| Foreword |
|
v | |
| List of Tables, Boxes and Graphs |
|
xxv | |
| About the Authors |
|
xxix | |
| Note to the Reader |
|
xxxiii | |
| Table of Cases |
|
xxxv | |
| Table of Statutes |
|
xli | |
| 1 Introduction |
|
1 | |
| 1.1 This Book and its Readers |
|
1 | |
| 1.2 The Definition of 'Euthanasia' and of Other 'Medical Behaviour that Shortens Life' |
|
2 | |
| 1.3 The Legal Status of Medical Behaviour that Terminates Life in the Netherlands and Belgium |
|
3 | |
| 1.4 Reactions from Abroad to the Dutch and Belgian Situation |
|
4 | |
| 1.5 Four Theoretical Themes |
|
5 | |
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1.5.1 The Emergence and Diffusion of Euthanasia Law |
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|
6 | |
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1.5.2 The Quantity of (Euthanasia) Law |
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|
7 | |
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1.5.3 The Spectre of a 'Slippery Slope' |
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|
7 | |
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1.5.4 Varieties of (Legal) Comparison |
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|
7 | |
| PART I THE NETHERLANDS |
|
11 | |
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2 The Netherlands and the Dutch Health Care System |
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|
13 | |
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2.1 Dutch (Political) Structure and Culture |
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|
13 | |
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2.2 Health Care in the Netherlands |
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|
15 | |
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2.2.1 The Dutch Health Care System |
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|
15 | |
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2.2.2 Institutions for Health Care and Care of the Elderly |
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16 | |
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17 | |
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17 | |
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18 | |
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Institutions for Terminal Palliative Care |
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18 | |
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19 | |
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19 | |
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2.2.3 Health Care Professionals |
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19 | |
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20 | |
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20 | |
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21 | |
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22 | |
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2.2.3.2 Nurses and Nursing Assistants |
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22 | |
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22 | |
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2.2.3.4 Municipal Pathologists |
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|
23 | |
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2.2.3.5 The Medical Inspectorate and Medical Disciplinary Law |
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|
23 | |
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2.3 Public and Professional Opinion concerning Euthanasia |
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|
24 | |
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2.3.1 Dutch Public Opinion concerning Euthanasia |
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|
24 | |
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2.3.2 Dutch Medical Opinion concerning Euthanasia |
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|
27 | |
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|
28 | |
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3 Recent Legal Developments in the Netherlands |
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|
29 | |
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3.1 Legal Developments through 1998 |
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|
29 | |
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3.2 Statutory Legalisation |
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|
32 | |
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35 | |
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3.4 The Limits of Relief of Suffering in the Terminal Phase |
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|
39 | |
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|
41 | |
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3.5 Assisted Suicide for Patients with Dementia |
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|
45 | |
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3.6 Assistance with Suicide by Non-Doctors |
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|
46 | |
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48 | |
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48 | |
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4 Dutch Law on Euthanasia and Other MBPSL |
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51 | |
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4.1 Law concerning Medical Behaviour that Potentially Shortens Life (MBPSL) |
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|
52 | |
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4.2 Current Law in the Netherlands |
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|
54 | |
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4.2.1 'Normal Medical Practice', the 'Medical Exception' and a 'Natural Death' |
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|
55 | |
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4.2.2 'Normal Medical Practice' |
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|
56 | |
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4.2.2.1 Refusal of Treatment and Advance Directives |
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|
57 | |
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4.2.2.2 Withholding or Withdrawing Treatment Based on 'Medical Futility' |
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59 | |
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4.2.2.3 Pain Relief with Life-Shortening Effect and the Idea of 'Double Effect' |
