Disclaimer |
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v | |
Foreword |
|
vii | |
Purpose of the Monograph |
|
xi | |
Authors and Contributors |
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xv | |
Member of Advisory Committee and Panel |
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xvii | |
Distinguished |
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xix | |
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Professor Charlie Changli Xue |
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Professor |
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xxi | |
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Acknowledgements |
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xxiii | |
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xxxix | |
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xii | |
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1 Introduction to Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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1 | (22) |
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Definition of Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (3) |
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Subtypes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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Gastrointestinal Motility |
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4 | (1) |
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Visceral Hypersensitivity |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Overview of Pathological Processes |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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8 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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8 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Mixed Bowel Habits |
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9 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome Unclassified |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (5) |
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10 | (1) |
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Pharmacological Management |
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11 | (1) |
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Non-pharmacological Management |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (2) |
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Probiotics and Prebiotics |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Other Non-pharmacological Therapies |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (8) |
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2 Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Chinese Medicine |
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23 | (16) |
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23 | (1) |
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Aetiology and Pathogenesis |
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24 | (1) |
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Syndrome Differentiation and Treatments |
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25 | (1) |
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Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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26 | (11) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment Based on Syndrome Differentiation |
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27 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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27 | (3) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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30 | (1) |
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Spleen and Kidney yang Deficiency |
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31 | (1) |
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Lung qi and Spleen qi Deficiency |
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32 | (1) |
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Topical Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment |
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32 | (2) |
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Acupuncture Therapies and Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Other Chinese Medicine Therapies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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35 | (1) |
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Other Irritable Bowel Syndrome Management Strategies |
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35 | (1) |
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Therapy to Manage Emotions |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (2) |
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3 Classical Chinese Medicine Literature |
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39 | (42) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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Abdominal Pain Search Terms |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Constipation Search Terms |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Procedures for Data Search, Data Coding and Data Analysis |
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43 | (2) |
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45 | (1) |
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Citations Related to Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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46 | (1) |
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Definitions, Etiology and Pathogenesis |
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47 | (4) |
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Definitions and Etiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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48 | (2) |
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Definitions and Etiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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50 | (1) |
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Treatment with Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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51 | (1) |
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Chinese Herbal Medicine for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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51 | (1) |
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Frequency of Treatment Citations by Dynasty for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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51 | (2) |
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Most Frequent Formulae in "Possible" Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea Citations |
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53 | (1) |
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Most Frequent Herbs in "Possible" Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea Citations |
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53 | (4) |
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Most Frequent Formulae from "Most Likely" Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea Citations |
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57 | (1) |
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Most Frequent Herbs from "Most likely" Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea Citations |
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57 | (3) |
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Chinese Herbal Medicine for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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60 | (1) |
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Frequency of Treatment Citations by Dynasty for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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60 | (1) |
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Most Frequent Formulae in "Possible" Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominnat Constipation Citations |
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61 | (2) |
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Most Frequent Herbs from "Possible" Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Consitipation Citations |
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63 | (1) |
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Chinese Herbal Medicine for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Mixed Bowel Habits |
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64 | (1) |
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Discussion of Chinese Herbal Medicine for Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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64 | (2) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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66 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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67 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Mixed Bowel Habits |
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68 | (1) |
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Treatment with Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
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68 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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68 | (1) |
