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Experimental Methods in Wastewater Treatment [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 362 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x18 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-May-2016
  • Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1780404743
  • ISBN-13: 9781780404745
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Formaat: Hardback, 362 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 234x156x18 mm
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-May-2016
  • Kirjastus: IWA Publishing
  • ISBN-10: 1780404743
  • ISBN-13: 9781780404745
Teised raamatud teemal:
Over the past twenty years, the knowledge and understanding of wastewater treatment has advanced extensively and moved away from empirically based approaches to a fundamentally-based first principles approach embracing chemistry, microbiology, and physical and bioprocess engineering, often involving experimental laboratory work and techniques. Many of these experimental methods and techniques have matured to the degree that they have been accepted as reliable tools in wastewater treatment research and practice. For sector professionals, especially a new generation of young scientists and engineers entering the wastewater treatment profession, the quantity, complexity and diversity of these new developments can be overwhelming, particularly in developing countries where access to advanced level laboratory courses in wastewater treatment is not readily available. In addition, information on innovative experimental methods is scattered across scientific literature and only partially available in the form of textbooks or guidelines. This book seeks to address these deficiencies. It assembles and integrates the innovative experimental methods developed by research groups and practitioners around the world. Experimental Methods in Wastewater Treatment forms part of the internet-based curriculum in wastewater treatment at UNESCO-IHE and, as such, may also be used together with video records of experimental methods performed and narrated by the authors including guidelines on what to do and what not to do. The book is written for undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, laboratory staff, plant operators, consultants, and other sector professionals.
1 Introduction
1(6)
Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht
Per H. Nielsen
Carlos M. Lopez-Vazquez
Damir Brdjanovic
2 Activated Sludge Activity Tests
7(126)
Carlos M. Lopez-Vazquez
Laurens Welles
Tommaso Lotti
Elena Ficara
Eldon R. Rene
Tessa P.H. van den Brand
Damir Brdjanovic
Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht
Yves Comeau
Piet N.L. Lens
Nancy G. Love
2.1 Introduction
7(2)
2.2 Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal
9(45)
2.2.1 Process description
9(2)
2.2.2 Experimental set-up
11(1)
2.2.2.1 Reactors
11(5)
2.2.2.2 Activated sludge sample collection
16(1)
2.2.2.3 Activated sludge sample preparation
16(1)
2.2.2.4 Substrate
17(2)
2.2.2.5 Analytical procedures
19(3)
2.2.2.6 Parameters of interest
22(1)
2.2.3 EBPR batch activity tests: Preparation
22(1)
2.2.3.1 Apparatus
22(2)
2.2.3.2 Materials
24(1)
2.2.3.3 Media preparation
24(1)
2.2.3.4 Material preparation
25(3)
2.2.3.5 Activated sludge preparation
28(1)
2.2.4 Batch activity tests: Execution
29(1)
2.2.4.1 Anaerobic EBPR batch activity tests
30(3)
2.2.4.2 Anoxic EBPR batch tests
33(1)
2.2.4.3 Aerobic EBPR batch tests
34(2)
2.2.5 Data analysis
36(1)
2.2.5.1 Estimation of stoichiometric parameters
36(5)
2.2.5.2 Estimation of kinetic parameters
41(1)
2.2.6 Data discussion and interpretation
42(1)
2.2.6.1 Anaerobic batch activity tests
42(3)
2.2.6.2 Aerobic batch activity tests
45(1)
2.2.6.3 Anoxic batch activity tests
46(1)