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|
64 | |
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4.2.2.4 Palliative and Terminal Sedation |
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|
66 | |
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4.2.2.5 Help in Dying (stervenshulp) |
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|
71 | |
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4.2.3 'Termination of Life' |
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|
73 | |
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4.2.3.1 Euthanasia and PAS |
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|
76 | |
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4.2.3.2 The Legal Status of Euthanasia and PAS before the Law of 2002 |
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|
77 | |
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4.2.3.2(A) Substantive Requirements |
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|
78 | |
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4.2.3.2(B) Procedural Requirements |
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80 | |
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|
82 | |
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4.2.3.3 Euthanasia and PAS under the Law of 2002 |
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|
82 | |
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4.2.3.3(A) The Substantive Grounds and Procedural Requirements |
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|
83 | |
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4.2.3.3(B) A 'Voluntary and Carefully Considered' Request |
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85 | |
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85 | |
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86 | |
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86 | |
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Request Not Under Pressure |
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|
87 | |
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Request Not the Result of Impaired Capacity |
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|
87 | |
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Euthanasia Pursuant to an Advance Written Request |
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|
88 | |
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4.2.3.3(C) 'Unbearable Suffering with No Prospect of Improvement' |
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|
89 | |
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|
89 | |
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Suffering with No Prospect of Improvement |
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|
91 | |
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4.2.3.3(D) The 'Doctor Responsible for Treatment' |
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|
93 | |
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|
94 | |
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Independence of the Consultant |
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|
96 | |
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|
96 | |
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|
97 | |
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Quality of Consultation and Consultant's Report |
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|
98 | |
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Agreement between Consulted and Consulting Doctor |
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|
99 | |
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4.2.3.3(F) Other Requirements of Due Care |
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|
99 | |
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Carrying Out the Decision with 'Due Medical Care and Attention' |
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|
99 | |
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|
101 | |
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Reporting (and Supplying the Review Committees with Information) |
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|
102 | |
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Discussion with Family and/or Intimate Friends and with Nurses |
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|
103 | |
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|
105 | |
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4.2.3.3(H) Euthanasia versus Physician-Assisted Suicide |
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|
106 | |
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4.2.3.3(I) The Patient's 'Right' to Euthanasia |
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|
107 | |
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4.2.3.3(J) The Legal Position of Third Parties |
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|
108 | |
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108 | |
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111 | |
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112 | |
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4.2.3.4 Assistance with Suicide in the Absence of 'Somatic' Suffering |
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|
113 | |
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4.2.3.4(A) The Chabot Case |
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|
114 | |
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4.2.3.4(B) Suffering Due to a Psychiatric Disorder |
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|
115 | |
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Voluntary, Well-Considered Request |
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|
116 | |
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|
116 | |
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|
117 | |
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|
117 | |
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Carrying Out Assisted Suicide |
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|
118 | |
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Other 'Requirements of Due Care' |
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|
119 | |
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119 | |
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Institutionalised Patients |
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|
120 | |
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120 | |
