Recent rapid advances in femtosecond technology have had a great impact on their industrial applications such as: ultrafast optoelectronic devices and optical telecommunication systems, ultrashort-pulse lasers and measurement systems, and the development of novel materials for ultrafast functions. In this book, a wealth of knowledge covering requirements in applications details of recent achievements in important technical areas is presented by world-prominent authors in a concise, systematic form. As a whole, this is the first comprehensive book on the emerging field of femtosecond technology.
PART I Introduction Femtosecond Technology and Its Industrial Impact 1(11) Takeshi Kamiya Introduction 1(1) Fundamental Nature of Femtosecond Optics 2(3) Device and Material Research Frontiers 5(3) Ultrafast System Goals 8(2) Summary and Future Tasks 10(2) References 11(1) PART II Optoelectronics Technology Roadmap and Industry Technology Roadmap for the Japanese Opto-Electronics Industry 12(17) Michiharu Nakamura Introduction 12(3) Roadmap for Optical Communication Technology 15(11) Future Prospects for Optoelectronics Technology in Japan 26(1) Summary and Conclusions 27(2) Acknowledgment 28(1) References 28(1) Technology Roadmap for Optical Communication - A North American Perspective 29(20) Arpad A. Bergh Introduction 29(1) Socioeconomic Driving Forces 29(1) Anticipated Consumer Needs - Bandwidth Requirements 30(4) Core Network 34(6) Access Networks 40(5) LANs and Campus Networks 45(2) Conclusion 47(2) References 48(1) Structural Change in Industry and Reorganization of R & D Systems in Network-Oriented Societies 49(10) Yoshio Nishimura Introduction 49(1) From Vertical to Horizontal 50(2) Outsourcing of Industrial R & D Activities 52(2) From Linear Model to ``Konoyubi-Tomare Model 54(1) From Proprietary to Licensing 55(2) Hopes for the Renaissance of Universities 57(1) Concluding Remarks 57(2) References and Notes 57(2) PART III Ultrafast Optoelectronics for Telecommunications Femtosecond Semiconductor-Based Optoelectonic Devices for Optical Communications and Signal-Processing Systems 59(20) Osamu Wada Akira Suzuki Yoh Ogawa Kazuhito Tajima Introduction 59(3) Semiconductor-Based Femtosecond Devices 62(1) Femtosecond Light Sources 63(3) Femtosecond All-Optical Switches 66(10) Conclusion 76(3) Acknowledgment 76(1) References 76(3) Generation, Control and Processing of Ultrafast Optical Signals by Electrooptic Modulation / Deflection 79(13) Tetsuro Kobayashi Akihiro Morimoto Introduction 79(1) Generation of Wide Optical Spectra by Using Electrooptic Modulation 80(3) Generation of Ultrashort Optical Pulses by Electrooptic Modulation / Deflection 83(7) Overview of the Future 90(2) References 90(2) Subharmonic Mode-Locking of Semiconductor Lasers Operating at Millimetre-Wave Frequencies 92(15) Hai-Feng Liu Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas Dalma Novak Yoh Ogawa Introduction 92(1) Devices 93(1) Subharmonic Hybrid Mode-Locking 93(5) Subharmonic Synchronous Mode-locking 98(5) Comparison between SHML and SSML 103(1) Conclusions 104(3) Acknowledgement 105(1) References 105(2) All-Optical Access Node Technologies 107(15) Mohammed N. Islam Introduction and Motivation for Ultrafast Systems 107(2) Soliton Ring Network Architecture & Protocols 109(4) Integration of Components for Access Node 113(4) Q-Parameter Measurements of System Performance 117(3) Summary 120(2) References 121(1) Ultrafast All-Optical Switch Using Low-Temperature-Grown InGaAs/InAlAs Multiple-Quantum Wells 122(12) Hidetoshi Iwamura Ryo Takahashi Yutaka Matsuoka Introduction 122(1) Nonlinear Properties of Multi-Quantum Well Structures 123(1) Operation Principle of a Surface-Reflection All-Optical Switch 124(1) Improvement in Switching Speed 125(3) Improvement in Optical Nonlinearity 128(3) Application to Optical Communication Systems 131(2) Future Works 133(1) References 133(1) High Bandwidth Photodetectors 134(18) Chi-Kuang Sun John E. Bowers Introduction 134(1) Vertically Illuminated Long-Wavelength p-i-n Photodetectors 135(4) Traveling-Wave