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Frequency of Treatment Citations by Dynasty for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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69 | (1) |
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Most Frequent Acupuncture and Related Therapy from "Possible" Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea Citations |
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70 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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71 | (1) |
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Frequency of Treatment Citations by Dynasty for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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71 | (1) |
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Most Frequent Acupuncture and Related Therapy from Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation Citations |
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72 | (1) |
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Discussion of Acupuncture and Related Therapies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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73 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
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74 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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75 | (1) |
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Treatment with Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
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75 | (2) |
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Classical Literature in Perspective |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (2) |
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4 Methods for Evaluating Clinical Evidence |
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81 | (22) |
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81 | (7) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (3) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Clinical Symptom Outcomes |
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88 | (5) |
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Overall Condition Severity |
|
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88 | (1) |
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Stool Form and Frequency of Stool Movements |
|
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Health-related Quality of Life |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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Assessment Using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (5) |
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5 Clinical Evidence for Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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103 | (78) |
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103 | (1) |
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Previous Systematic Reviews |
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104 | (2) |
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Identification of Clinical Studies |
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106 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
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106 | (49) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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106 | (2) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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108 | (4) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring Symptoms |
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114 | (4) |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (3) |
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Abdominal Pain and Related Symptoms |
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126 | (3) |
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129 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life |
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130 | (4) |
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36-item Short-form Survey |
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134 | (4) |
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Zung Self-rating Anxiety Scale |
|
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138 | (1) |
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Zung Self-rating Depression Scale |
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139 | (1) |
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Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale |
|
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140 | (1) |
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Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale |
|
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140 | (1) |
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Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression |
|
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141 | (1) |
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Assessment using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation |
|
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141 | (4) |
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Randomised Controlled Trial Evidence for Individual Oral Formulae |
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145 | (3) |
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Frequently Reported Orally used Herbs in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect |
|
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148 | (3) |
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Controlled Clinical Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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151 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Studies of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
|
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151 | (1) |
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Enema with Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine Plus Enema with Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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Safety of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
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154 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
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155 | (10) |
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Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
|
|
155 | (1) |
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Randomised Controlled Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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155 | (2) |
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157 | (1) |
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|
158 | (1) |
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|
159 | (1) |
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome Severity Scoring Symptoms |
|
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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|
160 | (1) |
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Abdominal Pain and/or Bloating |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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36-item Short-form Survey |
|
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162 | (1) |
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Self-rating Depression Scale |
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163 | (1) |
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Assessment using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation |
|
|
163 | (1) |
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Frequently Reported Orally used Herbs in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect |
|
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164 | (1) |
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Controlled Clinical Trials of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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165 | (1) |
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Non-controlled Studies of Oral Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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166 | (1) |
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Enema Chinese Herbal Medicine |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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Safety of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Constipation |
|
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167 | (1) |
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Clinical Evidence for Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatments |
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167 | (1) |
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Summary of Chinese Herbal Medicine Clinical Evidence |
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168 | (3) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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References for Included Chinese Herbal Medicine Clinical Studies |
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172 | (9) |
