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Evolutionary Parasitology: The Integrated Study of Infections, Immunology, Ecology, and Genetics [Kõva köide]

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(ETH Zürich, Switzerland and the Institute of Advanced Studies, Berlin)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 536 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 249x188x32 mm, kaal: 1334 g, 140 illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Feb-2011
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199229481
  • ISBN-13: 9780199229482
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Evolutionary Parasitology: The Integrated Study of Infections, Immunology, Ecology, and GeneticsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 536 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 249x188x32 mm, kaal: 1334 g, 140 illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 24-Feb-2011
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199229481
  • ISBN-13: 9780199229482
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780199229482.html
Märksõnad:
Parasites are everywhere, affecting almost every aspect imaginable in the life of their hosts including physiology, behaviour, life histories and, by implication, the structure of entire ecosystems. To cope with these constant threats, host immune defences have evolved to become one of the most sophisticated natural systems known. Despite this, parasites have found their own ways to overcome defences and exploit their hosts. Consequently, hosts and parasites have been constantly forced to adapt to one another; sometimes changes have occurred very rapidly, whilst others have taken eons. This evolutionary arms race has had far-reaching consequences for the biology of both parties.

Over the last decade, principles from evolution and ecology have increasingly been applied to the fields of parasitology and immunology in an attempt to foster a common conceptual framework that uses a priori principles to unravel the diversity of host-parasite phenomena. This has led to the emergence of some of the most important, highly successful and inter-disciplinary areas of modern biology - the as yet separated fields of ecological immunology and evolutionary studies of parasitism. This novel book provides the first comprehensive overview of the many facets of host-parasite interactions, from the molecular bases to adaptive strategies and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. It is informed by the very latest progress in the field. No longer do we view well-adapted parasites as becoming ultimately harmless. To the contrary, parasite virulence is determined both by the processes that lead to harm and by the evolutionary costs and benefits of this damage. Similarly, parasitism is no longer regarded as being inevitably deleterious; rather it can be a major factor maintaining diversity in populations and communities, selecting for beautiful plumages of birds, or even making us more social.

Evolutionary Parasitology integrates material from a wide range of topics including immunology, genetics, sexual selection, population ecology, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary biology. Graduate students and researchers from different fields and with different backgrounds will find this book a valuable reference to meet their interests and to expand their insights into neighbouring disciplines.

Arvustused