Photodetector 139(7) Silicon Hetero-Interface Avalanche Photodetector 146(2) Summary 148(4) Acknowledgment 149(1) References 149(3) Coherent Tunable THz Oscillation by Nonlinear Optics 152(12) Hiromasa Ito Kodo Kawase Jun-ichi Shikata Introduction 152(1) Calculation of Gain 153(2) Unidirectional THz-Wave Coupling 155(1) Experiments 156(3) Measurement 159(2) Conclusion 161(3) Acknowledgment 162(1) References 162(2) Multi-Gap Photoconductive Switches Fabricated by a Scanning Probe Microscope 164(11) Taro Itatani Toyotomo Morita Kazuhiko Matsumoto Tadashi Nakagawa Moriaki Wakaki Introduction 164(1) Fabrication Process 165(2) Electrooptic Vector Sampling 167(5) Summary 172(3) Acknowledgements 173(1) References 173(2) PART IV Semiconductor Quantum Structures for Femtosecond Devices High Speed Quantum Dot Lasers: Phonon Bottleneck Issue in Quantum Dot lasers 175(9) Yasuhiko Arakawa Introduction 175(2) Lifetime of Confined LO Phonons 177(1) Phonon Bottleneck Issue 178(4) Conclusion and Discussions 182(2) References 182(2) Ultrafast Coherent Dynmics of Radiatively Coupled Excitons in Multiple Quantum Wells 184(14) Jurgen Kuhl Martin Hubner Dirk Ammerlahn Bernd Grote Tineke Stroucken Stephan Haas Andreas Knorr Stephan Koch Galina Khitrova Hyat Gibbs Rudolf Hey Klaus Ploog Introduction 184(1) Theoretical Model 185(2) Experimental Techniques and Samples 187(1) Results and Discussions 188(8) Conclusions 196(2) Acknowledgement 197(1) References 197(1) Femtosecond Studies of Semiconductor Microcavities and VCSELs 198(13) Jagdeep Shah Introduction 198(1) Basic Concepts 199(2) Femtosecond Studies of VCSELs and Microcavities 201(7) Summary 208(3) References 208(3) Quantum Dots and the Expected Role in Femtosecond Devices 211(11) Hiroshi Ishikawa Introduction 211(1) State-of-the-Art of Quantum Dots and Quantum Dot Lasers 212(3) Modulation Response of Quantum Dot Lasers 215(2) Quantum Dots as a Non-Linear Medium 217(3) Summary and Discussions 220(2) References 220(2) Ultrafast Interband-Resonant Light Modulation by Intersubband-Resonant Light in Quantum Wells 222(12) Susumu Noda Introduction 222(1) Modulation Utilizing n-Doped Quantum Wells 223(6) Shortening of the ISB-T Wavelength and the ISB Energy Relaxation Time 229(3) Conclusion 232(2) Acknowledgement 232(1) References 233(1) Fabrication Technology of Semiconductor Nanometer Structures Towards Femtosecond Optoelectronics 234(11) Tomonori Ishikawa Shigeru Kohmoto Kiyoshi Asakawa Yoshifumi Katayama Introduction 234(1) UHV Multichamber Process-System 235(1) In Situ EB Lithography 236(2) The Combination of In Situ EB Lithography and Self-Organized Epitaxy 238(3) Site-Control of Quantum Dots by In Situ EB Lithography 241(2) Summary 243(2) References 244(1) PART V Femtosecond Lasers and Measurement Applications Intense Sub-10-fs Laser Pulse: Pushing the Frontiers of Nonlinear Optics 245(13) Matthias Lenzner Matthias Schnurer Christian Spielmann Ference Krausz Introduction 245(1) Femtosecond Laser System 246(3) Applications 249(7) Conclusions and Outlook 256(2) Acknowledgment 256(1) References 257(1) Low-Threshold All-Solid-State Femtosecond Lasers 258(16) G. J. Valentine D. Burns W. Sibbett Introduction 258(1) Factors Affecting the Pump-Power Requirements if Mode-Locked Lasers 259(5) Laser Cavity Designs for Low-Threshold Operation 264(3) Low-Threshold Self-Mode-Locked Cr3+:LiSAF Lasers 267(3) Low-Threshold Femtosecond Cr:LiSAF Laser Based on a Semiconductor Saturable-Absorber Mirror (SESAM) 270(1) Summary 271(3) Acknowledgements 272(1) References 272(2) All-Solid-State Cr:LiSAF Femtosecond Lasers 274(10) Shin-ichiro Aoshima Haruyasu Itoh Makoto Hosoda Yutaka Tsuchiya Introduction 274(1) Transorm-Limited 30-fs Pulse Generation from an All-Solid-state Cr:LiSAF Laser 275(4) Compact All-Solid-State Cr:LiSAF Femtosecond Laser 279(3) Conclusions 282(2) Acknowledgements 283(1) References 283(1) Femtosecond Pulse Generation around 1.3μm Employing Semiconductor Saturable Absorber Mirrors (SESAM) 284(9) Kenji Torizuka Zhigang Zhang Taro Itatani Katsuyuki Kobayashi Takeyoshi Sugaya Tadashi Nakagawa