2.2.7 Example
47(1)
2.2.7.1 Description
47(1)
2.2.7.2 Data analysis
47(4)
2.2.8 Additional considerations
51(1)
2.2.8.1 GAO occurrence in EBPR systems
51(1)
2.2.8.2 The effect of carbon source
51(1)
2.2.8.3 The effect of temperature
51(1)
2.2.8.4 The effect of pH
52(1)
2.2.8.5 Denitrification by EBPR cultures
52(1)
2.2.8.6 Excess and shortage of intracellular compounds
52(1)
2.2.8.7 Excessive aeration
53(1)
2.2.8.8 Shortage of essential ions
53(1)
2.2.8.9 Toxicity/inhibition
53(1)
2.3 Biological Sulphate Reduction
54(19)
2.3.1 Process description
54(2)
2.3.2 Sulphide speciation
56(1)
2.3.3 Effects of environmental and operating conditions on SRB
57(1)
2.3.3.1 Carbon source
57(1)
2.3.3.2 COD to SO42- ratio
58(1)
2.3.3.3 Temperature
58(1)
2.3.3.4 pH
59(1)
2.3.3.5 Oxygen
59(1)
2.3.4 Experimental set-up
60(1)
2.3.4.1 Estimation of volumetric and specific rates
60(1)
2.3.4.2 The reactor
60(1)
2.3.4.3 Mixing
61(1)
2.3.4.4 pH control
61(1)
2.3.4.5 Temperature control
61(1)
2.3.4.6 Sampling and dosing ports
62(1)
2.3.4.7 Sample collection
62(1)
2.3.4.8 Media
62(1)
2.3.5 Analytical procedures
63(1)
2.3.5.1 CODorganic and CODtotal
63(1)
2.3.5.2 Sulphate
64(1)
2.3.5.3 Sulphide
64(1)
2.3.6 SRB batch activity tests: preparation
65(1)
2.3.6.1 Apparatus
65(1)
2.3.6.2 Materials
65(1)
2.3.6.3 Media
65(1)
2.3.6.4 Material preparation
66(1)
2.3.6.5 Mixed liquor preparation
67(1)
2.3.6.6 Sample collection and treatment
68(1)
2.3.7 Batch activity tests: execution
68(1)
2.3.8 Data analysis
69(1)
2.3.8.1 Mass balances and calculations
69(1)
2.3.8.2 Data discussion and interpretation
70(1)
2.3.9 Example
70(2)
2.3.10 Practical recommendations
72(1)
2.4 Biological Nitrogen Removal
73(38)
2.4.1 Process description
73(1)
2.4.1.1 Nitrification
74(1)
2.4.1.2 Denitrification
75(1)
2.4.1.3 Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox)
76(1)
2.4.2 Process-tracking alternatives
76(1)
2.4.2.1 Chemical tracking
77(1)
2.4.2.2 Titrimetric tracking
77(1)
2.4.2.3 Manometric tracking
78(1)
2.4.3 Experimental set-up
79(1)
2.4.3.1 Reactors
79(1)
2.4.3.2 Instrumentation for titrimetric tests
79(1)
2.4.3.3 Instrumentation for manometric tests
80(1)
2.4.3.4 Activated sludge sample collection
81(1)
2.4.3.5 Activated sludge sample preparation
82(1)
2.4.3.6 Substrate
82(1)
2.4.3.7 Analytical procedures
83(1)
2.4.3.8 Parameters of interest
83(3)
2.4.3.9 Type of batch tests
86(1)
2.4.4 Nitrification batch activity tests: Preparation
86(1)
2.4.4.1 Apparatus
86(1)
2.4.4.2 Materials
86(1)
2.4.4.3 Media preparation
86(1)
2.4.5 Nitrification batch activity tests: Execution
87(5)
2.4.6 Denitrification batch activity tests: Preparation
92(1)
2.4.6.1 Apparatus
92(1)
2.4.6.2 Materials
93(1)
2.4.6.3 Working solutions
93(1)
2.4.6.4 Materials preparation
93(1)
2.4.7 Denitrification batch activity tests: Execution
93(6)
2.4.8 Anammox batch activity tests: Preparation
99(1)
2.4.8.1 Apparatus
99(1)
2.4.8.2 Materials
99(1)
2.4.8.3 Working solutions
99(1)
2.4.8.4 Materials preparation
100(1)
2.4.9 Anammox batch activity tests: Execution
100(3)
2.4.10 Examples
103(1)
2.4.10.1 Nitrification batch activity test
103(2)
2.4.10.2 Denitrification batch activity test
105(2)
2.4.10.3 Anammox batch activity test
107(2)
2.4.11 Additional considerations
109(1)
2.4.11.1 Presence of other organisms
109(1)
2.4.11.2 Shortage of essential micro- and macro-nutrients
109(1)
2.4.11.3 Toxicity or inhibition effects
110(1)
2.4.11.4 Effects of carbon source on denitrification
110(1)
2.5 Aerobic Organic Matter Removal
111(22)
2.5.1 Process description
111(1)
2.5.2 Experimental set-up
112(1)
2.5.2.1 Reactors
112(1)
2.5.2.2 Activated sludge sample collection
112(1)
2.5.2.3 Activated sludge sample preparation
113(1)
2.5.2.4 Media
113(1)
2.5.2.5 Analytical tests
114(1)
2.5.2.6 Parameters of interest
114(1)
