| Authors and Contributors |
|
v | |
| Preface to the English edition |
|
vii | |
| Foreword |
|
ix | |
| Notice |
|
xi | |
| Introduction |
|
xxi | |
| Terminology |
|
xxiii | |
| PART ONE: BASIC DATA IN EYE MUSCLE SURGERY |
|
1 | (90) |
|
Modeling and dynamics of the oculomotor complex |
|
|
3 | (16) |
|
|
|
3 | (3) |
|
Constitutional asymmetry of the medial rectus and lateral rectus muscle pair |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
Reciprocal oculomotor balance |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
Conjugate ocular movements |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Actions of the Extraocular Muscles |
|
|
6 | (4) |
|
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Action of individual muscles |
|
|
7 | (3) |
|
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Forces at Work: A Trial Model |
|
|
10 | (9) |
|
Restrictive forces and effective forces |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Evaluation of passive and active forces |
|
|
11 | (1) |
|
Modeling of the oculomotor system |
|
|
12 | (7) |
|
|
|
19 | (16) |
|
Effects According to the Surgical Procedure |
|
|
19 | (10) |
|
Muscle parameters and effect of surgery |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Effects according to the surgical procedure |
|
|
21 | (8) |
|
Effects of Surgery According to the Choice of Muscle |
|
|
29 | (3) |
|
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
|
|
30 | (2) |
|
Undesirable Iatrogenic Effects of Muscle Surgery |
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
Inevitable undesirable iatrogenic effects |
|
|
32 | (1) |
|
Undesirable iatrogenic effects to be avoided |
|
|
32 | (3) |
|
Evaluation of the extraocular muscle disorder |
|
|
35 | (28) |
|
Clinical Evaluation: First Decision-Making Stage |
|
|
35 | (7) |
|
Recording Extraocular Muscle Kinesis: Kinetic Electro-Oculography (KEOG) and Photo-Oculography (POG) |
|
|
42 | (3) |
|
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Kinetic electro-oculography abnormalities |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
Imaging: Echography, Scanning and Magnetic Resonance |
|
|
45 | (6) |
|
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
|
|
45 | (6) |
|
Intra-Operative Data: Second and Third Decision-Making Stages |
|
|
51 | (12) |
|
Eye position under anaesthesia |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
The muscle stretch test (MST) |
|
|
52 | (1) |
|
Clinical method of collecting intra-operative data |
|
|
53 | (10) |
|
|
|
63 | (22) |
|
Amount of Conventional Surgery on the Rectus Muscles |
|
|
64 | (3) |
|
Measuring the amount of surgery after mean surgical effectiveness |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Calculating the amount of surgery from formulae |
|
|
65 | (1) |
|
Effect on the angle of deviation according to the surgical distribution |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
Validity and limits of methods of calculation |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Amount of Surgery on the Oblique Muscles |
|
|
67 | (4) |
|
Amount of surgery by estimation |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Amount of surgery by calculation |
|
|
68 | (3) |
|
Limits for Conventional Muscle Surgery |
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
Small and large amounts of surgery |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Distance of Posterior Anchorage |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
Distance according to the muscle to be operated |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Amount of muscle recession to be associated |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
Adjustment of the Amount of Surgery |
|
|
75 | (10) |
|
Factors to take into consideration: dimensions of the eye |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
Factors to take into consideration: intra-operative data |
|
|
77 | (8) |
|
Psychological context of strabismus surgery |
|
|
85 | (6) |
|
Parental Reaction to Strabismus |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Emotional Reactions of the Strabismic Child |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Emotional Aspects of Hospitalization of Children for Strabismus Surgery |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Reaction of the Child and Parents on the Day After Surgery |
|
|
88 | (3) |
| PART TWO: OPERATIVE TECHNIQUES |
|
91 | (190) |
|
|
|
93 | (12) |
|
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
|
|
94 | (6) |
|
Aspects of manipulation and complications |
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
|
|
101 | (4) |
|
|
|
105 | (12) |
|
|
|
105 | (2) |
|
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
Operating spectacles (loupe magnification) |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
Instruments Adapted for Eye-Muscle Microsurgery |
|
|
107 | (5) |
|
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
|
108 | (2) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Cautery and electric scalpel |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
|
112 | (5) |
|
|
|
112 | (1) |
|
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
Tissue adhesives (Tissue glue) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
Implants of absorbable or nonabsorbable materials |
|
|
114 | (3) |
|
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
Preparation of the Patient |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Preparation of the Operating Field |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
