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Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control 2nd ed. 2012 [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 552 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 1027 g, XXVIII, 552 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Power Systems
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2012
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3642282407
  • ISBN-13: 9783642282409
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Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control 2nd ed. 2012Suurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 552 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 1027 g, XXVIII, 552 p., 1 Hardback
  • Sari: Power Systems
  • Ilmumisaeg: 26-Feb-2012
  • Kirjastus: Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K
  • ISBN-10: 3642282407
  • ISBN-13: 9783642282409
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783642282409.html
Märksõnad:
The extended and revised second edition of this successful monograph presents advanced modeling, analysis and control techniques of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). The book covers comprehensively a range of power-system control problems: from steady-state voltage and power flow control, to voltage and reactive power control, to voltage stability control, to small signal stability control using FACTS controllers.

 In the six years since the first edition of the book has been published research on the FACTS has continued to flourish while renewable energy has developed into a mature and booming global green business. The second edition reflects the new developments in converter configuration, smart grid technologies, super power grid developments worldwide, new approaches for FACTS control design, new controllers for distribution system control, and power electronic controllers in wind generation operation and control. The latest trends of VSC-HVDC with multilevel architecture have been included and four completely new chapters have been added devoted to Multi-Agent Systems for Coordinated Control of FACTS-devices, Power System Stability Control using FACTS with Multiple Operating Points, Control of a Looping Device in a Distribution System, and  Power Electronic Control for Wind Generation.
1 FACTS-Devices and Applications
1(2)
1.1 Overview
2(3)
1.2 Power Electronics
5(8)
1.2.1 Semiconductors
6(2)
1.2.2 Power Converters
8(5)
1.3 Configurations of FACTS-Devices
13
1.3.1 Shunt Devices
13(1)
1.3.1.1 SVC
14(1)
1.3.1.2 STATCOM
15(3)
1.3.2 Series Devices
18(1)
1.3.2.1 Series Compensation
18(1)
1.3.2.2 TCSC
19(2)
1.3.2.3 SSSC
21(1)
1.3.2.4 SCCL
22(1)
1.3.3 Shunt and Series Devices
23(1)
1.3.3.1 Dynamic Power Flow Controller
23(2)
1.3.3.2 Unified Power Flow Controller
25(1)
1.3.3.3 Interline Power Flow Controller
26(1)
1.3.3.4 Generalized Unified Power Flow Controller
27(1)
1.3.4 Back-to-Back Devices
28(1)
References
29
2 Modeling of Multi-Functional Single Converter FACTS in Power Flow Analysis
3(64)
2.1 Power Flow Calculations
31(1)
2.1.1 Power Flow Methods
31(1)
2.1.2 Classification of Buses
32(1)
2.1.3 Newton-Raphson Power Flow in Polar Coordinates
32(1)
2.2 Modeling of Multi-Functional STATCOM
32(18)
2.2.1 Multi-Control Functional Model of STATCOM for Power Flow Analysis
33(1)