... a wonderful and updated introduction to parasitology, full of fascinating examples and thought-provoking ideas. I think any current researcher in parasitology, or anyone with a slight interest in the field, would undoubtedly benefit from reading at least some of the various topics presented in this book. * Alejandra G. Jaramillo, TREE *

Preface xvii
1 Parasites and humans
1(8)
1.1 Mission impossible
1(2)
1.2 Some lessons provided by yellow fever
3(3)
1.2.1 The parasite life-cycle can be complex
4(1)
1.2.2 Not all host and parasite strains are the same
4(1)
1.2.3 Complex physiological and molecular mechanisms underlie the infection
4(1)
1.2.4 Parasites and hosts are populations
5(1)
1.2.5 Parasites can be controlled when we understand them
5(1)
1.3 Parasites in our times
6(3)
Summary
8(1)
2 The study of evolutionary parasitology
9(9)
2.1 The evolutionary process
9(3)
2.2 Questions about host-parasite interactions
12(1)
2.3 Selection and units that evolve
13(1)
2.4 Life history
14(1)
2.5 Studying adaptation: optimality and evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS)
14(2)
2.5.1 Optimality
15(1)
2.5.2 Evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS)
16(1)
2.6 Comparative studies
16(2)
Summary
17(1)
3 The diversity and natural history of parasites
18(34)
3.1 The ubiquity of parasites
18(2)
3.2 A systematic overview of parasites
20(13)
3.2.1 Viruses
20(1)
3.2.2 Prokaryotes
21(1)
3.2.2.1 Archaea
22(1)
3.2.2.2 Bacteria
22(2)
3.2.3 The basal Eukaryotes
24(1)
3.2.4 Protozoa
24(1)
3.2.4.1 Mastigophora
25(1)
3.2.4.2 Sarcodina
25(1)
3.2.4.3 Sporozoa
26(1)
3.2.4.4 Ciliophora
26(1)
3.2.5 Fungi
27(1)
3.2.6 Nematodes (roundworms)
28(1)
3.2.7 Flatworms
29(1)
3.2.8 Acanthocephala
30(1)
3.2.9 Annelida
30(1)
3.2.10 Crustacea
31(1)
3.2.10.1 Pentastomida
31(1)
3.2.10.2 Copepods
31(1)
3.2.10.3 Isopods
31(1)
3.2.10.4 Branchiura (fish lice)
31(1)
3.2.10.5 Other groups
31(1)
3.2.11 Mites (Acari), ticks, lice (Mallophaga, Anoplura)
32(1)
3.2.12 Parasitic insects (parasitoids)
33(1)
3.3 The evolution of parasitism
33(5)
3.3.1 Evolution of parasitism in nematodes
34(1)
3.3.2 Evolution of parasitism in trypanosomes
35(3)
3.4 The diversity and evolution of parasite life-cycles
38(14)
3.4.1 Steps in a parasite's life-cycle
38(1)
3.4.1.1 Step 1: finding a host
38(1)
3.4.1.1.1 Passive dispersion
38(1)
3.4.1.1.2 Active host-finding
39(1)
3.4.1.2 Step 2: infecting and establishment in the host
39(1)
3.4.1.3 Step 3: growth, multiplication
39(1)
3.4.1.4 Step 4: reproduction
40(1)
3.4.1.5 Step 5: transmission
40(1)
3.4.2 Modes of transmission
40(1)
3.4.2.1 Direct transmission
40(1)
3.4.2.2 Transmission with paratenic hosts
40(2)
3.4.2.3 Vector transmission
42(1)
3.4.3 Trematode life-cycles
42(4)
3.4.4 The evolution of complex parasite life-cycles
46(5)
Summary
51(1)
4 The natural history of defences
52(46)
4.1 The defence sequence
52(7)
4.1.1 Pre-infection defences
52(1)
4.1.1.1 Spatial avoidance
52(1)
4.1.1.2 Temporal avoidance
53(1)
4.1.1.3 Avoiding certain diets
53(2)
4.1.1.4 The selfish herd
55(1)
4.1.1.5 Mating behaviour and mate choice
55(1)
4.1.1.6 Self-medication
55(1)
4.1.1.7 Anticipatory defences
55(1)
4.1.1.8 Genetic defences
55(1)
4.1.2 Post-infection defences
55(1)
4.1.2.1 Behavioural changes
56(1)
4.1.2.2 Grooming
56(1)
4.1.2.3 Fever and chilling
57(1)
4.1.3 Social immunity
57(2)
4.2 Defence by the immune system
59(1)
4.3 Basic elements of the immune defence
60(13)
4.3.1 Humoral and cellular defences
60(2)
4.3.1.1 Phagocytosis
62(2)
4.3.1.2 Melanization, encapsulation
64(1)
4.3.1.3 Clotting, nodule formation
64(1)
4.3.1.4 Inflammation
65(1)
4.3.2 Innate and adaptive (acquired) immunity
65(1)
4.3.2.1 Innate immune defence
65(1)
4.3.2.2 Adaptive (acquired) immunity
65(1)
4.3.3 Signalling cascades
66(2)
4.3.3.1 Plants