Preparation of the Surgical Team |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
Access to the extraocular muscles: incision, muscle dissection, and sutures |
|
|
119 | (34) |
|
Requirements to be Met by the Access Zone |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
Surgical Anatomy of the Access Zone |
|
|
119 | (4) |
|
Tenon's capsule and the sclera |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
Tenon's capsule and the rectus muscles |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
Tenon's capsule and the oblique muscles |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
Access to the Rectus Muscles |
|
|
123 | (14) |
|
|
|
123 | (11) |
|
Two-plane peripheral incision |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
Recession of Tenon's capsule |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Access to the Oblique Muscles |
|
|
137 | (10) |
|
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Access to the inferior oblique |
|
|
139 | (6) |
|
Access to the superior oblique |
|
|
145 | (2) |
|
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
|
147 | (2) |
|
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
After the surgical procedure |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
The day after surgery and immediate follow-up |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
|
149 | (4) |
|
|
|
153 | (66) |
|
Surgical Anatomy of the Rectus Muscles |
|
|
153 | (3) |
|
Muscle Weakening Techniques |
|
|
156 | (15) |
|
Muscle recession with scleral reattachment (Jameson procedure) |
|
|
157 | (7) |
|
Muscle recession with a loop or controlled tenotomy |
|
|
164 | (4) |
|
Muscle and Tenon's capsule recession |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Other muscle weakening techniques |
|
|
168 | (3) |
|
Muscle Strengthening Techniques |
|
|
171 | (7) |
|
|
|
171 | (1) |
|
|
|
172 | (5) |
|
Muscle resection with advancement |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Other muscle strengthening techniques |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Adjustable Surgery: Adjustable Sutures |
|
|
178 | (7) |
|
|
|
178 | (3) |
|
Adjustable resection or plication |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
|
181 | (3) |
|
The conjunctiva in adjustable surgery |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
The role of adjustable surgery |
|
|
184 | (1) |
|
Shifting of Muscle Insertions and ``Slanted'' Weakening or Strengthening Procedures |
|
|
185 | (4) |
|
Vertical shifting of horizontal recti to correct hyper or hypotropia |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Vertical shifting of horizontal recti to correct A and V patterns (Costenbader-Knapp procedure, 1959) |
|
|
185 | (1) |
|
Horizontal shifting of vertical recti to correct A and V patterns (Procedure according to Fink, 1959, Miller, 1960) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
``Slanted'' weakening or strengthening procedures to correct A and V patterns |
|
|
187 | (2) |
|
The So-Called ``Fadenoperation'' or Posterior Anchorage Procedure |
|
|
189 | (12) |
|
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Posterior anchorage techniques |
|
|
190 | (4) |
|
Posterior anchorage: features depending on which muscle is operated |
|
|
194 | (5) |
|
Posterior anchorage combined with conventional surgery |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Comments on posterior anchorage |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
Incidents with and complications of posterior anchorage |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Contraindications for posterior anchorage |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
|
201 | (7) |
|
Part-muscle transposition techniques |
|
|
202 | (2) |
|
Whole-muscle transposition techniques |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
Single muscle transposition |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
Transposition of two neighbouring recti muscles: Kaufmann's strap operation |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
|
208 | (2) |
|
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Very large recessions and resections |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Traction sutures (Anchoring sutures) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Interposition of absorbable or nonabsorbable materials |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Intramuscular Injection of Botulinum Toxin (Technical Aspects) |
|
|
210 | (9) |
|
Preparation of botulinum toxin A |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Intramuscular injection technique |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Side effects and complications |
|
|
211 | (8) |
|
|
|
219 | (24) |
|
Surgical Anatomy of the Oblique Muscles |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
|
220 | (8) |
|
|
|
220 | (7) |
|
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
|
228 | (9) |
|
Temporal approach in surgery on the reflected tendon |
|
|
229 | (3) |
|
Nasal approach in surgery on the reflected tendon |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
|
|
234 | (3) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
|
|
237 | (1) |
|
Combined Superior/Inferior Oblique Surgery |
|
|
237 | (6) |
|
Repeat surgery (technical aspects) |
|
|
243 | (8) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
Reopening the conjunctiva and Tenon's |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Conjunctiva and Tenon's sutures |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
|
244 | (5) |