2.2.1.1 Operation Principles of the STATCOM
33(1)
2.2.1.2 Power Flow Constraints of the STATCOM
34(1)
2.2.1.3 Multi-Control Functions of the STATCOM
35(4)
2.2.1.4 Voltage and Thermal Constraints of the STATCOM
39(1)
2.2.1.5 External Voltage Constraints
40(1)
2.2.2 Implementation of Multi-Control Functional Model of STATCOM in Newton Power Flow
40(1)
2.2.2.1 Multi-Control Functional Model of STATCOM in Newton Power Flow
40(1)
2.2.2.2 Modeling of Constraint Enforcement in Newton Power Flow
41(1)
2.2.3 Multi-Violated Constraints Enforcement
42(1)
2.2.3.1 Problem of Multi-Violated Constraints Enforcement
42(1)
2.2.3.2 Concepts of Dominant Constraint and Dependent Constraint
43(1)
2.2.3.3 Strategy for Multi-Violated Constraints Enforcement
43(1)
2.2.4 Multiple Solutions of STATCOM with Current Magnitude Control
44(1)
2.2.5 Numerical Examples
45(1)
2.2.5.1 Multi-Control Capabilities of STATCOM
45(3)
2.2.5.2 Multi-Violated STATCOM Constraints Enforcement
48(2)
2.3 Modeling of Multi-Control Functional SSSC
50(12)
2.3.1 Multi-Control Functional Model of SSSC for Power Flow Analysis
51(1)
2.3.1.1 Operation Principles of the SSSC
51(1)
2.3.1.2 Equivalent Circuit and Power Flow Constraints of SSSC
51(2)
2.3.1.3 Multi-Control Functions and Constraints of SSSC
53(1)
2.3.1.4 Voltage and Current Constraints of the SSSC
54(1)
2.3.2 Implementation of Multi-Control Functional Model of SSSC in Newton Power Flow
55(1)
2.3.2.1 Multi-Control Functional Model of SSSC in Newton Power Flow
55(1)
2.3.2.2 Enforcement of Voltage and Current Constraints for SSSC
56(1)
2.3.2.3 Initialization of SSSC in Newton Power Flow
57(1)
2.3.3 Numerical Results
58(1)
2.3.3.1 Power Flow, Voltage and Reactance Control by the SSSC
58(3)
2.3.3.2 Enforcement of Voltage and Current Constraint of the SSSC
61(1)
2.4 Modeling of SVC and TCSC in Power Flow Analysis
62(5)
2.4.1 Representation of SVC by STATCOM in Power Flow Analysis
62(1)
2.4.2 Representation of TCSC by SSSC in Power Flow Analysis
63(1)
References
64(3)
3 Modeling of Multi-Converter FACTS in Power Flow Analysis
67(46)
3.1 Modeling of Multi-Control Functional UPFC
67(12)
3.1.1 Advanced UPFC Models for Power Flow Analysis
68(1)
3.1.1.1 Operating Principles of UPFC
68(1)
3.1.1.2 Power Flow Constraints of UPFC
69(1)
3.1.1.3 Active Power Balance Constraint of UPFC
70(1)
3.1.1.4 Novel Control Modes of UPFC
70(5)
3.1.2 Implementation of Advanced UPFC Model in Newton Power Flow
75(1)
3.1.2.1 Modeling of UPFC in Newton Power Flow
75(1)
3.1.2.2 Modeling of Voltage and Current Constraints of the UPFC
76(1)
3.1.2.3 Initialization of UPFC Variables in Newton Power Flow
76(1)
3.1.3 Numerical Results
77(2)
3.2 Modeling of Multi-Control Functional IPFC and GUPFC
79(14)
3.2.1 Mathematical Modeling of IPFC in Newton Power Flow under Practical Constraints
80(1)
3.2.1.1 Mathematical Model of the IPFC
80(3)
3.2.1.2 Modeling of IPFC in Newton Power Flow
83(1)
3.2.1.3 Initialization of IPFC Variables in Newton Power Flow
84(1)
3.2.2 Mathematical Modeling of GUPFC in Newton Power Flow under Practical Constraints
85(1)
3.2.2.1 Mathematical Model of GUPFC
85(3)
3.2.2.2 Modeling of the GUPFC in Newton Power Flow
88(1)
3.2.2.3 Initialization of GUPFC Variables in Newton Power Flow
89(1)
3.2.3 Numerical Examples
89(1)
3.2.3.1 Initialization of the Power Flow with FACTS-Devices
90(1)
3.2.3.2 Enforcement of Practical Constraints of FACTS
