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Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas Production [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 416 pages, kõrgus x laius: 246x174 mm, kaal: 902 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Sep-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138737844
  • ISBN-13: 9781138737846
Teised raamatud teemal:
Flow Assurance Solids in Oil and Gas ProductionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 416 pages, kõrgus x laius: 246x174 mm, kaal: 902 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 07-Sep-2017
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1138737844
  • ISBN-13: 9781138737846
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781138737846.html
Märksõnad:
The precipitation and deposition of solids are a major challenge in the production of oil and gas. Flow assurance solids are formed because of unavoidable changes in temperature, pressure and composition of the oil-gas-water flowstream, from reservoir conditions to processing conditions. The advent of subsea production and the increased exploitation of heavy crudes have made flow assurance issues dominant in ensuring efficient and safe exploitation of hydrocarbon assets. Five troublesome flow assurance solids are described in the book: asphaltene, paraffin wax, natural gas hydrate, naphthenate and inorganic scale. These big-five solids are presented in stand-alone chapters. Each chapter is designed to be readable without clutter. Derivations of equations and descriptions of supporting details are given in several appendices.

The book is intended for professional engineers and natural scientist working in E&P companies, engineering companies, service companies and specialized companies. An understanding of the big-five solids is required throughout the lifetime of oil and gas assets, from early development to abandonment. The technical, safety and environmental risks associated with deposition problems in near-wellbore formations, production tubing, wellhead equipment, flowlines and processing facilities, are relevant for decisions in the oil and gas industry and in outside regulatory and financial entities.

Arvustused

"The impact of solids on the production of oil and gas resources is varied and profound. Yet it has been hard to find a comprehensive book that describes their properties, behavior and consequences. This book is laid out very usefully, in the important oilfield solids each have their own chapter dedicated to their properties and impact. The reader is not burdened with too much theory or fundamentals in those chapters, yet the details of the theory and fundamentals are all covered in the appendices for those who choose to delve deeper."

Roland N. Horne, Professor of Petroleum Engineering at Stanford University, USA.

"Congratulations to Professor Gudmundsson with this comprehensive new flow assurance book. Flow assurance is a key petroleum engineering challenge to understand, model, predict and mitigate or eliminate to the maximum extent unless you want initially open pipelines and flowlines to turn into candle lights through which nothing flows or into closed-up reservoirs in the near well-bore region. Everything else in a field development can be perfect; if you get flow assurance wrong, the total reservoir plumbing system may be nothing like you thought and expensive retro-fits can be expensive at best."