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Conjunctiva and Tenon's incision |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
|
245 | (2) |
|
Position of the eyes under anaesthesia (EPA) and the muscle stretch test (MST) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Repeat surgery: the procedure itself |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Suturing the conjunctiva and Tenon's |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Disfiguring Conjunctiva and Tenon's Scar Tissue |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
Use of the microscope in extraocular muscle surgery |
|
|
251 | (14) |
|
Surgical Accuracy for More Precision in the Amount of Surgery |
|
|
251 | (3) |
|
Using the original insertion as reference point |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Minimizing scleral variations |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Minimizing muscle variations |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
Minimizing variations and perfecting the amount of surgery when typing the suture knots |
|
|
253 | (1) |
|
Sparing of Blood Vessels in Extraocular Muscle Surgery |
|
|
254 | (11) |
|
|
|
254 | (4) |
|
|
|
258 | (7) |
|
Incidents and complications related to surgical techniques |
|
|
265 | (16) |
|
Intraoperative Incidents and Complications |
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
Incidents and complications involving the muscles |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Scleral notches and perforations |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
Other incidents and complications |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Post-Operative Complications |
|
|
269 | (12) |
|
|
|
269 | (1) |
|
|
|
269 | (2) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Conjunctival and Tenon's complications |
|
|
272 | (2) |
|
Muscle and aponeurotic complications |
|
|
274 | (3) |
|
|
|
277 | (4) |
| PART THREE: SURGICAL STRATEGY |
|
281 | (108) |
|
|
|
283 | (42) |
|
|
|
283 | (11) |
|
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
The angle of deviation: a question of terminology |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
|
286 | (2) |
|
|
|
288 | (6) |
|
Strabismus with Anomalous Binocularity |
|
|
294 | (6) |
|
|
|
294 | (5) |
|
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Secondary (sensory) strabismus |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Normo-Sensorial Strabismus |
|
|
300 | (11) |
|
Normo-sensorial esotropia |
|
|
301 | (3) |
|
Normo-sensorial exotropia |
|
|
304 | (4) |
|
|
|
308 | (3) |
|
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
Cosmetic Criteria in Strabismus Surgery |
|
|
314 | (4) |
|
Cosmetic and functional objectives |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Criteria for judging the surgical result |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
|
|
318 | (7) |
|
Cure, good or satisfactory result |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
Insufficient result or failure |
|
|
319 | (6) |
|
|
|
325 | (12) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Presurgical prism adaptation |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
326 | (8) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
|
327 | (7) |
|
Manifest-Latent Nystagmus |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
Mixed Forms of Manifest Nystagmus |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
|
335 | (2) |
|
|
|
337 | (18) |
|
|
|
337 | (6) |
|
|
|
337 | (3) |
|
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
Strabismus with Single-Muscle Palsy |
|
|
343 | (5) |
|
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Single muscle involvement in a third nerve palsy |
|
|
343 | (3) |
|
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
Strabismus with Multiple Muscle Involvement |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Homonymous two-muscle involvement |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Unilateral involvement of two antagonist muscles |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Unilateral involvement of two adjacent muscles |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Unilateral involvement of more than two muscles |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Supranuclear Palsies with Strabismus |
|
|
349 | (6) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Prenuclear and supranuclear palsies |
|
|
350 | (5) |
|
Restrictive, neuro-myogenic and myogenic disorders |
|
|
355 | (34) |
|
Impediment to Eye Movement |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
|
357 | (7) |
|
Stilling-Duane's retraction syndrome |
|
|
357 | (4) |
|
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
|
364 | (11) |
|
Oculomotor disorders in endocrine orbitopathy |
|
|
364 | (8) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
Oculomotor disorders in high myopia |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
Iatrogenic deviations following strabismus surgery |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Iatrogenic deviations following retinal detachment surgery |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Iatrogenic deviations with other causes |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (2) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Oculomotor Disorders Due to Orbital Trauma |
|
|
379 | (10) |
|
Oculomotor disorder according to the type of fracture |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
|
381 | (8) |
| By way of a conclusion |
|
389 | (2) |
| Subject index |
|
391 | |
