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1 | (8) |
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1.1 EIS as a Tool for Condition Monitoring |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (5) |
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5 | (4) |
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2 Fast Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy |
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9 | (14) |
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2.1 Discrete Random Binary Sequence |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.3 Time-Frequency Analysis |
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13 | (6) |
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2.3.1 Short-Time Fourier Transform |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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2.3.5 Computationally Efficient CWT with the Morlet Wavelet |
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17 | (1) |
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2.3.6 The Lognormal Wavelet |
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18 | (1) |
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2.4 Impedance Through Complex Wavelet Coefficients |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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2.5.1 Selection of the DRBS Bandwidth |
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19 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Influence of the Morlet Wavelet Central Frequency |
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20 | (1) |
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2.6 Accuracy of the Amplitude and Phase Estimates from Wavelet Coefficients |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (2) |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (8) |
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3.1 The Concept of Complex Circular Random Variable |
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23 | (2) |
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3.1.1 Circularity of Spectral Components |
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24 | (1) |
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3.1.2 Circularity of DRBS Spectral Components |
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24 | (1) |
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3.2 Statistical Properties of Measured Impedance |
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25 | (5) |
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3.2.1 Probability Distribution of the Measured Impedance |
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26 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Probability Distribution of Impedance Components |
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27 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Probability Distribution of the Impedance Amplitude |
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29 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Parameter Estimation |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (12) |
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31 | (5) |
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4.1.1 Measurement Equipment |
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32 | (1) |
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4.1.2 First-Order RC Circuit |
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33 | (2) |
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4.1.3 Cascaded RC Circuit |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (3) |
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41 | (2) |
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5 Statistical Condition Monitoring Tool |
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43 | (14) |
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5.1 Optimal Alarm Thresholds Based on the Probability of False Alarm |
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44 | (1) |
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5.2 Single Frequency Based Condition Indicator |
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45 | (1) |
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5.3 Dependence Among Complex Random Variables as a Condition Indicator |
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46 | (5) |
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5.3.1 Basics of Copula Functions |
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47 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Estimation of the Parameter θ |
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49 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Higher-Dimensional Copulas |
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50 | (1) |
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5.4 Copula Based Condition Indicator |
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51 | (3) |
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5.4.1 Selection of the Appropriate Frequencies |
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52 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Estimating Copula Parameters |
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52 | (1) |
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5.4.3 Copula Output as an Aggregated Condition Indicator |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
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54 | (3) |
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6 Condition Monitoring of PEM Fuel Cells |
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57 | (8) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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6.3 Time Evolution of Particular Impedance Components at a Single Frequency |
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59 | (1) |
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6.4 Time Evolution of the Condition Indicator at a Single Frequency |
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59 | (3) |
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6.5 Time Evolution of the Aggregated Condition Indicator |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (2) |
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7 Hardware Components for Condition Monitoring of PEM Fuel Cells |
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65 | (14) |
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65 | (6) |
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7.1.1 Microcontroller Circuitry |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (3) |
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7.2 Fuel Cell Voltage Monitor |
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71 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Resolving the High Common-Mode Voltage Potential Issue |
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73 | (1) |
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7.2.2 FCVM Measurement Modes |
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74 | (1) |
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7.2.3 DC-DC Converter and FCVM as a Condition Monitoring System |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (3) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (2) |
Appendix A Listings |
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81 | |