2.5.3 Aerobic organic matter batch activity tests: Preparation
115(1)
2.5.3.1 Apparatus
115(1)
2.5.3.2 Materials
115(1)
2.5.3.3 Working solutions
115(1)
2.5.3.4 Material preparation
116(1)
2.5.3.5 Activated sludge preparation
117(1)
2.5.4 Aerobic organic matter batch activity tests: Execution
117(1)
2.5.5 Data analysis
118(1)
2.5.6 Example
119(1)
2.5.6.1 Description
119(1)
2.5.6.2 Data analysis
119(2)
2.5.7 Additional considerations and recommendations
121(1)
2.5.7.1 Simultaneous storage and microbial growth
121(1)
2.5.7.2 Lack of nutrients
121(1)
2.5.7.3 Toxicity or inhibition
121(12)
3 Respirometry
133(44)
Henry Spanjers
Peter A. Vanrolleghem
George A. Ekama
M. Sperandio
3.1 Introduction
133(3)
3.1.1 Basics of respiration
134(1)
3.1.2 Basics of respirometry
135(1)
3.2 General Methodology Of Respirometry
136(5)
3.2.1 Basics of respirometric methodology
136(1)
3.2.2 Generalized principles: beyond oxygen
136(1)
3.2.2.1 Principles based on measuring in the liquid phase
136(2)
3.2.2.2 Principles based on measuring during the gas phase
138(3)
3.3 Equipment
141(9)
3.3.1 Equipment for anaerobic respirometry
141(1)
3.3.1.1 Biogas composition
141(1)
3.3.1.2 Measuring the gas flow
142(1)
3.3.2 Equipment for aerobic and anoxic respirometry
143(1)
3.3.2.1 Reactor
143(1)
3.3.2.2 Measuring arrangement
143(1)
3.3.2.3 Practical implementation
144(6)
3.4 Wastewater Characterization
150(19)
3.4.1 Biomethane potential (BMP)
150(1)
3.4.1.1 Purpose
150(1)
3.4.1.2 General
150(1)
3.4.1.4 Data processing
151(1)
3.4.1.5 Recommendations
151(1)
3.4.2 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
152(1)
3.4.2.1 Purpose
152(1)
3.4.2.2 General
152(1)
3.4.2.3 Test execution
153(4)
3.4.3 Short-term biochemical oxygen demand (BDDst)
157(1)
3.4.3.1 Test execution
158(2)
3.4.3.2 Calculations
160(1)
3.4.4 Toxicity and inhibition
160(1)
3.4.4.1 Purpose
160(1)
3.4.4.2 Test execution
160(1)
3.4.4.3 Calculations
161(1)
3.4.4.4 Biodegradable toxicants
162(1)
3.4.5 Wastewater fractionation
163(3)
3.4.5.1 Readily biodegradable substrate (SB)
166(1)
3.4.5.2 Slowly biodegradable substrate (XCB)
167(1)
3.4.5.3 Heterotrophic biomass (XAHO)
168(1)
3.4.5.4 Autotrophic (nitrifying) biomass (XANO)
168(1)
3.4.5.5 Ammonium (SNHx)
168(1)
3.4.5.6 Organic nitrogen fractions (XCB,N and SB,N)
168(1)
3.5 Biomass Characterization
169(8)
3.5.1 Volatile suspended solids
169(1)
3.5.2 Specific methanogenic activity (SMA)
169(1)
3.5.2.1 Purpose
169(1)
3.5.2.2 General
169(1)
3.5.2.3 Test execution
169(1)
3.5.2.4 Data processing
170(1)
3.5.3 Specific aerobic and anoxic biomass activity
171(1)
3.5.3.1 Maximum specific nitrification rate (AUR)
171(2)
3.5.3.2 Maximum specific aerobic heterotrophic respiration rate (OUR)
173(1)
3.5.3.3 Maximum specific denitrification rate (NUR)
173(4)
4 Off-Gas Emission Tests
177(24)
Kartik Chandran
Eveline I.P. Volcke
Mark C.M. van Loosdrecht
Peter A. Vanrollegem
Sylvie Guillot
4.1 Introduction
177(1)
4.2 Selecting The Sampling Strategy
178(1)
4.2.1 Plant performance
178(1)
4.2.2 Seasonal variations in emissions
178(1)
4.2.3 Sampling objective
179(1)
4.3 Plant Assessment And Data Collection
179(6)
4.3.1 Preparation of a sampling campaign
179(1)
4.3.2 Sample identification and data sheet
180(1)
4.3.3 Factors that can limit the validity of the results
181(1)
4.3.4 Practical advice for analytical measurements
181(1)
4.3.5 General methodology for sampling
182(1)
4.3.6 Sampling in the framework of the off-gas measurements
183(2)
4.3.7 Testing and measurements protocol
185(1)
4.4 Emission Measurements
185(1)
4.5 N2O Measurement In Open Tanks
186(5)
4.5.1 Protocol for measuring the surface flux of N2O
188(1)
4.5.1.1 Equipment, materials and supplies
188(1)
4.5.1.2 Experimental procedure
188(1)
4.5.1.3 Sampling methods for nitrogen GHG emissions
189(2)
4.5.1.4 Direct measurement of the liquid-phase N2O content
