Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Exploiting Seismic Waveforms: Correlation, Heterogeneity and Inversion [Pehme köide]

, (Australian National University, Canberra)
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 502 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 243x171x24 mm, kaal: 960 g, Worked examples or Exercises
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108828787
  • ISBN-13: 9781108828789
Teised raamatud teemal:
Exploiting Seismic Waveforms: Correlation, Heterogeneity and InversionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Paperback / softback, 502 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 243x171x24 mm, kaal: 960 g, Worked examples or Exercises
  • Ilmumisaeg: 03-Dec-2020
  • Kirjastus: Cambridge University Press
  • ISBN-10: 1108828787
  • ISBN-13: 9781108828789
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781108828789.html
Märksõnad:
Exploiting Seismic Waveforms introduces a range of recent developments in seismology including the application of correlation techniques, understanding of multi-scale heterogeneity and the extraction of structure and source information by seismic waveform inversion. It provides a full treatment of correlation methods for seismic noise and event signals, and develops inverse methods for both sources and structure. Higher frequency components of seismograms are frequently neglected, or removed by filtering, but they contain information about seismic structure on scales that cannot be revealed by seismic tomography. Sufficient computational resources are now available for waveform inversion for 3-D structure to be a practical procedure and this book describes suitable algorithms and examples reflecting current best practice. Intended for students and researchers in seismology, this book provides a physical understanding of seismic waveforms and the way that different aspects of the seismic wavefield are revealed by the way that seismic data are handled.

Arvustused

'The authors of this volume are recognized internationally for their many fundamental contributions to global and exploration geophysics. They have succeeded admirably in producing a volume that straddles both disciplines and commenting on the often-ignored relationships and differences between them. Exploiting Seismic Waveforms is bound to become a standard reference in both theoretical and computational seismology. The theory is presented with the eloquence and crispness we have already known to be associated with previous writings by these two authors. Allow me therefore to grade this beautiful volume with an A+.' Sven Treitel, The Leading Edge