91(1)
3.2.3.3 Enforcement of Practical Constraints of Series Converters
92(1)
3.2.3.4 Enforcement of Practical Constraints of the Shunt Converter
92(1)
3.2.3.5 Enforcement of Series and Shunt Converter Constraints
92(1)
3.3 Multi-Terminal Voltage Source Converter Based HVDC
93(14)
3.3.1 Mathematical Model of M-VSC-HVDC with Converters Co-located in the Same Substation
94(1)
3.3.1.1 Operating Principles of M-VSC-HVDC
94(1)
3.3.1.2 Power Flow Constraints of M-VSC-HVDC
95(1)
3.3.1.3 Active Power Balance of M-VSC-HVDC
96(1)
3.3.1.4 Voltage and Power Flow Control of M-VSC-HVDC
96(2)
3.3.1.5 Voltage and Current Constraints of M-VSC-HVDC
98(1)
3.3.1.6 Modeling of M-VSC-HVDC in Newton Power Flow
98(1)
3.3.1.7 Handling of Internal Voltage and Current Limits of M-VSC-HVDC
99(1)
3.3.1.8 Comparison of M-VSC-HVDC and GUPFC
99(1)
3.3.2 Generalized M-VSC-HVDC Model with Incorporation of DC Network Equation
100(1)
3.3.2.1 Generalized M-VSC-HVDC
100(1)
3.3.2.2 DC Network Equation
101(1)
3.3.2.3 Incorporation of DC Network Equation into Newton Power Flow
102(1)
3.3.3 Numerical Examples
103(1)
3.3.3.1 Comparison of the M-VSC-HVDC to the GUPFC
103(1)
3.3.3.2 Power Flow and Voltage Control by M-VSC-HVDC
104(3)
3.4 Handling of Small Impedances of FACTS in Power Flow Analysis
107(6)
3.4.1 Numerical Instability of Voltage Source Converter FACTS Models
107(1)
3.4.2 Impedance Compensation Model
108(2)
References
110(3)
4 Modeling of FACTS-Devices in Optimal Power Flow Analysis
113(44)
4.1 Optimal Power Flow Analysis
113(5)
4.1.1 Brief History of Optimal Power Flow
113(1)
4.1.2 Comparison of Optimal Power Flow Techniques
114(1)
4.1.2.1 Gradient Methods
114(1)
4.1.2.2 Linear Programming Methods
114(1)
4.1.2.3 Quadratic Programming Methods
115(1)
4.1.2.4 Newton's Methods
115(1)
4.1.2.5 Interior Point Methods
116(1)
4.1.3 Overview of OPF-Formulation
116(2)
4.2 Nonlinear Interior Point Optimal Power Flow Methods
118(8)
4.2.1 Power Mismatch Equations
118(1)
4.2.2 Transmission Line Limits
118(1)
4.2.3 Formulation of the Nonlinear Interior Point OPF
119(4)
4.2.4 Implementation of the Nonlinear Interior Point OPF
123(1)
4.2.4.1 Eliminating Dual Variables πl, πu of the Inequalities
123(1)
4.2.4.2 Eliminating Generator Variables Pg and Qg
124(2)
4.2.5 Solution Procedure for the Nonlinear Interior Point OPF
126(1)
4.3 Modeling of FACTS in OPF Analysis
126(13)
4.3.1 IPFC and GUPFC in Optimal Voltage and Power Flow Control
127(1)
4.3.2 Operating and Control Constraints of GUPFC
127(1)
4.3.2.1 Power Flow Constraints of GUPFC
128(2)
4.3.2.2 Operating Control Equalities of GUPFC
130(1)
4.3.2.3 Operating Inequalities of GUPFC
130(1)
4.3.3 Incorporation of GUPFC into Nonlinear Interior Point OPF
131(1)
4.3.3.1 Constraints of GUPFC
131(1)
4.3.3.2 Variables of GUPFC
131(2)
4.3.3.3 Augmented Lagrangian Function of GUPFC in Nonlinear Interior OPF
133(1)
4.3.3.4 Newton Equation of Nonlinear Interior OPF with GUPFC
134(1)
4.3.3.5 Implementation of Multi-Configurations and Multi-Control Functions of GUPFC
135(1)
4.3.3.6 Initialization of GUPFC Variables in Nonlinear Interior OPF
136(1)
4.3.4 Modeling of IPFC in Nonlinear Interior Point OPF
137(2)
4.4 Modeling of Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC in OPF
139(4)
4.4.1 Multi-Terminal VSC-HVDC in Optimal Voltage and Power Flow
139(1)