Introduction 284(1) Designs and Performance of SESAM in the 1.3μm Region 285(2) KLM and SESAM ML in the Femtosecond Regime 287(3) Broadband SESAM ML in the Femtosecond Regime 290(1) Summary 291(2) References 292(1) Ultrashor Pulse Application to Dimensional Measurments 293(10) Kaoru Minsohima Introduction 293(1) Simultaneous 3-D Shape Measurement 294(5) In Situ Measurements of Optical Parts Using Femtosecond Two-Color Interferometer 299(3) Conclusion 302(1) Acknoledgment 302(1) References 302(1) Femtosecond X-Ray Pulse Generation by Using a Low Emittancc Electron Beam and a High Brightness Laser for Measurement Applications 303(10) Akira Endo Introduction 303(1) Evaluation of LSS Femtosecond X-ray Source 304(3) Component Technologies 307(1) Laser Oscillator Stabilization 308(3) RF Photoinjector 311(1) Conclusion 311(2) Acknowledgment 312(1) References 312(1) Femtosecond Quantum Beam Science and New Pump-and-Probe Analysis 313(15) Mitsuru Uesaka Takahiro Watanabe Hideki Harano Kenichi Kenoshita Jun Sugahara T. Udea Koji Yoshii Kazuhisa Nakajima Atsushi Ogata Fumio Sakai M. Kando Hideyuki Kotaki Hideki Dewa Shuji Kondo Introduction 313(1) Twin Wlectron Linac System with Laser Photocathode RF Gun 314(2) Femtosecond Electron Pulse Measurement 316(3) Synchronization of Femtosecond Electron Linac and Laser and Applications 319(4) Synchronized Femtosecond Quantum Beam Based Pump-and-Probe Analysis 323(2) Conclusion 325(3) Acknowledgement 326(1) References 326(2) PART VI Materials for Femtosecond Applications Ultrafast Functional Materials for Femtosecond Optoelectronics 328(22) Toshiro Tani Ryoichi Akimoto Koji Ando Hitoshi Kawashima Takashi Twkizaki Makoto Furuki Taro Nanbu Objectives 328(4) II-VI Diluted Magnetic Semiconductor MQW Structures 332(4) Femtosecond Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope 336(4) Coherence, Propeagation, and Related Fundamentals 340(5) New Materials and Structures 345(2) Summary 347(3) Acknowledgment 347(1) References 347(3) Ultrafast Relaxations in One-Dimensional Systems; π-Conjugated Polymers, J-Aggregates, and Metal-Halogen Chain Complexes 350(14) Takayoshi Kobayashi Introduction 350(1) Femtosecond Nonlinear Optical Responses in Polydiacetylenes 351(2) Dependence of Ultrafast Excitonic Nonlinear Responces in Conjugated Polymers on the Excitonic Transition Energy 353(1) Femtosecond Resonance Raman Gain Spectroscopy of Polydiacetylenes 354(2) Optical Stark Shifts of Raman Gain Spectrum in Polydiacetylene 356(1) Dynamics of Confined Soliton Pair in Phenylpolyacetylene Derivatives 356(3) Ultrafast Nonlinear Response in J-Aggregates 359(1) Femtosecond Spectroscopy of Halogen-Bridged Mixed-Valence Complexes 360(4) Acknowledgement 362(1) References 363(1) Femtosecond Dynamics of Supramolecular Structure in Condensed Phase 364(12) Mirjam van Burgel Alessandro M. Renier Koos Duppen Molecular J-Aggregates 364(2) Experimental 366(1) Exciton Delocalization Length 366(3) Exciton annihilation 369(5) Conclusion 374(2) Acknowledgement 374(1) References 374(2) Femtosecond Molecular Photonics Materials 376(13) Toshihiko Nagamura Introduction 376(2) Materials and Methods 378(2) Ultrafast Color Changes in 4,4-Bipyridinium Salts 380(2) Ultrafast Absorption Changes in the Near Infrared Region 382(2) Applications of Ultrafast Absorption Changes to Optical Processing 384(1) Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Responses 385(1) Conclusion 386(3) Acknowledgment 387(1) References 387(2) Ultrafast Dynamics of Photochromic Systems 389(12) Hiroshi Miyasaka Masahiro Irie Introduction 389(1) Dynamic Detection of the Photochromic Reactions 390(9) Future Prospects 399(2) References 399(2) Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Glass Materials Containing Metal Nanoparticles 401(20) Koichiro Tanaka Introduction 401(2) Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles 403(5) Femtosecond Pump and Probe Experiments of Gold Nanoparticles 408(5) Relaxation Processes of Non-Equilibrium Electrons in Gold Nanoparticles 413(5) Conclusion 418(3) Acknowledgment 419(1) References 419(2) Index 421