68(1)
4.3.3.2 Insects
68(1)
4.3.3.3 Mammals
68(3)
4.3.4 Proteolytic cascades
71(2)
4.3.5 The deployment of effectors
73(1)
4.4 Immune defence protein families
73(5)
4.4.1 Immunoglobulin-superfamily(lgSF)
73(1)
4.4.2 Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs)
73(1)
4.4.2.1 Toll and Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
74(1)
4.4.3 Lectins
74(1)
4.4.4 Other important families
74(1)
4.4.4.1 Tumour necrosis factor family (TNF)
74(1)
4.4.4.2 Cytokine receptor families
75(1)
4.4.4.3 Chemokine receptor family
75(1)
4.4.4.4 PGRP, GNBP
75(1)
4.4.4.5 NOD and other intra-cellular sensors
75(1)
4.4.4.6 Scavenger receptors (SRCR)
75(1)
4.4.4.7 Down syndrome cell adhesion molecules (Dscam)
75(1)
4.4.4.8 Fibrinogen-related protein (FREP)
76(1)
4.4.4.9 Variable domain chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs)
76(1)
4.4.4.10 Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs)
76(2)
4.5 The generation of diversity in recognition
78(10)
4.5.1 Polymorphism in the germ line
78(2)
4.5.2 Somatic generation of diversity
80(1)
4.5.2.1 Alternative splicing
80(2)
4.5.2.2 Somatic rearrangement, copy choice
82(1)
4.5.2.3 Somatic (hyper-) mutation, gene conversion
82(1)
4.5.3 The structure of immunoglobulins of B-and T-cells
83(1)
4.5.3.1 B-cells
83(4)
4.5.3.2 T-cells
87(1)
4.6 The diversity of immune defences
88(6)
4.6.1 Defence in prokaryotes
88(1)
4.6.2 Defence in plants
88(1)
4.6.3 Defence in invertebrates
89(1)
4.6.3.1 Nematodes
89(1)
4.6.3.2 Molluscs
89(1)
4.6.3.3 Insects
89(1)
4.6.3.4 Sea urchins
89(1)
4.6.4 Early vertebrates
90(1)
4.6.4.1 Cephalochordates
90(1)
4.6.4.2 Urochordates (tunicates)
90(1)
4.6.4.3 Jawless vertebrates
90(1)
4.6.5 The jawed (higher) vertebrates
90(4)
4.7 Evolution of the immune system
94(4)
4.7.1 Recognition of non-self
94(1)
4.7.2 The evolution of adaptive immunity
94(3)
Summary
97(1)
5 Ecological immunology
98(43)
5.1 Variation in parasitism
98(7)
5.1.1 Variation in parasite load
98(4)
5.1.2 Variation in susceptibility and immune response
102(3)
5.2 Ecological immunology: the costs of defence
105(12)
5.2.1 General principles
105(2)
5.2.2 Defence costs related to life history and behaviour
107(2)
5.2.3 Cost of evolving immune defences
109(1)
5.2.3.1 Genetic costs associated with the evolution of immune defences
109(1)
5.2.3.2 Physiological costs associated with the evolution (maintenance) of immune defences
110(3)
5.2.4 Cost of using immune defences
113(1)
5.2.4.1 Genetic costs associated with the deployment of immune defences
113(1)
5.2.4.2 Physiological costs associated with the deployment of immune defences
113(3)
5.2.4.3 Costs due to self-reactivity
116(1)
5.3 The nature of defence costs
117(6)
5.3.1 What is the limiting resource?
118(1)
5.3.1.1 Energy
118(2)
5.3.1.2 Food and nutrients
120(1)
5.3.2 Regulation of allocation
121(1)
5.3.2.1 Hormones as mediators
121(2)
5.4 `Immunocompetence' and the benefits of defence
123(1)
5.4.1 Correlating immune response and fitness
123(1)
5.4.2 Phenotype, immunocompetence, and fitness
124(1)
5.5 Strategies of immune defence
124(12)
5.5.1 Optimal defence to increase recovery rate
129(1)
5.5.2 Specific vs. general defence
130(1)
5.5.3 Constitutive vs. induced defence
130(2)
5.5.4 Optimal memory
132(1)
5.5.5 Robust defence
132(3)
5.5.6 Optimal defence and host lifespan
135(1)
5.6 Tolerance as defence element
136(5)
5.6.1 Measuring tolerance
137(2)
5.6.2 The evolutionary consequences of tolerance
139(1)
Summary
140(1)
6 Parasites, immunity, and sexual selection
141(24)
6.1 Differences between the sexes
141(4)
6.1.1 Males are generally more prone to parasites
141(3)