4.4.2 Operating and Control Constraints of the M-VSC-HVDC
140(1)
4.4.3 Modeling of M-VSC-HVDC in the Nonlinear Interior Point OPF
141(2)
4.5 Comparison of FACTS-Devices with VSC-HVDC
143(5)
4.5.1 Comparison of UPFC with BTB-VSC-HVDC
143(2)
4.5.2 Comparison of GUPFC with M-VSC-HVDC
145(3)
4.6 Appendix: Derivatives of Nonlinear Interior Point OPF with GUPFC
148(9)
4.6.1 First Derivatives of Nonlinear Interior Point OPF
148(2)
4.6.2 Second Derivatives of Nonlinear Interior Point OPF
150(3)
References
153(4)
5 Modeling of FACTS in Three-Phase Power Flow and Three-Phase OPF Analysis
157(56)
5.1 Three-Phase Newton Power Flow Methods in Rectangular Coordinates
158(10)
5.1.1 Classification of Buses
158(1)
5.1.2 Representation of Synchronous Machines
159(1)
5.1.3 Power and Voltage Mismatch Equations in Rectangular Coordinates
160(1)
5.1.3.1 Power Mismatch Equations at Network Buses
160(1)
5.1.3.2 Power and Voltage Mismatch Equations of Synchronous Machines
161(1)
5.1.4 Formulation of Newton Equations in Rectangular Coordinates
162(6)
5.2 Three-Phase Newton Power Flow Methods in Polar Coordinates
168(3)
5.2.1 Representation of Generators
168(1)
5.2.2 Power and Voltage Mismatch Equations in Polar Coordinates
169(1)
5.2.2.1 Power Mismatch Equations at Network Buses
169(1)
5.2.2.2 Power and Voltage Mismatch Equations of Synchronous Machines
169(1)
5.2.3 Formulation of Newton Equations in Polar Coordinates
170(1)
5.3 SSSC Modeling in Three-Phase Power Flow in Rectangular Coordinates
171(16)
5.3.1 Three-Phase SSSC Model with Delta/Wye Connected Transformer
172(1)
5.3.1.1 Basic Operation Principles
172(1)
5.3.1.2 Equivalent Circuit of Three-Phase SSSC
173(1)
5.3.1.3 Power Equations of the Three-Phase SSSC
174(2)
5.3.1.4 Three-Phase SSSC Model with Independent Phase Power Control
176(1)
5.3.1.5 Three-Phase SSSC Model with Total Three-Phase Power Control
177(1)
5.3.1.6 Three-Phase SSSC Model with Symmetrical Injected Voltage Control
178(2)
5.3.2 Single-Phase/Three-Phase SSSC Models with Separate Single Phase Transformers
180(1)
5.3.2.1 Basic Operating Principles of Single Phase SSSC
180(1)
5.3.2.2 Equivalent Circuit of Single Phase SSSC
180(1)
5.3.2.3 Single-Phase SSSC
181(1)
5.3.2.4 Three-Phase SSSC Model with Three Separate Single Phase Transformers
182(1)
5.3.3 Numerical Examples
182(1)
5.3.3.1 Test Results for the 5-Bus System
183(3)
5.3.3.2 Test Results for the IEEE 118-Bus System
186(1)
5.4 UPFC Modeling in Three-Phase Newton Power Flow in Polar Coordinates
187(20)
5.4.1 Operation Principles of the Three-Phase UPFC
188(1)
5.4.2 Three-Phase Converter Transformer Models
189(1)
5.4.3 Power Flow Constraints of the Three-Phase UPFC
190(1)
5.4.3.1 Power Flow Constraints of the Shunt Converter
190(2)
5.4.3.2 Power Flow Constraints of the Series Converter
192(2)
5.4.3.3 Active Power Balance of the UPFC
194(1)
5.4.4 Symmetrical Components Control Model for Three-Phase UPFC
195(1)
5.4.4.1 PQ Flow Control by the Series Converter
195(1)
5.4.4.2 Voltage Control by the Shunt Converter
196(1)
5.4.4.3 Transformer Models
197(1)
5.4.4.4 Modeling of Three-Phase UPFC in Newton Power Flow
197(1)
5.4.5 General Three-Phase Control Model for Three-Phase UPFC
198(1)
5.4.5.1 PQ Flow Control by the Series Converter
198(1)
5.4.5.2 Voltage Control by the Shunt Converter
198(1)
5.4.5.3 Operating Constraints of the Shunt Transformer
198(1)
5.4.5.4 Transformer Models