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121 | |
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121 | |
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4.2.3.4(C) Assistance with Suicide in the Absence of a 'Medical' Condition |
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|
122 | |
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4.2.3.5 Termination of Life Without an Explicit Request |
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|
124 | |
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4.2.4 The System of Control |
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|
124 | |
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4.2.4.1 The Reporting Procedure in Case of 'Natural' or 'Non-Natural' Death |
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|
126 | |
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4.2.4.2 Prosecution Policy |
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|
127 | |
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4.2.4.3 The Regional Review Committees |
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|
129 | |
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4.2.4.3(A) The Committees and their Procedures |
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|
131 | |
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4.2.4.3(B) The Jurisdiction of the Committees |
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|
133 | |
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4.2.4.3(C) The Committee's Judgments and the Follow-Up |
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|
135 | |
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4.2.4.3(D) The Range of Sanctions |
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|
136 | |
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4.2.4.3(E) The. Case Law of the Committees |
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|
137 | |
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4.2.4.3(F) An Assessment of the Functioning of the Committees |
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|
137 | |
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4.2.4.4 The Development of Before-the-Fact Assessment: SCEN |
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|
138 | |
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4.2.5 Concluding Reflections on Dutch Euthanasia Law and the System of Control |
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|
140 | |
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|
140 | |
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From 'Suffering' to 'Inhumane Death'? |
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|
142 | |
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The 'Medical' Character of Euthanasia/PAS |
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|
143 | |
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Tightening the Legal Rules |
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|
144 | |
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The System of Legal Control: Return of the 'Medical Exception'? |
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|
144 | |
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5 Dutch Euthanasia Law in Context and in Practice |
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|
147 | |
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5.1 Overview of Data on End-of-Life Practice |
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|
147 | |
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5.1.1 Frequencies and Characteristics of MBPSL in Four National Studies, 1990-2005 |
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|
148 | |
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|
149 | |
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5.1.1.2 How to Define Varieties of MBPSL |
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|
150 | |
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5.1.1.3 Frequencies and Characteristics of MBPSL |
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|
152 | |
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5.1.2 Data on Reported Cases, 1998-2006 |
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|
156 | |
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5.2 Quantitative Information: Various MBPSL |
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|
158 | |
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5.2.1 'Normal Medical Practice' |
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|
158 | |
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5.2.1.1 Withholding and Withdrawing Treatment (Abstention) |
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158 | |
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|
159 | |
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160 | |
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Artificial Nutrition and Hydration (ANH) |
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|
160 | |
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Refusal of Treatment: 'Treatment Directives' |
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|
162 | |
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5.2.1.2 Pain Relief with Life-Shortening Effect |
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|
164 | |
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|
164 | |
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5.2.2 'Termination of Life' |
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|
166 | |
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5.2.2.1 Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide |
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|
167 | |
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The Euthanasia Experience and Willingness of Dutch Doctors |
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|
167 | |
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Requests for and Communication about Euthanasia/PAS |
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|
168 | |
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|
170 | |
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172 | |
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173 | |
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Patients Suffering from Dementia |
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|
175 | |
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176 | |
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|