6.1.2 The role of sex hormones in vertebrates
144(1)
6.2 Parasites and sexual selection
145(14)
6.2.1 Female mate choice, immunity, and parasitism
147(1)
6.2.2 Males indicate quality of resisting parasites
148(1)
6.2.2.1 The Hamilton--Zuk hypothesis
148(3)
6.2.2.2 Symmetry as an indicator of male quality
151(1)
6.2.2.3 The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis
152(1)
6.2.2.4 Immunosuppression to avoid self-damage
153(2)
6.2.3 Male genotype and female self-reference
155(1)
6.2.3.1 Heterozygosity advantage
155(1)
6.2.3.2 Dissimilar genes
155(4)
6.3 Sexual selection and immunity in invertebrates
159(6)
Summary
164(1)
7 Specificity
165(22)
7.1 Measuring specificity and host range
165(5)
7.1.1 List of observed hosts
165(1)
7.1.2 Screening with genetic tools
166(1)
7.1.3 Experimental infections
166(4)
7.2 Host-specificity of parasites
170(1)
7.3 Evolution of the host range
170(7)
7.3.1 Host range and ecological specialization
170(3)
7.3.2 Factors affecting host range
173(1)
7.3.2.1 Host range is limited by phylogenetic constraints
173(1)
7.3.2.2 Host range depends on the phylogenetic age of the parasite group
173(1)
7.3.2.3 Host range depends on transmission mode
173(1)
7.3.2.4 Host range depends on the complexity of the life-cycle
174(1)
7.3.2.5 Host range depends on the stages of the parasite's life-cycle
174(1)
7.3.2.6 Host range depends on the virulence of the parasite
174(1)
7.3.2.7 Host range depends on the variation in host availability
175(1)
7.3.2.8 Host range depends on parasite geographic distribution
175(1)
7.3.2.9 Host range depends on immune defences
175(2)
7.4 Specific defences of the host
177(2)
7.4.1 Specificity beyond the immune system
177(1)
7.4.1.1 Behavioural defences
177(1)
7.4.1.2 Physical and chemical barriers
177(1)
7.4.2 Specificity of the adaptive immune system
177(2)
7.4.3 Specificity of the innate immune system
179(1)
7.5 Memory, immune priming, and trans-generational transfer
179(5)
7.5.1 Individual immune memory
180(1)
7.5.2 Trans-generational protection
180(4)
7.6 Adaptive diversity and cross-reactivity
184(3)
Summary
186(1)
8 Parasite immune evasion and manipulation of host phenotype
187(32)
8.1 Parasites manipulate their hosts
187(3)
8.2 The diversity of immune-evasion mechanisms
190(8)
8.2.1 Passive evasion
190(1)
8.2.1.1 Hide away
190(1)
8.2.1.2 Becoming `invisible'
190(1)
8.2.1.3 Changing identity
190(1)
8.2.1.4 Population escape by mutation
190(1)
8.2.1.5 Molecular mimicry
191(1)
8.2.1.6 Quiescence
191(1)
8.2.1.7 Capsule formation
191(1)
8.2.2 Active evasion
191(2)
8.2.3 Targets of immune evasion
193(3)
8.2.3.1 Escape recognition
196(1)
8.2.3.2 Avoid complement attack
196(1)
8.2.3.3 Avoid being killed by polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
196(1)
8.2.3.4 Avoid being killed by macrophages and phagocytes
196(1)
8.2.3.5 Manipulate the signalling network
197(1)
8.2.3.6 Interference with the antigen presentation and processing pathways
197(1)
8.2.3.7 Avoid being killed by the effectors
197(1)
8.3 Manipulation of the host phenotype to increase transmission
198(9)
8.3.1 Manipulation of host behaviour
198(1)
8.3.1.1 Site of transmission in space and time
198(5)
8.3.1.2 Transmission from host to vector
203(1)
8.3.1.3 Time of transmission
203(1)
8.3.2 Change of host morphology
204(1)
8.3.3 Affecting transmission routes
204(3)
8.3.4 Affecting social behaviour
207(1)
8.4 Manipulation of the host phenotype to increase infection lifetime
207(3)
8.4.1 Fecundity reduction
207(2)
8.4.2 Changes of the social context
209(1)
8.5 Mechanisms of host phenotype manipulation
210(3)
8.6 Strategies of manipulation
213(4)