199(1)
5.4.5.5 Modeling of Three-Phase UPFC in Newton Power Flow
199(1)
5.4.6 Hybrid Control Model for Three-Phase UPFC
200(1)
5.4.6.1 PQ Flow Control by the Series Converter
200(1)
5.4.6.2 Voltage Control by the Shunt Converter
200(1)
5.4.6.3 Transformer Models
201(1)
5.4.6.4 Modeling of Three-Phase UPFC in the Newton Power Flow
201(1)
5.4.7 Numerical Examples
202(1)
5.4.7.1 Results for the 5-Bus System
202(4)
5.4.7.2 Results for the Modified IEEE 118-Bus System
206(1)
5.5 Three-Phase Newton OPF in Polar Coordinates
207(2)
5.6 Appendix A - Definition of Ygi
209(1)
5.7 Appendix B - 5-Bus Test System
210(3)
References
211(2)
6 Steady State Power System Voltage Stability Analysis and Control with FACTS
213(32)
6.1 Continuation Power Flow Methods for Steady State Voltage Stability Analysis
214(9)
6.1.1 Formulation of Continuation Power Flow
214(2)
6.1.2 Modeling of Operating Limits of Synchronous Machines
216(1)
6.1.3 Solution Procedure of Continuation Power Flow
217(1)
6.1.4 Modeling of FACTS-Control in Continuation Power Flow
218(1)
6.1.5 Numerical Results
218(1)
6.1.5.1 System Loadability with FACTS-Devices
218(2)
6.1.5.2 Effect of Load Models
220(2)
6.1.5.3 System Transfer Capability with FACTS-Devices
222(1)
6.2 Optimization Methods for Steady State Voltage Stability Analysis
223(7)
6.2.1 Optimization Method for Voltage Stability Limit Determination
224(1)
6.2.2 Optimization Method for Voltage Security Limit Determination
225(1)
6.2.3 Optimization Method for Operating Security Limit Determination
225(1)
6.2.4 Optimization Method for Power Flow Unsolvability
226(2)
6.2.5 Numerical Examples
228(1)
6.2.5.1 IEEE 30-Bus System Results
228(1)
6.2.5.2 IEEE 118-Bus System Results
229(1)
6.3 Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow for Transfer Capability Calculations
230(15)
6.3.1 Unified Transfer Capability Computation Method with Security Constraints
231(2)
6.3.2 Solution of Unified Security Constrained Transfer Capability Problem by Nonlinear Interior Point Method
233(6)
6.3.3 Solution Procedure of the Security Constrained Transfer Capability Problem
239(1)
6.3.4 Numerical Results
239(1)
6.3.4.1 IEEE 30-Bus System Results
240(1)
6.3.4.2 Discussion of the Results
241(2)
References
243(2)
7 Steady State Voltage Stability of Unbalanced Three-Phase Power Systems
245(24)
7.1 Steady State Unbalanced Three-Phase Power System Voltage Stability
245(1)
7.2 Continuation Three-Phase Power Flow Approach
246(15)
7.2.1 Modeling of Synchronous Machines with Operating Limits
246(1)
7.2.2 Three-Phase Power Flow in Polar Coordinates
247(2)
7.2.3 Formulation of Continuation Three-Phase Power Flow
249(2)
7.2.4 Solution of the Continuation Three-Phase Power Flow
251(1)
7.2.5 Implementation Issues of Continuation Three-Phase Power Flow
252(1)
7.2.5.1 The Structure of Jacobian Matrix
252(1)
7.2.5.2 Improvement of Computational Speed
252(1)
7.2.5.3 Comparison of Balanced Three-Phase Systems and Single-Phase Systems
252(1)
7.2.6 Numerical Results
253(1)
7.2.6.1 Results for the 5-Bus System without Line Outages
253(3)
7.2.6.2 Results for the 5-Bus System with Line Outages
256(2)
7.2.6.3 Results for the Modified IEEE 118-Bus System
258(1)
7.2.6.4 Reactive Power Limits
259(2)
7.3 Steady State Unbalanced Three-Phase Voltage Stability with FACTS
261(8)
7.3.1 STATCOM
262(1)
7.3.2 SSSC
263(2)
7.3.3 UPFC
265(1)