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6 Pharmacological Actions of Frequently Used Herbs |
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181 | (24) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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Experimental Studies of bai zhu |
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182 | (2) |
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Anti-gastrointestinal Inflammation |
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183 | (1) |
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Intestinal Protective Effect |
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183 | (1) |
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Anti-gut Hypersensitivity/Anti-gut Allergic Responses |
|
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184 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of bai shao/chi shao |
|
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184 | (1) |
|
Anti-visceral Hyperalgesic Effect |
|
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184 | (1) |
|
Improvement of Intestinal Motility |
|
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185 | (1) |
|
Anti-gut Hypersensitivity/Anti-gut Allergic Responses |
|
|
185 | (1) |
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Experimental Studies of gan cao |
|
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185 | (2) |
|
Improvement of Intestinal Motility |
|
|
186 | (1) |
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Experimental Studies of chai hu |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Anti-gastrointestinal Inflammation |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Anti-gut Hypersensitivity/Anti-gut Allergic Responses |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of fu ling |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Anti-visceral Hyperalgesic Effect |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Intestinal Protective Effect/Gastrointestinal Protective Effect |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of chen pi/qin pi |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
Improvement of Intestinal Motility |
|
|
189 | (1) |
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Intestinal Protective Effect/Gastrointestinal Protective Effect |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of fang feng |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Anti-inflammatory Activity |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Anti-gut Hypersensitivity/Anti-gut Allergic Responses |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Anti-visceral Hyperalgesic Effects |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of zhi shi/zhi qiao |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Anti-intestinal Inflammation |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Intestinal Laxative Effect |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of hou po |
|
|
192 | (2) |
|
Improvement of Gastrointestinal Motility |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Anti-visceral Hyperalgesic Effect |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of bing lang/da fu pi |
|
|
194 | (2) |
|
Improvement of Gastrointestinal Motility |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
Anti-visceral Hyperalgesic Effect |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Anti-gut Hypersensitivity/Anti-gut Allergic Responses |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
Experimental Studies of Herbal Formulae |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (1) |
|
Summary of Pharmacological Actions of the Common Herbs |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (7) |
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7 Clinical Evidence for Acupuncture and Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
|
|
205 | (34) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Previous Systematic Reviews |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Identification of Clinical Studies |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (9) |
|
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Randomised Controlled Studies |
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Acupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy |
|
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211 | (1) |
|
|
212 | (2) |
|
Electroacupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy |
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214 | (1) |
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Acupuncture + Electroacupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy |
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215 | (2) |
|
Acupuncture + Moxibustion vs. Pharmacotherapy |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
Non-randomised Controlled Studies |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Frequently Reported Acupuncture Points in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Assessment using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluations |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
Acupuncture vs. Pinaverium Bromide for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
|
219 | (1) |
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Electroacupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
|
219 | (2) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Randomised Controlled Trials of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
Acupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy |
|
|
222 | (2) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Acupuncture + Electroacupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Frequently Reported Acupuncture Points in Meta-analyses Showing Favourable Effect |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
Assessment using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluations |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
Acupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Electroacupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
Randomised Controlled Trials of Moxibustion |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Moxibustion vs. Sham Moxibustion for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
Moxibustion vs. Conventional Therapy for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
Randomised Controlled Trials of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
Non-randomised Controlled Clinical Trials of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Safety of Transcutaneous Electrical Acupoint Stimulation |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Summary of Acupuncture and Related Therapies: Clinical Evidence |
|
|
233 | (3) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
References for Included Acupuncture Therapies Clinical Studies |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
8 Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies |
|
|
239 | (10) |
|
|
239 | (2) |
|
Identification of Clinical Studies |
|
|
239 | (2) |
|
Randomised Controlled Trials of Combination Therapies |
|
|
241 | (5) |
|
Clinical Evidence for Combination Therapies from Randomised Controlled Trials for Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhoea |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine + Acupuncture vs. Pharmacotherapy |
|
|
243 | (2) |
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine + Transcutaneous Electrical Acupuncture Stimulations vs. Placebo CHM + Sham Transcutaneous Electrical Acupuncture Stimulations |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine + Moxibustion vs. Pharmacotherapy |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine + Ear-acupressure vs. Pharmacotherapy |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine Enema + Acupuncture + Moxibustion vs. Pharmacotherapy |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Controlled Clinical Trials of Combination Therapies |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Non-Controlled Studies of Combination Therapies |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Safety of Combination Therapies |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
Summary of Combination Therapies Evidence |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
References for Included Combination Therapies: Clinical Studies |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
9 Summary and Conclusions |
|
|
249 | (28) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Chinese Medicine Syndrome Differentiation |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
|
252 | (8) |
|
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulae in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies |
|
|
254 | (4) |
|
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Chinese Herbal Medicine Formulae in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies |
|
|
258 | (2) |
|
Acupuncture and Related Therapies |
|
|
260 | (7) |
|
Acupuncture Therapies in Key Clinical Guidelines and Textbooks, Classical Literature and Clinical Studies |
|
|
261 | (6) |
|
Other Chinese Medicine Therapies |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
Implications for Practice |
|
|
270 | (2) |
|
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhoea |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Constipation |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Implications for Research |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
|
274 | (3) |
Glossary |
|
277 | (8) |
Index |
|
285 | |