8.6.1 What manipulation effort?
213(1)
8.6.2 Multiple infections
214(3)
8.7 Ecological significance of manipulation
217(2)
Summary
217(2)
9 Infection and pathogenesis
219(25)
9.1 Infection and dose
219(10)
9.1.1 Analysing infective dose
223(1)
9.1.1.1 Individual effective dose (threshold model)
223(1)
9.1.1.2 Independent action model
223(5)
9.1.2 The manipulation hypothesis
228(1)
9.2 Similar parasites cause different pathologies
229(1)
9.2.1 The common cold
229(1)
9.2.2 Influenza
229(1)
9.3 Pathogenesis: the mechanisms of virulence
230(7)
9.3.1 Impairing host capacities
232(1)
9.3.2 Destruction of tissue
232(1)
9.3.3 Virulence factors
232(1)
9.3.3.1 Adhesion factors (adhesins)
233(1)
9.3.3.2 Colonization factors
233(1)
9.3.3.3 Invasion factors (invasins)
233(1)
9.3.3.4 Immune evasion factors
233(1)
9.3.3.5 Toxins
233(1)
9.3.4 Toxins
234(2)
9.3.5 Proteases
236(1)
9.3.6 Pathogenesis by opportunistic infections
237(1)
9.4 Immunopathology
237(4)
9.4.1 Immunopathology associated with cytokines
238(1)
9.4.2 Immunopathology caused by immune-evasion mechanisms
238(3)
9.5 The genetics of pathogenesis
241(3)
Summary
243(1)
10 Host-parasite genetics
244(35)
10.1 The genetic architecture of host resistance
244(15)
10.1.1 Number and location of host resistance genes
244(1)
10.1.1.1 QTL-mapping
244(1)
10.1.1.2 Genomic sequences
245(1)
10.1.1.3 Comparative genetic studies
245(1)
10.1.1.4 Resistance in plants and animals
246(4)
10.1.2 Genetics of parasite virulence
250(1)
10.1.2.1 Genetics of virulence in bacteria
250(3)
10.1.2.2 Example: genetics of virulence in Salmonella
253(3)
10.1.3 Variation in gene expression
256(3)
10.2 Evolutionary genetics of host-parasite interactions
259(13)
10.2.1 Interaction between genotypes
259(4)
10.2.2 Models of genotypic interactions
263(1)
10.2.2.1 Gene-for-gene interaction (GFG)
263(3)
10.2.2.2 Matching specificities (matching alleles)
266(1)
10.2.3 Epistasis
267(1)
10.2.4 Inbreeding and heterozygosity
268(1)
10.2.4.1 Genetically variable populations
268(4)
10.2.4.2 Individual heterozygosity
272(1)
10.3 Signatures of selection
272(4)
10.3.1 Selection drives populations genetically apart
274(1)
10.3.1.1 Phylogeny of haplotypes
274(1)
10.3.1.2 Testing for genetic divergence
274(1)
10.3.2 Selection affects non-synonymous mutations
275(1)
10.3.3 Selective sweeps leave traces of linkage along the genome
275(1)
10.4 Genetic structure of protozoan parasites
276(3)
Summary
278(1)
11 Epidemiology
279(33)
11.1 Population biology of host-parasitoid systems
279(3)
11.2 Epidemiology of infectious diseases: microparasites
282(13)
11.2.1 The SIR-model
285(3)
11.2.2 Vaccination
288(5)
11.2.3 Stochastic epidemiology
293(2)
11.2.4 Spatial heterogeneity
295(1)
11.3 Endemic infections and periodic outbreaks
295(1)
11.4 Epidemiology of vectored microparasites
296(1)
11.5 Epidemiology of macroparasites
297(2)
11.5.1 The distribution of macroparasites among hosts
298(1)
11.5.2 Population dynamics and models for macroparasites
299(1)
11.6 Immuno-epidemiology
299(6)
11.6.1 Effects of immune response on parasites
302(1)
11.6.2 Effects of acquired immunity on epidemiological patterns
303(2)
11.6.3 Effects of immunity on population dynamics
305(1)
11.7 Epidemiology with evolutionary change
305(2)
11.8 Within-host epidemiology
307(5)
11.8.1 Within-host dynamics of parasites
308(1)
11.8.2 Within-host competition between parasite strains
309(2)
Summary
311(1)
12 Virulence
312(42)
12.1 Virulence
312(7)
12.1.1 Different meanings of virulence
312(1)
12.1.2 Virulence as a non-adaptive phenomenon
312(1)
12.1.2.1 Virulence as a side-effect
313(1)
12.1.2.2 Short-sighted evolution
314(1)
12.1.2.3 Virulence a negligible effect for the parasite
315(1)
12.1.3 Virulence as an evolved trait
315(4)
12.2 The evolution of virulence
319(3)
12.2.1 Avirulence theory
319(1)
12.2.2 Virulence as an adaptive trait
319(3)
12.3 Concepts of virulence evolution
322(9)
12.3.1 Basic principles of evolutionary theory
322(1)
12.3.2 The recovery-virulence trade-off