176 | |
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Euthanasia vs Assistance with Suicide |
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|
178 | |
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Termination of Life Without the Patient's Explicit Request |
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|
180 | |
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5.2.2.3 'Auto-Euthanasia' |
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|
182 | |
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5.3 Euthanasia and Other MBPSL: The Patient's and the Family's Viewpoint |
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|
184 | |
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|
185 | |
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Doctor–Patient Communication and Patient Autonomy |
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|
186 | |
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Suicide Without the Assistance of a Doctor |
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|
188 | |
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5.4 The Dutch Control System for Euthanasia in Practice |
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|
188 | |
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5.4.1 Institutional Policies and Protocols |
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|
189 | |
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The Euthanasia Protocol of the Albert Schweitzer Hospital |
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|
192 | |
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194 | |
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|
196 | |
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The Disappointing Reporting Rate |
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|
199 | |
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The 'Lying Doctor' Hypothesis |
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|
200 | |
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An Alternative Hypothesis |
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|
202 | |
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5.4.4 Review and Sanctions |
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|
204 | |
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5.4.4.1 Regional Review Committees |
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|
205 | |
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5.4.4.2 Prosecutorial Authorities |
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|
206 | |
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5.4.5 Conclusions concerning the Functioning of the Control System |
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|
209 | |
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APPENDIX: 'Not Careful' Judgments of the RRCs, 2000-2006 |
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|
213 | |
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6 Termination of Life in Neonatology |
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217 | |
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217 | |
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6.2 The Legal Situation and Medical Practice |
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|
218 | |
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|
218 | |
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6.2.2 Legal Developments concerning End-of-Life Treatment |
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|
220 | |
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6.2.2.1 The CAL and NVK Reports |
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|
220 | |
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Withholding and Withdrawing Treatment |
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221 | |
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223 | |
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224 | |
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226 | |
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6.2.2.2 The Reporting Procedure |
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226 | |
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6.2.2.3 The Prins and Kadijk Cases |
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|
227 | |
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6.2.2.4 The Consultative Committee's Report |
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228 | |
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6.2.2.5 The 'Groningen Protocol' |
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231 | |
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6.2.2.6 The Creation of a National 'Committee of Experts' |
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|
234 | |
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Critical. Note in Connection with the Committee of Experts |
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|
237 | |
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6.2.2.7 Prosecution Policy |
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|
238 | |
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6.2.3 Current Dutch Law on Termination of Life in the case of Newborn Babies |
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|
239 | |
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6.2.4 Medical Practice in the Netherlands |
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|
241 | |
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6.2.4.1 Data from the Four National Surveys |
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|
241 | |
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6.2.4.2 End-of-Life Practice in Two Academic Hospitals |
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243 | |
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6.2.4.3 The Role of the Parents |
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245 | |
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246 | |
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6.3.1 Belgium: The Legal Situation and Medical Practice |
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|
246 | |
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6.3.2 A Qualitative Comparison of Belgium and the Netherlands |
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|
247 | |
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6.3.3 Other European Countries |
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|