References
266(3)
8 Congestion Management and Loss Optimization with FACTS
269(22)
8.1 Fast Power Flow Control in Energy Markets
269(3)
8.1.1 Operation Strategy
269(2)
8.1.2 Control Scheme
271(1)
8.2 Placement of Power Flow Controllers
272(3)
8.3 Economic Evaluation Method
275(9)
8.3.1 Modelling of PFC for Cross-Border Congestion Management
276(1)
8.3.1.1 Basic Network Model
276(2)
8.3.1.2 Inclusion of `Slow' PFC
278(1)
8.3.1.3 Inclusion of `Fast' PFC
279(1)
8.3.2 Determination of Cross-Border Transmission Capacity
280(1)
8.3.3 Estimation of Economic Benefits through PFC
281(3)
8.4 Quantified Benefits of Power Flow Controllers
284(5)
8.4.1 Transmission Capacity Increase
284(2)
8.4.2 Loss Reduction
286(3)
8.5 Appendix
289(2)
References
290(1)
9 Non-intrusive System Control of FACTS
291(10)
9.1 Requirement Specification
291(3)
9.1.1 Modularized Network Controllers
292(1)
9.1.2 Controller Specification
293(1)
9.2 Architecture
294(7)
9.2.1 NISC-Approach for Regular Operation
296(2)
9.2.2 NISC-Approach for Contingency Operation
298(1)
References
299(2)
10 Autonomous Systems for Emergency and Stability Control of FACTS
301(20)
10.1 Autonomous System Structure
301(2)
10.2 Autonomous Security and Emergency Control
303(10)
10.2.1 Model and Control Structure
303(1)
10.2.2 Generic Rules for Coordination
304(3)
10.2.3 Synthesis of the Autonomous Control System
307(1)
10.2.3.1 Bay Control Level
307(2)
10.2.3.2 Substation and Network Control Level
309(2)
10.2.3.3 Preventive Coordination
311(2)
10.3 Adaptive Small Signal Stability Control
313(1)
10.3.1 Autonomous Components for Damping Control
313(1)
10.4 Verification
314(7)
10.4.1 Failure of a Transmission Line
316(2)
10.4.2 Increase of Load
318(2)
References
320(1)
11 Multi-agent Systems for Coordinated Control of FACTS-Devices
321(18)
11.1 Challenges for Coordinated Control
321(1)
11.2 Multi-agent System Structure
322(9)
11.2.1 Communication Model
322(1)
11.2.1.1 Principle communication among Agents
323(1)
11.2.1.2 Communication Rules
324(1)
11.2.2 Influence Area of a PFC
325(1)
11.2.2.1 Calculating the Sensitivity
325(1)
11.2.2.2 Assigning the Direction of Impact
326(1)
11.2.3 Distributed Coordination
327(1)
11.2.3.1 Weighting Function
328(2)
11.2.3.2 Control of PFCs
330(1)
11.3 Verification
331(8)
11.3.1 Tripping of a Transmission Line
331(3)
11.3.2 Increase of Load
334(2)
References
336(3)
12 Wide Area Control of FACTS
339(32)
12.1 Wide Area Monitoring and Control System
339(3)
12.2 Wide Area Monitoring Applications
342(16)
12.2.1 Corridor Voltage Stability Monitoring
342(4)
12.2.2 Thermal Limit Monitoring
346(1)
12.2.3 Oscillatory Stability Monitoring
347(5)
12.2.4 Topology Detection and State Calculation
352(2)
12.2.5 Loadability Calculation Based on OPF Techniques
354(1)
12.2.6 Voltage Stability Prediction
355(3)
12.3 Wide Area Control Applications
358(13)
12.3.1 Predictive Control with Setpoint Optimization
359(3)
12.3.2 Remote Feedback Control
362(7)
References
369(2)
13 Modeling of Power Systems for Small Signal Stability Analysis with FACTS
371(30)
13.1 Small Signal Modeling
372(15)
13.1.1 Synchronous Generators
372(2)
13.1.2 Excitation Systems
374(2)
13.1.3 Turbine and Governor Model
376(1)
13.1.4 Load Model
376(3)
13.1.5 Network and Power Flow Model
379(1)
13.1.6 FACTS-Models
379(1)
13.1.6.1 SVC-Model
380(1)
13.1.6.2 TCPS-Model
381(3)