323(1)
12.3.3 The transmission-virulence trade-off
323(4)
12.3.4 Horizontal vs. vertical transmission
327(3)
12.3.5 Host density and background mortality
330(1)
12.3.6 Host population size affected by parasitism
330(1)
12.4 Within-host evolution
331(13)
12.4.1 Within-host replication and clearance of the infection
331(1)
12.4.2 Multiple infections
331(3)
12.4.3 Kinship among co-infecting parasites
334(5)
12.4.4 Medical intervention and virulence
339(5)
12.4.5 Obligate killers
344(1)
12.4.6 Immunopathology and virulence
344(1)
12.5 Life history of infection events
344(4)
12.5.1 The timing of benefits and costs
344(2)
12.5.2 A generalized theory: the sensitivity framework
346(2)
12.6 Within- vs. between-host selection
348(2)
12.7 Host population structure
350(1)
12.7.1 Spatial structure
350(1)
12.7.2 Variation in host types
350(1)
12.7.3 Social structure
351(1)
12.8 Non-equilibrium virulence
351(3)
Summary
352(2)
13 Host-parasite (co-)evolution
354(36)
13.1 Macro-evolution
354(5)
13.2 Micro-evolution
359(5)
13.2.1 Evolution of antibiotic resistance
360(2)
13.2.2 Costs of antibiotic resistance
362(2)
13.3 Micro-evolution: the maintenance of diversity
364(10)
13.3.1 Antagonistic host-parasite co-evolution
364(1)
13.3.2 Time-lagged negative frequency-dependent selection
365(4)
13.3.3 Local adaptation
369(5)
13.4 Antagonistic co-evolution, sex, and recombination
374(1)
13.4.1 Sexual reproduction
374(1)
13.4.2 Meiotic recombination
374(1)
13.5 The evolution of sex and recombination under parasitism
375(11)
13.5.1 The evolution of sex
376(1)
13.5.2 The evolution of meiotic recombination
376(3)
13.5.3 Empirical evidence: advantage for sex
379(4)
13.5.4 Empirical evidence: advantage for recombination
383(3)
13.6 Selective sweeps
386(4)
Summary
389(1)
14 Ecology
390(27)
14.1 Parasites and host life-history
390(5)
14.1.1 Changes in reproductive patterns
390(1)
14.1.2 Gigantism
391(2)
14.1.3 Group living
393(2)
14.2 Host populations
395(6)
14.2.1 Population regulation by parasites
397(2)
14.2.2 Population decline and extinction
399(2)
14.3 Host ecological communities
401(5)
14.3.1 Parasite effects on host competition
401(1)
14.3.2 Communities of hosts
401(4)
14.3.3 Food webs
405(1)
14.4 Parasite ecology
406(4)
14.4.1 Geographical patterns
406(1)
14.4.1.1 Species-area relationship
406(1)
14.4.1.2 Species-isolation relationship
406(1)
14.4.1.3 Latitudinal gradients
407(2)
14.4.2 Parasite community assembly
409(1)
14.5 Invasions
410(7)
14.5.1 Host invasions
410(1)
14.5.1.1 Escape from parasites
411(1)
14.5.1.2 Characteristics of parasites
411(1)
14.5.2 Invasion by parasites (disease emergence)
411(1)
14.5.2.1 Biological processes
411(2)
14.5.2.2 Abiotic correlates of parasite invasion success
413(1)
14.5.2.3 Global patterns
413(1)
14.5.3 Climate change and disease emergence
414(1)
Summary
415(2)
Glossary 417(12)
List of Immunological Acronyms 429(6)
References 435(64)
Subject Index 499(7)
Taxonomic Index 506
Paul Schmid-Hempel studied biology at the University of Zurich and in 1982 he received his PhD on the ecology of the Sahara Desert ant. He went on to do post-doctoral work at Oxford University (1982-1984) where he worked on an analysis of optimal strategies of animals. He then moved to the Zoological Institute of the University of Basel, where he was part of that group which set a new course for evolutionary ecology. In 1991 he was appointed professor for experimental ecology at the ETH Zurich, and is now Director of the Genetic Diversity Centre there. Since 2008 he has also been a non-resident Permanent Fellow of the Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin. His current research focuses on host-parasite interactions and co-evolution, maintenance of genetic diversity, recombination, social systems, immune defence strategies, and ecological immunology. He has published around 180 original articles, two books, and many articles in newspapers as part of his work in the public understanding of science.