187(1)
2.4.5. The Opportunity to Attach Multifunctional Conditions
188(9)
2.4.5.1. Introduction
188(1)
2.4.5.2. The 1999 Horizontal Regulation
189(5)
2.4.5.3. Detailed Measures Within the Common Organizations of the Market
194(2)
2.4.5.4. The Mid-term Review
196(1)
2.4.6. The Opportunity to Modulate Direct Payments
197(6)
2.5. Decentralization
203(3)
2.6. Simplification
206(3)
3. The 'Second Pillar'
209(25)
3.1. Efficacy of Earlier Rural Development Measures
209(8)
3.1.1. Rural Development Measures Prior to the MacSharry Reforms
209(2)
3.1.2. Rural Development Measures Following the MacSharry Reforms
211(6)
3.2. The Scope and Character of Initiatives Introduced Following the Berlin Summit, together with National Implementation
217(16)
3.2.1. General
217(3)
3.2.2. Budgetary Implications
220(4)
3.2.3. Amendments to Rural Development Measures
224(9)
3.2.3.1. Introduction
224(1)
3.2.3.2. Detailed Amendments
225(1)
3.2.3.2.1. General
225(1)
3.2.3.2.2. Less-favoured Areas and Areas with Environmental Restrictions
225(1)
3.2.3.2.3. Agri-environmental Measures
227(1)
3.2.3.2.4. The More General 'Greening' of Support
228(1)
3.2.3.2.5. The More General Reinforcement of the Multifunctional Nature of Support
230(3)
3.3. The Mid-term Review
233(1)
3.3.1. A Further Step Towards Multifunctionality
233(1)
3.3.2. Budgetary Implications
234(1)
4. Specific Legal Issues
234(29)
4.1. General
234(1)
4.2. Problems of Definition
235(6)
4.2.1. 'Agriculture'
235(3)
4.2.2. 'Usual Good Farming Practice Including Good Animal Husbandry Practice'
238(3)
4.3. Monitoring and Evaluation
241(2)
4.4. Penalties
243(3)
4.5. Property Rights
246(10)
4.5.1. General
246(1)
4.5.2. Environmental Protection Requirements and Agri-environmental Commitments
246(6)
4.5.3. The Milk Quota Regime
252(4)
4.6. Equal Treatment and the Scope for Distortions in the Market
256(8)
4.6.1. Introduction
256(1)
4.6.2. 'National Envelopes'
257(2)
4.6.3. Environmental Measures
259(1)
4.6.4. Conclusion
260(3)
5. Beyond the First and Second Pillars 263(56)
1. Introduction
263(1)
2. Food Safety and Food Quality
264(21)
2.1. General
264(1)
2.2. Food Safety
265(13)
2.2.1. Introduction
265(1)
2.2.2. The Role of Food Safety in the Emerging General Principles of Community Food Law
266(3)
2.2.3. Wider Consideration of the Precautionary Principle
269(4)
2.2.4. The Approach Adopted to Risk by the European Court of Justice in the BSE Litigation
273(3)
2.2.5. Conclusion
276(2)
2.3. Food Quality
278(7)
3. Legal Aspects of GMOs
285(16)
3.1. Introduction
285(2)
3.2. Public Attitudes to GMOs
287(3)
3.3. The Role of the Precautionary Principle
290(2)
3.4. Other Factors to be Taken into Account in the Environmental Risk Assessment
292(1)
3.5. Acceptance of Tolerance Levels
293(4)
3.6. Environmental Liability
297(4)
4. Legal Aspects of Animal Welfare
301(11)
4.1. General
301(2)
4.2. Minimum Standards
303(5)
4.3. Factors Mitigating Against Rigorous Animal Welfare Provisions
308(2)
4.4. The Protocol on Protection and Welfare of Animals
310(2)
5. The Place of Agriculture in the Food Chain
312(7)
5.1. General
312(2)
5.2. Producer Structures and Direct Marketing
314(5)
6. The WTO and Eastward Enlargement of the European Union 319(86)
1. Introduction
319(1)
2. The WTO
320(68)
2.1. An Outline of the Framework Imposed by the URAA
320(6)
2.2. The Presentation of the European Model of Agriculture during the Current Agriculture Negotiations
326(11)
2.2.1. General
326(1)
2.2.2. Trade Liberalization
327(3)
2.2.3. The Other 'Main Lines' of the European Model of Agriculture
330(5)
2.2.4. Multifunctionality: The Building of a Consensus
335(2)
2.3. The Defensibility of the European Model of Agriculture during the Current Agriculture Negotiations
337(51)
2.3.1. Introduction
337(4)
2.3.2. Export Subsidies
341(4)
2.3.3. The Impact of the Agenda 2000 Reforms on the 'Blue Box'
345(12)
2.3.3.1. General
345(1)
2.3.3.2. The Cereals Sector Following the Berlin Summit
346(1)
2.3.3.2.1. Introduction
346(1)
2.3.3.2.2. The Imposition of Base Areas
346(1)
2.3.3.2.3. The Calculation of Payment by Reference to Average Regional Yields
348(1)
2.3.3.2.4. The Set-aside Obligation
349(1)
2.3.3.3. The Livestock Sector Following the Berlin Summit
350(1)
2.3.3.3.1. Suckler Cow Premium
350(1)
2.3.3.3.2. Sheep Annual Premium
351(1)
2.3.3.3.3. Beef Special Premium
351(1)
2.3.3.3.4. 'National Envelopes' and the Dairy Premium
352(1)
2.3.3.4. The 'Greening' of the 'Blue Box'
353(1)
2.3.3.5. The Mid-term Review
353(2)
2.3.3.6. Comparison with the United States
355(2)
2.3.4. The Agenda 2000 Reforms and the 'Green Box'
357(8)
2.3.4.1. General
357(1)
2.3.4.2. The Berlin Summit and the 'Green Box'
358(1)
2.3.4.2.1. The Community
358(1)
2.3.4.2.2. Comparison with the United States
362(2)
2.3.4.3. The Mid-term Review
364(1)
2.3.5. Food Quality, Food Safety, and Animal Welfare
365(32)
2.3.5.1. General
365(3)
2.3.5.2. 'Higher Standards'
368(8)
2.3.5.3. Specific Difficulties with regard to GMOs
376(1)
2.3.5.3.1. Introduction
376(1)
2.3.5.3.2. The SPS Agreement and the TBT Agreement
377(8)
2.3.5.4. The Cartagena Protocol
385(3)
3. Eastward Enlargement
388(17)
3.1. General
388(4)
3.2. The Effect of Pre-accession Measures
392(5)
3.3. Negotiating Issues which have Impacted upon the Development of the European Model of Agriculture
397(6)
3.3.1. Introduction
397(1)
3.3.2. Trade Questions
397(1)
3.3.3. The Fixing of Quotas and Other Supply Management Instruments
398(1)
3.3.4. Direct Payments
399(4)
3.3.5. The Mid-term Review
403(1)
3.4. Prohibitions and Restrictions on the Purchase of Agricultural Land
403(2)
Conclusion 405(10)
Bibliography 415(22)
Index 437


Michael Cardwell is a lecturer in law at the University of Leeds