191(1)
4.6 Measurement Of Off-Gas Flow In Open Tanks
191(1)
4.6.1 Protocol for aerated or aerobic zone
192(1)
4.6.2 Protocol for non-aerated zones
192(1)
4.7 Aqueous N2O and CH4 Concentration Determination
192(7)
4.7.1 Measurement protocol for dissolved N2O measurement using polarographic electrodes
193(1)
4.7.1.1 Equipment
193(1)
4.7.1.2 Experimental procedure
193(1)
4.7.2 Measurement protocol for dissolved gasses using gas chromatography
194(1)
4.7.3 Measurement protocol for dissolved gas measurement by the salting-out method
194(1)
4.7.3.1 Equipment
195(1)
4.7.3.2 Sampling procedure
195(1)
4.7.3.3 Measurement procedure
195(1)
4.7.3.4 Calculations
196(1)
4.7.4 Measurement protocol for dissolved gas measurement by the stripping method
196(1)
4.7.4.1 Operational principle
196(1)
4.7.4.2 Equipment
197(1)
4.7.4.3 Calibration batch test
198(1)
4.7.4.4 Measurement accuracy
198(1)
4.7.4.5 Calculation of the N2O formation rate in the stripping device
198(1)
4.8 Data Analysis And Processing
199(2)
4.8.1 Determination of fluxes
199(1)
4.8.2 Determination of aggregated emission fractions
199(1)
4.8.3 Calculation of the emission factors
200(1)
5 Data Handling And Parameter Estimation
201(34)
Gurkan Sin
Krist V. Gernaey
Sebastiaan C.F. Meijer
Juan A. Baeza
5.1 Introduction
201(1)
5.2 Theory And Methods
202(9)
5.2.1 Data handling and validation
202(1)
5.2.1.1 Systematic data analysis for biological processes
202(1)
5.2.1.2 Degree of reduction analysis
203(1)
5.2.1.3 Consistency check of experimental data
204(1)
5.2.2 Parameter estimation
205(1)
5.2.2.1 Manual trial and error method
205(1)
5.2.2.2 Formal statistics methods
205(4)
5.2.3 Uncertainty analysis
209(1)
5.2.3.1 Linear error propagation
209(1)
5.2.3.2 The Monte Carlo method
209(1)
5.2.4 Local sensitivity analysis and identifiability analysis
210(1)
5.2.4.1 Local sensitivity analysis
210(1)
5.2.4.2 Identifiability analysis using the collinearity index
210(1)
5.3 Methodology And Workflow
211(3)
5.3.1 Data consistency check using elemental balance and a degree of reduction analysis
211(1)
5.3.2 Parameter estimation workflow for non-linear least squares method
212(1)
5.3.3 Parameter estimation workflow for the bootstrap method
212(1)
5.3.4 Local sensitivity and identifiability analysis workflow
213(1)
5.3.5 Uncertainty analysis using the Monte Carlo method and linear error propagation
213(1)
5.4 Additional Examples
214(18)
5.5 Additional Considerations
232(3)
6 Settling Tests
235(28)
Elena Torfs
Ingmar Nopens
Mari K.H. Winkler
Peter A. Vanrolleghem
Sophie Balemans
Use Y. Smets
Glenn T. Daigger
Imre Takacs
6.1 Introduction
235(1)
6.2 Measuring Sludge Settleability In SSTs
236(10)
6.2.1 Sludge settleability parameters
237(1)
6.2.1.1 Goal and application
237(1)
6.2.1.2 Equipment
237(1)
6.2.1.3 The sludge volume index (SVI)
237(1)
6.2.1.4 The diluted sludge volume index (DSVI)
237(1)
6.2.1.5 The stirred specific volume index (SSVI3.5)
238(1)
6.2.2 The batch settling curve and hindered settling velocity
238(1)
6.2.2.1 Goal and application
238(1)
6.2.2.2 Equipment
239(1)
6.2.2.3 Experimental procedure
239(1)
6.2.2.4 Interpreting a batch settling curve
240(1)
6.2.2.5 Measuring the hindered settling velocity
241(1)
6.2.3 Vhs-X relation
241(1)
6.2.3.1 Goal and application
241(1)
6.2.3.2 Equipment
242(1)
6.2.3.3 Experimental procedure
242(1)
6.2.3.4 Determination of the zone settling parameters
243(1)
6.2.3.5 Calibration by empirical relations based on SSPs
244(1)
6.2.4 Recommendations for performing batch settling tests
245(1)
6.2.4.1 Shape and size of the batch reservoir
245(1)
6.2.4.2 Sample handling and transport
245(1)
6.2.4.3 Concentration range
245(1)
6.2.4.4 Measurement frequency
245(1)
6.2.5 Recent advances in batch settling tests
245(1)
6.3 Measuring Flocculation State Of Activated Sludge
246(4)