Muu info

Developments in seismology including correlation techniques, heterogeneity and waveform inversion, illustrated with observational examples.
Preface xiii
1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 Growth of Recording Networks
2(3)
1.2 Theoretical and Computational Developments
5(3)
1.3 Structure of the Book
8(3)
PART I BUILDING THE SEISMIC WAVEFIELD
11(84)
2 Stratified Media
13(22)
2.1 From Normal Modes to Seismograms
13(8)
2.1.1 Normal Modes
14(1)
2.1.2 Modal Sum
14(2)
2.1.3 Character of Modal Spectrum
16(2)
2.1.4 From Sum to Integral
18(3)
2.2 Extraction of Surface Waves and Body Waves
21(2)
2.3 Description of Physical Processes
23(6)
2.3.1 Reflection and Transmission Matrices
23(2)
2.3.2 Inclusion of a Source
25(3)
2.3.3 Multiple Deep Reflections
28(1)
2.4 Teleseismic Phases at a Receiver
29(3)
2.5 Surface-Wave Contributions
32(3)
3 Laterally Varying Media
35(28)
3.1 Convolutions and Correlations
35(1)
3.2 Integral Representations
36(5)
3.2.1 Representation Theorems
37(2)
3.2.2 Effect of Unmodelled Structure
39(1)
3.2.3 Propagation Invariants
40(1)
3.3 Reflection and Transmission Operators
41(14)
3.3.1 A Single Interface
41(5)
3.3.2 The Effect of a Heterogeneous Region
46(6)
3.3.3 Free-Surface Reflections
52(1)
3.3.4 Operator Representations for the Full Wavefield
52(2)
3.3.5 Effective Sources
54(1)
3.4 Body-Wave Approximations
55(2)
3.4.1 Coupled Wavenumbers
55(1)
3.4.2 Modified Ray Theory
56(1)
3.4.3 Interfaces
56(1)
3.5 Surface Waves in Varying Media
57(6)
3.5.1 Smoothly Varying Structure
58(2)
3.5.2 Propagation Across Structural Boundaries
60(3)
4 The Reflection Field
63(32)
4.1 General Representations
63(1)
4.2 Land Seismic Profiling
64(4)
4.3 Marine Seismic Profiling
68(10)
4.3.1 Marine Sources
68(1)
4.3.2 Marine Recording
69(1)
4.3.3 Representation of Marine Records
70(1)
4.3.4 Influence of Sea Bed Structure
71(5)
4.3.5 Stacking below the Sea Bed
76(2)
4.4 Influences on Amplitudes
78(3)
4.5 Structural Challenges
81(2)
4.6 Processing and Migration
83(12)
4.6.1 Reflection Processing
83(2)
4.6.2 Migration and Inversion
85(5)
4.6.3 Remapping Reflectivity
90(5)
PART II CORRELATION WAVEFIELDS
95(124)
5 Correlations and Transfer Functions
97(32)
5.1 Correlations for Time and Phase Delay
97(11)
5.1.1 Cross-Correlation for Time Shifts
98(3)
5.1.2 Adaptive Stacking
101(3)
5.1.3 Surface-Wave Dispersion
104(4)
5.2 Receiver Functions and Transfer Functions
108(11)
5.2.1 Receiver Functions
109(7)
5.2.2 Seismogram Transfer Functions
116(3)
5.3 Comparison of Seismograms
119(10)
5.3.1 General Considerations
120(1)
5.3.2 Time and Frequency Response
121(2)
5.3.3 Use of Transfer Functions
123(6)
6 Correlations and Interferometry
129(28)
6.1 Correlation of Seismic Signals
129(10)
6.1.1 Modal Contributions
135(1)
6.1.2 Body Waves
136(3)
6.2 The Nature of the Correlation Wavefield
139(3)
6.3 Generalised Interferometry
142(13)
6.3.1 Effective theory for modelling inter-station correlations
143(5)
6.3.2 Illustrative Examples
148(7)
6.A Appendix: Generalised ray amplitudes
155(2)
7 Correlations and Ambient Noise
157(22)
7.1 Nature of Ambient Noise Field
157(2)
7.2 Exploitation of Ambient Noise Correlation
159(3)
7.3 Extraction of Surface Waves
162(11)
7.3.1 Local Properties of the Correlation Field
168(2)
7.3.2 Correlations of Correlogram Coda
170(1)
7.3.3 Cross-Correlation of Correlograms
170(3)
7.4 Body Waves in the Ambient Field
173(6)
7.4.1 Studies of Local Structure
173(1)
7.4.2 Regional Studies
174(1)
7.4.3 Global Body Wave Propagation
175(4)
8 Coda Correlations
179(21)
8.1 Constructing Earth's Correlation Wavefield
179(7)
8.2 Understanding the Nature of the Correlation Field
186(5)
8.2.1 Emergence of Complex Phases
186(3)
8.2.2 Steeply Travelling Normal Modes
189(2)
8.3 Exploitation of Coda Correlations in Deep Earth Studies
191(4)
8.3.1 Targeted Seismic Phases
191(2)
8.3.2 Exploitation of the Global Correlation Field
193(2)
8.4 Local Structure from Teleseismic coda
195(2)
8.A Appendix: Asymptotic normal modes
197(3)
9 Correlations in Receiver Studies
200(19)
9.1 Correlations and Receiver Response
200(4)
9.1.1 General Development
201(1)
9.1.2 Behaviour with Slowness
202(2)
9.2 Receiver-Based Studies
204(7)
9.2.1 Exploitation of Continuous Data
204(3)
9.2.2 Extraction of the Reflection Field from Teleseisms
207(3)
9.2.3 Virtual Seismic Sounding
210(1)
9.3 Imaging with Auto-correlation
211(5)
9.4 Correlations in the Reflection Field
216(3)
PART III INTERACTION OF SEISMIC WAVES WITH HETEROGENEITY
219(116)
10 Deterministic and Stochastic Heterogeneity
221(34)
10.1 Heterogeneity in the Earth
222(7)
10.2 Tomography and Beyond: Multi-Scale Structure
229(4)
10.3 Stochastic Representation of Heterogeneity
233(10)
10.3.1 Stochastic Models and Properties
234(4)
10.3.2 Comparison of Spatial and Ensemble Averaging
238(5)
10.4 Effective Media -- a Macroscopic View of Heterogeneity
243(12)
10.4.1 The Upscaling Concept
244(5)
10.4.2 Numerical Examples
249(6)
11 The Effects of Heterogeneity