249 | |
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6.3.4 How Meaningful Are Data on 'Termination of Life' in Neonatology? |
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|
250 | |
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6.3.5 Concluding Reflection |
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|
252 | |
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|
253 | |
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Appendix 1: Third-Trimester Abortion |
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|
253 | |
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Appendix 2: The Case of Coma (and PVS) Patients |
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|
254 | |
| PART II BELGIUM |
|
257 | |
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7 Belgium and the Belgian Health Care System |
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|
259 | |
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7.1 Belgian Political Structure and Culture |
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|
259 | |
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7.2 Health Care in Belgium |
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|
264 | |
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7.2.1 The Belgian Health Care System |
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|
264 | |
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7.2.2 Institutions for Health Care and Care of the Elderly |
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266 | |
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266 | |
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267 | |
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268 | |
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268 | |
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269 | |
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269 | |
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7.2.3 Health Care Professionals |
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|
270 | |
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|
270 | |
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The Order of Physicians and Other Doctors' Organisations |
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|
271 | |
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272 | |
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272 | |
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7.3 Public and Medical Opinion |
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|
272 | |
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8 The Legalisation of Euthanasia in Belgium |
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|
275 | |
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8.1 The Situation Before the Legislative Change of 2002 |
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|
275 | |
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8.2 The Period Leading Up to Legal Change: 1980-1997 |
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|
276 | |
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The First Study Commissions |
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|
276 | |
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|
277 | |
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8.3 The Second Phase of Legal Change: 1997-1999 |
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|
279 | |
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The Recommendation of the Advisory Committee on Bioethics |
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|
279 | |
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The Recommendation of 22 February 1999 |
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|
282 | |
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8.4 The Third Phase of Legal Change: 1999-2002 |
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283 | |
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Autumn 1999: The Majority Bill |
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|
283 | |
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The Parliamentary Procedure in the Senate |
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|
287 | |
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The Procedure in the Chamber of Representatives |
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|
290 | |
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The Final Vote in the Chamber of Representatives |
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|
290 | |
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8.5 Reflections on the Process of Legal Change |
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|
291 | |
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9 Belgian Law on Euthanasia and Other MBPSL |
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|
295 | |
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9.1 Current Law in Belgium |
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|
295 | |
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9.2 'Normal Medical Practice' |
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|
297 | |
|
9.2.1 Refusal of Treatment and Advance Refusal of Treatment |
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|
298 | |
|
9.2.2 Withholding or Withdrawing Treatment Based on 'Medical Futility' |
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|
300 | |
|
9.2.3 Pain Relief with Life-Shortening Effects and the Idea of 'Double Effect' |
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|
302 | |
|
9.2.4 Palliative and Terminal Sedation |
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|
304 | |
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9.3 The Legal Status of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide before 2002 |
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|
304 | |
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9.4 Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide under the Law on Euthanasia of 2002 |
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|
306 | |
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9.4.1 Statutory Requirements |
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|
306 | |
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9.4.2 The Definition of Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide |
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|
309 | |
|
9.4.3 Substantive Requirements under the Law on Euthanasia |