6.3.1 DSS/FSS test
246(1)
6.3.1.1 Goal and application
246(1)
6.3.1.2 Equipment
246(1)
6.3.1.3 DSS test
246(1)
6.3.1.4 FSS test
247(1)
6.3.1.5 Interpretation of a DSS/FSS test
248(1)
6.3.2 Recommendations
249(1)
6.3.2.1 Flocculation conditions
249(1)
6.3.2.2 Temperature influence
249(1)
6.3.2.3 Supernatant sampling
249(1)
6.3.3 Advances in the measurement of the flocculation state
250(1)
6.4 Measuring The Settling Behaviour Of Granular Sludge
250(5)
6.4.1 Goal and application
250(1)
6.4.2 Equipment
251(1)
6.4.3 Density measurements
251(1)
6.4.4 Granular biomass size determination
252(1)
6.4.4.1 Sieving
252(1)
6.4.4.2 Image analyser
253(1)
6.4.5 Calculating the settling velocity of granules
253(1)
6.4.6 Recommendations
254(1)
6.4.6.1 Validation of results
254(1)
6.4.6.2 Application for flocculent sludge
255(1)
6.5 Measuring settling velocity distribution in PSTs
255(8)
6.5.1 Introduction
255(1)
6.5.2 General principle
255(1)
6.5.3 Sampling and sample preservation
256(1)
6.5.4 Equipment
256(1)
6.5.5 Analytical protocol
257(1)
6.5.6 Calculations and result presentation
258(1)
6.5.6.1 Mass balance check
258(1)
6.5.6.2 Calculation of the settling velocity distribution
258(1)
6.5.6.3 Recommendations
259(4)
7 Microscopy
263(22)
Jeppe L. Nielsen
Robert J. Seviour
Per H. Nielsen
Jiri Wanner
7.1 Introduction
263(1)
7.2 The Light Microscope
263(6)
7.2.1 Standard applications of light microscopy
265(1)
7.2.2 Low power objective
265(1)
7.2.3 High power objective
265(1)
7.2.4 Immersion objective
265(1)
7.2.5 Important considerations
266(1)
7.2.6 Bright-field and dark-field illumination
266(1)
7.2.7 Fluorescence microscopy
267(2)
7.2.8 Confocal laser scanning microscopy
269(1)
7.3 Morphological Investigations
269(3)
7.3.1 Microscopic `identification' of filamentous microorganisms
270(1)
7.3.2 `Identification' of protozoa and metazoa
271(1)
7.4 Examining Activated Sludge Samples Microscopically
272(4)
7.4.1 Mounting the activated sludge sample
272(1)
7.4.2 Gram staining
273(1)
7.4.2.1 Reagents and solutions for Gram staining
273(1)
7.4.2.2 Procedure
274(1)
7.4.3 Neisser staining
274(1)
7.4.3.1 Reagents and solutions for Neisser staining
274(1)
7.4.3.2 Procedure
275(1)
7.4.4 DAPI staining
275(1)
7.4.4.1 Reagents and solutions for DAPI staining
275(1)
7.4.4.2 Procedure
275(1)
7.4.5 CTC staining
276(1)
7.4.5.1 Reagents and solutions for CTC staining
276(1)
7.4.5.2 Procedure
276(1)
7.5 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
276(4)
7.5.1 Reagents and solutions for FISH
277(1)
7.5.2 Procedure
278(2)
7.6 Combined Staining Techniques
280(5)
7.6.1 FISH-DAPI staining
281(1)
7.6.1.1 Reagents and solutions for DAPI staining
281(1)
7.6.1.2 Procedure
281(1)
7.6.2 FISH-PHA staining
282(1)
7.6.2.1 Reagents and solutions for PHA staining
282(1)
7.6.2.2 Procedure
282(3)
8 Molecular Methods
285
Søren M. Karst
Mads Albertsen
Rasmus H. Kirkegaard
Morten S. Dueholm
Per H. Nielsen
Holger Daims
8.1 Introduction
285(1)
8.2 Extraction Of DNA
286(3)
8.2.1 General considerations
286(1)
8.2.2 Sampling
286(1)
8.2.3 DNA extraction
286(1)
8.2.3.1 Cell lysis
286(1)
8.2.3.2 Nuclease activity inhibition and protein removal
287(1)
8.2.3.3 Purification
287(1)
8.2.3.4 Elution and storage
287(1)
8.2.4 Quantification and integrity
287(1)
8.2.5 Optimised DNA extraction from wastewater activated sludge
288(1)
8.2.5.1 Materials
288(1)
8.2.5.2 DNA extraction
288(1)
8.3 Real-Time Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
289(8)
8.3.1 General considerations
289(2)
8.3.2 Materials
291(1)
8.3.3 Methods
292(2)
8.3.4 Data handling
294(1)
8.3.5 Data output and interpretation
294(1)
8.3.6 Troubleshooting
295(1)
8.3.7 Example
295(1)
8.3.7.1 Samples
295(1)
8.3.7.2 qPCR reaction setup
296(1)
8.3.7.3 Results
296(1)
8.4 Amplicon Sequencing
297(22)
8.4.1 General considerations
297(1)