Dr. Helge H. Haldorsen, 2015 President of the Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Preface xi
Acknowledgements xiii
1 Introduction (The view of solids)
1(14)
1.1 Oilfield production
1(3)
1.2 Flow assurance
4(2)
1.3
Chapters and appendices
6(1)
1.4 Supporting considerations
7(3)
1.5 Symbols and units
10(3)
1.6 Concluding remarks
13(2)
2 Flow phenomena (The tools for study)
15(30)
2.1 Bulk and wall temperature
16(5)
2.2 Pressure drop in pipelines
21(5)
2.3 Surface roughness
26(1)
2.4 Two-phase flow in pipelines
27(5)
2.5 Convective mass transfer
32(3)
2.6 Boundary layer theory
35(1)
2.7 Particle mass transfer
36(4)
2.8 Deposition models
40(4)
2.9 Concluding remarks
44(1)
3 Asphaltene (The tar-like solids)
45(40)
3.1 Classes of crude oil
46(2)
3.2 Crude oil SARA values
48(4)
3.3 Analysis of elements
52(2)
3.4 Molecules and particles
54(3)
3.5 Polarity and dipole moment
57(3)
3.6 Reservoir to surface conditions
60(2)
3.7 Solution model
62(3)
3.8 Saturation limits
65(3)
3.9 Precipitation envelope
68(2)
3.10 Instability line
70(3)
3.11 Properties in model
73(4)
3.12 Deposit buildup
77(5)
3.13 Concluding remarks
82(3)
4 Paraffin wax (The candle-like solids)
85(44)
4.1 Wax in oil and condensate
85(4)
4.2 Precipitation curves
89(3)
4.3 Viscosity of oil-wax slurry
92(3)
4.4 Thermodynamics of precipitation
95(5)
4.5 Spatial and temporal buildup
100(5)
4.6 Nature of deposits
105(2)
4.7 Flow loop observations
107(2)
4.8 Deposition profiles
109(5)
4.9 Selected deposition models
114(3)
4.10 Monitoring of pipelines
117(4)
4.11 Pipeline pigging
121(6)
4.12 Concluding remarks
127(2)
5 Natural gas hydrate (The ice-like solids)
129(30)
5.1 Trapped in cages
130(5)
5.2 Water in oil and gas production
135(2)
5.3 Water vapour in natural gas
137(2)
5.4 Equilibrium lines
139(3)
5.5 Non-hydrocarbon gases and water salinity
142(3)
5.6 Prevention by antifreeze
145(4)
5.7 Prevention by low-dosage chemicals
149(2)
5.8 Prevention by cold flow
151(4)
5.9 Further considerations
155(1)
5.10 Concluding remarks
156(3)
6 Inorganic scale (The salt-like solids)
159(40)
6.1 Main factors and issues
159(2)
6.2 Produced water
161(3)
6.3 Scaling minerals
164(1)
6.4 Solubility graphs
165(4)
6.5 Equilibrium and activity
169(3)
6.6 Chemical potential
172(2)
6.7 Solubility of scaling minerals
174(5)
6.8 Sulphate scale
179(2)
6.9 Carbonate scale
181(7)
6.10 Sulphide scale
188(2)
6.11 Amorphous silica
190(6)
6.12 Concluding remarks
196(3)
7 Naphthenate (The soap-like solids)
199(30)
7.1 Acidity of crude oil
199(5)
7.2 Naphthenic acids
204(2)
7.3 Tetracarboxylic acids
206(2)
7.4 Composition of deposits
208(3)
7.5 Deposition parameters
211(4)
7.6 Interface processes
215(4)
7.7 Basic thermodynamics
219(1)
7.8 Size of bubbles and droplets
220(3)
7.9 Field challenges
223(4)
7.10 Concluding remarks
227(2)
References 229(18)
Appendix A Temperature in pipelines 247(4)
Appendix B Pipeline wall heat transfer 251(6)
Appendix C Boundary layer temperature profile 257(4)
Appendix D Darcy-Weisbach equation 261(2)
Appendix E Transfer equations 263(4)
Appendix F Friction factor of structured deposits 267(6)
Appendix G Pressure drop in gas pipelines and wells 273(8)
Appendix H Universal velocity profile 281(6)
Appendix I Particle velocity and stopping distance 287(4)
Appendix J Diffusion coefficient 291(2)
Appendix K Deposition-release models 293(4)
Appendix L1 Dipole moment of hydrocarbons 297(2)
Appendix L2 Regular solution model 299(4)
Appendix M1 Viscosity and activation energy 303(6)
Appendix M2 Wax-in-kerosene deposition model 309(2)
Appendix M3 Pigging model for wax 311(6)
Appendix N Water vapour in natural gas 317(6)
Appendix O Hydrate dissociation pressure 323(2)
Appendix P Boiling point elevation of seawater 325(2)
Appendix Q1 Solubility of gases in water 327(8)
Appendix Q2 Chemical equilibrium 335(4)
Appendix R Ionic strength and activity coefficient 339(4)
Appendix S Gibbs free energy 343(6)
Appendix T Chemical potential 349(4)
Appendix U Solubility product constants 353(4)
Appendix V Solubility and nucleation 357(2)
Appendix W Calcite and silica chemistry 359(4)
Appendix X1 Crude oil composition 363(6)
Appendix X2 Emulsions of crude oil and brine 369(6)
Appendix X3 Energy dissipation and bubble diameter 375(6)
Appendix Y1 Two-phase flow variables and equations 381(6)
Appendix Y2 Two-phase flow regimes 387(6)
Appendix Z Multiplier pressure drop method 393(4)
Index 397
Jon Steinar Gudmundsson is professor emeritus in petroleum engineering at NTNU in Trondheim. Educated in chemical engineering in Edinburgh (Scotland) and Birmingham (England), the author worked in geothermal engineering in his native Iceland for many years. From 1981, the author was an associated professor of petroleum engineering and the manager of the Stanford Geothermal Program. From 1985, the author served as the director of the UNU Geothermal Training Programme in Reykjavík. In 1989, the author was appointed professor of petroleum engineering at NTNU. Courses taught include production engineering, petroleum processing and natural gas technology. Fluid flow has been central in the authors R&D, advising masters and doctoral students on a wide-range of topics. Long-term activities include new technology for the storage and transport of frozen natural gas hydrate (and cold-flow), in cooperation with industrial partners. Also, the development of a new technology (pressure pulse) to monitor deposit thickness in pipelines, now available from a major service company. Jon is a member of scientific academies in Iceland and Norway, and the professional societies TEKNA (Norwegian Society of Graduate Technical and Scientific Professionals) and SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers). Community service includes eight years on the Trondheim City Council. Lastly and most important, the author is married and has three grown-up children and presently two grandchildren.