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|
312 | |
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|
312 | |
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|
313 | |
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9.4.3.3 Current Requests (art 3) |
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|
315 | |
|
9.4.3.4 The Patient's Medical Situation in the Case of a Current Request |
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|
317 | |
|
9.4.3.5 Requests in Advance (art 4) |
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|
319 | |
|
9.4.3.6 The Patient's Medical Condition in Case of an Advance Request |
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|
320 | |
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|
321 | |
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9.4.3.8 Specially-Trained Consultants (LEIF and Medecins EOL) |
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|
321 | |
|
9.4.3.9 Carrying Out Euthanasia |
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|
322 | |
|
9.4.3.10 The Role of the Pharmacist and the Availability of Euthanatica |
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|
322 | |
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9.4.3.11 The Moral Foundation of the Belgian Law on Euthanasia |
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|
323 | |
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9.4.4 The System of Control |
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|
323 | |
|
9,4.4.1 The Reporting Procedure in Case of 'Natural' and 'Non-Natural' Death |
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|
323 | |
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9.4.4.2 The Review Procedure |
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|
324 | |
|
9 4.4.3 Criminal Liability in the Case of Failure to Fulfil the Legal Requirements |
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|
327 | |
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9.4.5 Possible Future Developments |
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|
327 | |
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|
328 | |
| 10 Belgian Euthanasia Law in Context and in Practice |
|
331 | |
|
10.1 Survey Data on the Frequencies of MBPSL in Flanders |
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|
331 | |
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10.2 Reported Cases of Euthanasia/PAS in Belgium |
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|
335 | |
|
Physician-Assisted Suicide |
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|
336 | |
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10.3 The System of Control |
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|
338 | |
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10.3.1 Institutional Policies |
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|
338 | |
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|
339 | |
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|
339 | |
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|
340 | |
|
10.3.4 The Federal Control and Evaluation Commission |
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|
342 | |
|
Comment on the FCEC Biennial Reports |
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|
343 | |
|
10.4 Concluding Comparative Remark |
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|
343 | |
| PART III OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES |
|
345 | |
| Introduction to Part III |
|
347 | |
| 11 England and Wales |
|
349 | |
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|
349 | |
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|
349 | |
|
'Double Effect' and the Role of 'Purpose' |
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|
350 | |
|
11.2 Medical Decision-Making in the Case of Incompetent Adults |
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|
351 | |
|
Withdrawal or Withholding of Life-Prolonging Treatment |
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|
352 | |
|
Judicial Involvement in PVS Cases |
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|
353 | |
|
11.3 Medical Decision-Making in the Case of Incompetent Children |
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|
354 | |
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11.4 Medical Decision-Making in the Case of Competent Patients |
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|
356 | |
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|
357 | |
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|
358 | |
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11.5 Palliative and Terminal Sedation |
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|
359 | |
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11.6 Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide |
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|
359 | |
|
Diminished Responsibility |
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|
360 | |
|
The Defence of Necessity: Cannibals and Conjoined Twins |
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|
361 | |
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|
364 | |
|
11.7 Termination of Life Without an Explicit Request and 'Help in Dying' |
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|
365 | |
|
11.8 The Reporting Procedure in Cases of 'Non-Natural' Death |
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|
366 | |
|
11.9 Empirical Data concerning MBPSL in the United Kingdom |
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|
367 | |
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|
367 | |
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11.9.2 Public and Medical Opinion |
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|
368 | |
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|
370 | |
| 12 France |
|
371 | |
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|
371 | |
|
12.1.1 Historical Background |
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|
371 | |
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|
374 | |
|
12.1.3 Medical and Public Opinion |
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|
375 | |
|
12.1.4 A Concluding Reflection on the French Debate |
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|
377 | |
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|
377 | |
|
12.2.1 Informed Consent and the Right to Refuse Treatment |
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|