13.1.6.3 TCSC-Model
384(2)
13.1.7 Study System
386(1)
13.2 Eigenvalue Analysis
387(9)
13.2.1 Small Signal Stability Results of Study System
387(6)
13.2.2 Eigenvector, Mode Shape and Participation Factor
393(3)
13.3 Modal Controllability, Observability and Residue
396(5)
References
400(1)
14 Linear Control Design and Simulation of Power System Stability with FACTS
401(38)
14.1 H-Infinity Mixed-Sensitivity Formulation
402(1)
14.2 Generalized H-Infinity Problem with Pole Placement
403(2)
14.3 Matrix Inequality Formulation
405(1)
14.4 Linearization of Matrix Inequalities
406(2)
14.5 Case Study
408(8)
14.5.1 Weight Selection
408(1)
14.5.2 Control Design
409(3)
14.5.3 Performance Evaluation
412(1)
14.5.4 Simulation Results
413(3)
14.6 Case Study on Sequential Design
416(6)
14.6.1 Test System
416(1)
14.6.2 Control Design
417(1)
14.6.3 Performance Evaluation
418(1)
14.6.4 Simulation Results
419(3)
14.7 H-Infinity Control for Time Delayed Systems
422(1)
14.8 Smith Predictor for Time-Delayed Systems
423(4)
14.9 Problem Formulation Using Unified Smith Predictor
427(2)
14.10 Case Study
429(10)
14.10.1 Control Design
429(3)
14.10.2 Performance Evaluation
432(1)
14.10.3 Simulation Results
432(4)
References
436(3)
15 Power System Stability Control Using FACTS with Multiple Operating Points
439(38)
15.1 Introduction
439(2)
15.1.1 LMI Based Techniques for Damping Control Design
439(1)
15.1.2 The Technical Challenges of LMI Based Damping Control Design for Multi-model Systems
440(1)
15.2 Nonlinear Matrix Inequalities Formulation of FACTS Stability Control Considering Multiple Operating Points
441(1)
15.2.1 Multi-model System
441(1)
15.3 A Two-Step Design Approach for the Output Feedback Controller
442(7)
15.3.1 First Step: Determination of the Variable K
443(2)
15.3.2 Second Step: Determination of Variables Ak and Bk
445(4)
15.4 Extension to H2 and H∞ Performances
449(8)
15.4.1 First Step: Determining K for Multi-objective Control
450(1)
15.4.2 Second Step: Determining Ak and Bk for Multi-objective Control
451(2)
15.4.3 H∞ Performance
453(1)
15.4.4 H2 Performance
454(3)
15.4.5 Remarks on the Two-Step Control Design Approach
457(1)
15.5 Two-Step Control Design Approach for the Single-Machine-Infinite-Bus
457(6)
15.5.1 Single-Machine-Infinite-Bus (SMIB)
457(2)
15.5.2 Pole Placement Based Damping Controller Design Using the Two-Step Approach
459(3)
15.5.3 Comparison MLMI with SLMI Using Nonlinear Simulations
462(1)
15.6 Two-Step Control Design Approach for the Multi-machine System
463(6)
15.6.1 Multi-machine Test System
463(1)
15.6.2 Two-Step Damping Controller Design for the Multi-machine System
464(2)
15.6.3 Performance Evaluation
466(1)
15.6.4 Nonlinear Simulations
467(1)
15.6.4.1 Closed-Loop Performance under Small Disturbances
467(1)
15.6.4.2 Closed-Loop Performance under Three-Phase Fault Conditions
468(1)
15.7 Alternative Two-Step Control Design Approach for the Multi-machine System
469(4)
15.7.1 Introduction of SCADA/EMS
469(1)
15.7.2 Alternative Two-Step Damping Controller Design Approach
470(1)
15.7.3 Numerical Examples
471(2)
15.8 Summary
473(4)
References
474(3)
16 Control of a Looping Device in a Distribution System
477(22)
16.1 Overview of a Looping Device in a Distribution System
477(3)
16.2 Local Control of Looping Device
480(3)
16.2.1 Estimation of Line Voltage
480(1)
16.2.2 Loop Power Flow Control
481(1)