255(22)
11.1 Reference Structures and Heterogeneity
255(8)
11.1.1 Deviations from a Reference Structure
256(2)
11.1.2 A Heterogeneity Series
258(1)
11.1.3 Variation of the Green's Function with Model Parameters
259(1)
11.1.4 Perturbations of Reflection Operators
260(3)
11.2 Coupling of Modal Fields by Heterogeneity
263(11)
11.2.1 2-D Propagation
263(7)
11.2.2 3-D Propagation
270(2)
11.2.3 Attenuation
272(2)
11.3 Interactions of Complex Seismic Wavefields
274(3)
12 Scattering and Stochastic Waveguides
277(30)
12.1 Characterising Scattering
277(4)
12.1.1 Nature of Seismograms
279(1)
12.1.2 Modelling Scattering
280(1)
12.2 Scattering in the Earth
281(10)
12.2.1 Scattering and Coda
283(4)
12.2.2 Mantle Scattering
287(3)
12.2.3 Core Scattering
290(1)
12.3 2-D and 3-D Scattering Wavefields
291(4)
12.3.1 Heterogeneous Model
291(1)
12.3.2 Simulation Results
292(3)
12.4 Stochastic Waveguides
295(12)
12.4.1 Subduction Zones
296(5)
12.4.2 Lithospheric Waveguides
301(6)
13 Multi-Scale Heterogeneity
307(28)
13.1 Capturing Multi-Scale Structure
308(4)
13.2 Oceanic Lithosphere
312(7)
13.3 Continental Lithosphere
319(10)
13.4 The Subduction-Zone Environment
329(6)
PART IV INVERSION FOR EARTH STRUCTURE
335(121)
14 Inference for Structure
337(18)
14.1 Bayesian Framework
338(4)
14.1.1 Data and Models
338(2)
14.1.2 Application of Bayes' Theorem
340(1)
14.1.3 Bayesian Inference via Monte Carlo Techniques
341(1)
14.2 Linear and Linearizable Problems
342(8)
14.2.1 The Least-Squares Solution
342(3)
14.2.2 Model and Data Resolution
345(5)
14.3 Nonlinear Inversion and Optimisation Methods
350(3)
14.A Appendix: Covariance matrix identities
353(2)
15 Gradient Methods for Nonlinear Inversion
355(23)
15.1 General Descent Methods
356(2)
15.2 The Method of Steepest Descent
358(2)
15.3 Newton's Method and its Variants
360(2)
15.4 The Conjugate-Gradient Method
362(3)
15.5 Quasi-Newton Methods
365(6)
15.6 Subspace Methods
371(3)
15.7 No Free Lunch
374(4)
16 Adjoint Methods and Sensitivity Analysis
378(20)
16.1 Properties of Adjoints
378(11)
16.1.1 The Adjoint of the Viscoelastic Wave Equation
381(3)
16.1.2 Frechet Kernels and Gradients
384(2)
16.1.3 Born Approximation and Physics of Frechet Kernels
386(2)
16.1.4 Frechet Derivatives of Green's Functions
388(1)
16.2 Derivatives with Respect to Source Parameters
389(1)
16.3 Misfit Functionals and Sensitivity Analysis
390(8)
16.3.1 L2 Waveform Misfit
391(1)
16.3.2 Cross-Correlation Time Shifts
392(2)
16.3.3 Amplitude Misfits
394(1)
16.3.4 Whole-Earth Kernel Gallery
395(3)
17 Waveform Inversion of Event Data
398(15)
17.1 Data and Measurements
399(2)
17.1.1 Selection of Earthquake Data
399(1)
17.1.2 Numerical Waveform Modelling
399(1)
17.1.3 Initial Model
400(1)
17.2 Nonlinear Optimisation of Waveform Misfit
401(6)
17.3 Model Quality
407(3)
17.3.1 Validation and Analysis of Waveform Fit
407(1)
17.3.2 Recovery Tests
408(2)
17.4 Practical and Computational Aspects
410(3)
17.4.1 Automation
410(1)
17.4.2 Storage Requirements
411(1)
17.4.3 Extracting Additional Parameters
411(2)
18 Waveform Inversion of Correlation Data
413(15)
18.1 Modelling and Inverting the Correlation Wavefield
413(6)
18.1.1 Forward Modelling
414(1)
18.1.2 Inversion for noise sources and Earth structure
415(4)
18.2 Joint Inversion of Seismic Hum
419(9)
18.2.1 Data and Measurements
420(3)
18.2.2 Computational Aspects
423(1)
18.2.3 Source and Structural Models
424(4)
19 New Directions
428(28)
19.1 Multi-Scale Nested Inversion
429(6)
19.1.1 Evolutionary Multi-Scale Updating
430(1)
19.1.2 Pragmatic Simplifications
431(2)
19.1.3 The Collaborative Seismic Earth Model
433(2)
19.2 Wavefield-Adapted Numerical Meshes
435(7)
19.2.1 Forward Modelling
436(2)
19.2.2 Adjoint Modelling
438(2)
19.2.3 Waveform Inversion
440(1)
19.2.4 Towards Real-Data Applications
441(1)
19.3 Data Redundancy and Parsimonious Inversion
442(5)
19.3.1 Adaptive Mini-Batch Optimisation
443(2)
19.3.2 Synthetic and Real Data Illustrations
445(2)
19.4 Hamiltonian Nullspace Shuttles and Monte Carlo Inversion
447(9)
19.4.1 Nullspace Shuttles
447(5)
19.4.2 Hamiltonian Monte Carlo Methods
452(4)
Appendix: Table of Notation 456(6)
Bibliography 462(21)
Index 483
Brian Kennett is Emeritus Professor of Seismology at the Australian National University. His research interests are directed towards understanding the structure of the Earth from seismological observations. He is the recipient of numerous awards and medals for his work and is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society (London). He the author of more than 300 research papers and nine books. Andreas Fichtner is Professor of Seismology and Wave Physics at ETH Zurich. His work is focused on the development of waveform tomography methods using high-performance computing, and their application in seismology and medical imaging. He is the recipient of several awards, including the 2011 Aki award of the American Geophysical Union, and is the editor or author of three other books.