377 | |
|
12.2.1.1 Medical Paternalism |
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|
378 | |
|
12.2.1.2 Judicial Reluctance to Enforce the Requirement of Informed Consent |
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|
379 | |
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|
379 | |
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|
380 | |
|
The 2002 Law on Patients' Rights |
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|
380 | |
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|
381 | |
|
12.2.1.3 The Law of 2005 on Patients' Rights at the End of Life |
|
|
382 | |
|
The Right to Refuse Treatment |
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|
383 | |
|
Advance Treatment Directives |
|
|
383 | |
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|
384 | |
|
Withdrawing or Withholding Life-Prolonging Treatment: 'Futility' |
|
|
384 | |
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|
385 | |
|
12.2.2 Pain Relief and Palliative/Terminal Sedation |
|
|
385 | |
|
12.2.3 Physician-Assisted Suicide |
|
|
386 | |
|
|
|
387 | |
|
12.3 Empirical Data: What Does the End of Life Look Like in France? |
|
|
389 | |
|
|
|
391 | |
|
12.5 Summary and Conclusions |
|
|
393 | |
| 13 Italy |
|
395 | |
|
|
|
395 | |
|
13.2 The Position of the Roman Catholic Church |
|
|
397 | |
|
13.3 MBPSL: Law and Practice |
|
|
399 | |
|
13.3.1 Refusal of Treatment |
|
|
399 | |
|
|
|
400 | |
|
|
|
401 | |
|
|
|
406 | |
|
|
|
407 | |
|
13.3.3 Advance Refusals of Treatment (Advance Directives) |
|
|
408 | |
|
13.3.4 Health Care Proxies |
|
|
409 | |
|
|
|
410 | |
|
13.3.5 Pain Relief and Palliative Sedation |
|
|
413 | |
|
13.3.6 'Medical Futility' and Abstention |
|
|
414 | |
|
|
|
415 | |
|
|
|
416 | |
|
|
|
417 | |
|
|
|
418 | |
|
13.5 The Neonatology Setting |
|
|
419 | |
|
The University Hospital of Padua Guidelines |
|
|
419 | |
|
|
|
420 | |
|
13.6 Modalities of Control |
|
|
421 | |
|
13.6.1 The Criminal Justice System |
|
|
421 | |
|
13.6.2 The Doctor's Duty to Report |
|
|
421 | |
|
13.6.3 Medical Disciplinary Law and Tribunals |
|
|
422 | |
|
|
|
422 | |
|
|
|
422 | |
| 14 Scandinavia |
|
425 | |
|
|
|
425 | |
|
|
|
425 | |
|
|
|
427 | |
|
|
|
429 | |
|
14.2 Medical Ethics Codes |
|
|
430 | |
|
|
|
430 | |
|
|
|
433 | |
|
|
|
434 | |
|
14.3 Doctors' Attitudes and Medical Practice |
|
|
434 | |
|
|
|
435 | |
|
Attitudes towards Euthanasia and PAS |
|
|
435 | |
|
Experience with Euthanasia and PAS |
|
|
436 | |
|
Experience with Potentially Life-Shortening Pain Relief |
|
|
437 | |
|
Forgoing Medical Treatment |
|
|
437 | |
|
14.3.2 Sweden and Denmark |
|
|
438 | |
|
Attitudes towards Euthanasia and PAS |
|
|
438 | |
|
Experience with Euthanasia and PAS |
|
|
439 | |
|
Attitudes and Experience with Potentially Life-Shortening Pain Relief |
|
|
439 | |
|
Forgoing Life-Sustaining Treatment |
|
|
440 | |
|
14.4 Summary and Conclusions |
|
|
440 | |
| 15 Spain |
|
443 | |
|
|
|
443 | |
|
|
|
449 | |
|
15.3 Public and Medical Opinion |
|
|
449 | |
|
15.4 Criminal Prosecutions and the Public and Political Debate |
|
|
452 | |
|
|
|
453 | |
|
|
|
455 | |
|
|
|
456 | |
|
|
|
456 | |
|
|
|
457 | |
|
15.5 The Position of the Spanish Catholic Church |
|
|
458 | |
|
15.6 Reports of Institutes for Medical Ethics |
|
|
460 | |
|
|
|
461 | |
| 16 Switzerland |
|
463 | |
|
|
|
463 | |
|
16.2 Medical Behaviour that Potentially Shortens Life |
|
|
463 | |
|
|
|
463 | |
|
|
|
464 | |
|
16.2.1 Passive Sterbehilfe (Withholding and Withdrawing Life-Prolonging Treatment) |
|
|
465 | |
|
16.2.2 Indirect Sterbehilfe (Pain Relief) and Palliative Sedatiom |
|
|
467 | |
|
16.2.3 Active Sterbehilfe (Euthanasia) |
|
|
468 | |
|
16.3 Empirical Findings concerning MBPSL |
|
|
469 | |
|
|
|
469 | |
|
|
|
470 | |
|
16.4 Assisted Suicide in Switzerland |
|
|
470 | |
|
16.4.1 Legal Background and Origins |
|
|
470 | |
|
16.4.2 The Role of Doctors in the Swiss Model—Narcotics and Health Law |
|
|
472 | |
|
16.4.3 The Role of Right-to-Die Organisations—Internal Guidelines |
|
|
474 | |
|
16.4.4 Criminal Prosecutions in the Context of Assisted Suicide |
|
|
475 | |
|
16.4.5 Empirical Findings on Assisted Suicide |
|
|
476 | |
|
16.4.6 Safety and Transparency Issues |
|
|
478 | |
|
16.4.7 Current Political Developments |
|
|
479 | |
|
16.5 What can the Swiss Model Contribute to the International Discussion on Assisted Dying |
|
|
480 | |
| 17 Some European Comparisons |
|
483 | |
|
17.1 Comparative Data on Public and Professional Opinion |
|
|
483 | |
|
17.2 Comparative Data on the Frequency of MBPSL |
|
|
488 | |
|
|
|
488 | |
|
'Permissive' and 'Not Permissive' Countries |
|
|
488 | |
|
Withdrawing or Withholding Treatment |
|
|
490 | |
|
Pain Relief with Life-Shortening Effect: Palliative and Terminal Sedation |
|
|
492 | |
|
Termination of Life Without an Explicit Request from the Patient |
|
|
492 | |
|
17.3 Conclusions Concerning Medical Practice |
|
|
493 | |
|
|
|
493 | |
| PART IV THEMATIC REFLECTIONS |
|
497 | |
| Introduction to Part IV |
|
499 | |
| 18 The Nude Beach Phenomenon: Euthanasia and the Juridification of the Doctor–Patient Relationship |
|
501 | |
|
18.1 The Official Application of Legal Control to the Behaviour of Individual Doctors |
|
|
504 | |
|
|
|
504 | |
|
|
|
504 | |
|
Prosecutions, Convictions, Punishments |
|
|
505 | |
|
Medical Disciplinary Cases |
|
|
506 | |
|
The Total of Legal Control to which Doctors have been Exposed |
|
|
506 | |
|
18.2 The Pressure of Regulation |
|
|
507 | |
|
|
|
509 | |
|
18.4 Change and Difference in the Quantity of Euthanasia Law |
|
|
510 | |
|
18.5 Explanatory Reflections |
|
|
511 | |
| 19 Slithering Up the Slippery Slope |
|
513 | |
|
19.1 The 'Conceptual' Slippery Slope Argument |
|
|
513 | |
|
19.2 The 'Empirical' Slippery Slope Argument |
|
|
514 | |
|
|
|
514 | |
|
|
|
518 | |
|
19.3 Conclusion: Slipping into More Control and into More Careful Practice |
|
|
520 | |
| 20 'Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future' |
|
521 | |
|
20.1 Values Relevant to Euthanasia |
|
|
522 | |
|
|
|
523 | |
|
Bodily Self-Determination |
|
|
523 | |
|
|
|
524 | |
|
|
|
525 | |
|
20.2 Political Opportunity Structures and Euthanasia Legislation |
|
|
525 | |
|
20.2.1 The Netherlands and Belgium |
|
|
525 | |
|
National Cleavage Structures |
|
|
525 | |
|
|
|
526 | |
|
|
|
528 | |
|
|
|
528 | |
|
|
|
529 | |
|
20.2.2 Euthanasia and the Political Agenda in Western European Countries |
|
|
529 | |
|
|
|
530 | |
|
|
|
531 | |
| References |
|
533 | |
| Index |
|
575 | |