16.2.3 Reactive Power Control
482(1)
16.3 Approximation Control
483(3)
16.3.1 Objective Function and Optimal Control
483(2)
16.3.2 Approximation Using the Least-Squares Method
485(1)
16.4 Simulation
486(6)
16.5 Demonstration
492(7)
16.5.1 Field Test System
492(1)
16.5.2 Simple Control for Testing
493(1)
16.5.3 Testing Conditions
494(1)
16.5.4 Testing Results
495(2)
References
497(2)
17 Power Electronic Control for Wind Generation Systems
499(48)
17.1 Introduction
499(2)
17.2 WT with DFIG
501(11)
17.2.1 Modelling and Control of WT with DFIG
501(1)
17.2.1.1 Selection of Models of DFIG for Power System Analysis
501(1)
17.2.1.2 Decoupling Control of DFIG
502(2)
17.2.1.3 Impacts of WT with DFIG on Power System Stability
504(1)
17.2.2 Model of WT with DFIG
505(1)
17.2.2.1 Model of DFIG
505(2)
17.2.2.2 Model of Drive Train
507(2)
17.2.2.3 Model of the Back-to-Back Converters
509(1)
17.2.2.4 Rotor Side Converter Controller Model
509(2)
17.2.2.5 Grid Side Converter Controller Model
511(1)
17.2.2.6 Pitch Controller
511(1)
17.2.2.7 Interfacing with Power Grid
512(1)
17.3 Small Signal Stability Analysis of WT with DFIG
512(7)
17.3.1 Dynamic Model of WT with DFIG
512(1)
17.3.2 Small Signal Stability Analysis Model of WT with DFIG
513(1)
17.3.3 Small Signal Stability Analysis of WT with DFIG
514(1)
17.3.3.1 Small Signal Stability Analysis Techniques [ 6][ 19]
514(1)
17.3.3.2 Small Signal Stability Analysis with PI Controllers
515(1)
17.3.3.3 Small Signal Stability Analysis with Optimized PI Controllers
516(1)
17.3.4 Dynamic Simulations
517(1)
17.3.4.1 Four-Machine System - Small Disturbance
517(2)
17.3.4.2 Four-Machine System - Large Disturbance
519(1)
17.4 Model of WT with DDPMG
519(6)
17.4.1 Model of WT with DDPMG
520(1)
17.4.1.1 Model of DDPMG
520(1)
17.4.1.2 Model of Drive Train
521(1)
17.4.1.3 Model of Converter
522(1)
17.4.1.4 Generator Side Converter Controller Model
522(2)
17.4.1.5 Grid Side Converter Controller
524(1)
17.4.1.6 Interfacing with Power Grid
524(1)
17.4.1.7 Dynamic Model of WT with DDPMG System
525(1)
17.5 Small Signal Stability Analysis of WT with DDPMG
525(4)
17.5.1 Small Signal Stability Analysis Model
525(1)
17.5.2 Small Signal Stability Analysis of WT with DDPMG
526(1)
17.5.2.1 Small Signal Stability Analysis with PI Controller
526(1)
17.5.2.2 Small Signal Stability Analysis of the WT with DDPMG Using Optimized PI Controllers
527(1)
17.5.3 Dynamic Simulation on Four-Machine System
528(1)
17.6 Nonlinear Control of Wind Generation Systems
529(7)
17.6.1 Nonlinear Control
529(1)
17.6.2 Third-Order Model of WT with DFIG
530(1)
17.6.3 Nonlinear Control Design for the WT with DFIG
531(1)
17.6.3.1 Model Exact Linearization of the WT with DFIG
531(3)
17.6.3.2 Nonlinear Control Design for the WT with DFIG
534(1)
17.6.5 Dynamic Simulations
535(1)
17.6.5.1 CCT Analysis
535(1)
17.6.5.2 Dynamic Performance
536(1)
17.7 Modelling of Large Wind Farms Using System Dynamic Equivalence
536(4)
17.7.1 Identification of Coherency Groups
537(1)
17.7.2 Network Reduction
537(1)
17.7.3 Aggregation of Dynamic Parameters
538(1)
17.7.4 Dynamic Simulations
538(2)
17.8 Interconnection of Large Wind Farms with Power Grid via HVDC Link
540(7)
17.8.1 Development in VSC HVDC Technologies
540(2)
17.8.2 VSC HVDC Control for Wind Farm Interconnection
542(1)
17.8.3 Dynamic Simulations
543(1)
References
543(4)
Index 547