8.4.2 The 16S rRNA gene as a phylogenetic marker gene
297(2)
8.4.3 PCR amplification
299(1)
8.4.3.1 PCR reaction
299(1)
8.4.3.2 PCR biases
300(1)
8.4.3.3 Primer choice
300(1)
8.4.4 DNA sequencing
301(1)
8.4.4.1 Sequencing platform
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8.4.4.2 Sequencing depth
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8.4.5 Bioinformatic processing
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8.4.5.1 Available software
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8.4.5.2 Raw data
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8.4.5.3 Quality scores and filtering
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8.4.5.4 Merging paired end-reads
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8.4.5.5 OTU clustering
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8.4.5.6 Chimera detection and removal
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8.4.5.7 Taxonomic classification
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8.4.5.8 The OTU table
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8.4.6 Data analysis
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8.4.6.1 Defining the goal of the data analysis
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8.4.6.2 Data validation and sanity check
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8.4.6.3 Communities or individual species?
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8.4.6.4 Identifying core and transient species
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8.4.6.5 Explorative analysis using multivariate statistics
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8.4.6.6 Correlation analysis
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8.4.6.7 Effect of treatments on individual species
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8.4.7 General observations
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8.4.7.1 A relative analysis
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8.4.7.2 Copy number bias
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8.4.7.3 Primer bias
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8.4.7.4 Standardization
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8.4.7.5 Impact of the method
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8.4.8 Protocol: Illumina V1-316S rRNA amplicon libraries
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8.4.8.1 Apparatus
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8.4.8.2 Materials
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8.4.8.3 Protocol
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8.4.9 Interpretation and troubleshooting
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8.4.9.1 Sample DNA quality control and dilution
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8.4.9.2 Library PCR
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8.4.9.3 Library cleanup
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8.4.9.4 Library quality control
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8.4.9.5 Library pooling
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8.4.9.6 Pool quality control and dilution
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8.4.9.7 Storage
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8.4.10 Protocol: Illumina V1-3 16S amplicon sequencing
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8.4.10.1 Apparatus
314(1)
8.4.10.2 Reagents
314(1)
8.4.10.3 Protocol
314(1)
8.4.10.4 Interpretation and troubleshooting
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8.4.11 Design of Illumina 16S amplicon sequencing adaptors
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8.5 Other Methods
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List Of Symbols and Abbreviations