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Flow-Induced Pulsation and Vibration in Hydroelectric Machinery: Engineers Guidebook for Planning, Design and Troubleshooting 2013 ed. [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 244 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 571 g, XXIV, 244 p., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Aug-2012
  • Kirjastus: Springer London Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1447142519
  • ISBN-13: 9781447142515
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 244 pages, kõrgus x laius: 235x155 mm, kaal: 571 g, XXIV, 244 p., 1 Hardback
  • Ilmumisaeg: 28-Aug-2012
  • Kirjastus: Springer London Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1447142519
  • ISBN-13: 9781447142515
Since the 1970’s, an increasing amount of specialized research has focused on the problems created by instability of internal flow in hydroelectric power plants. However, progress in this field is hampered by the inter­disciplinary nature of the subject, between fluid mechanics, structural mechanics and hydraulic transients. Flow-induced Pulsation and Vibration in Hydroelectric Machinery provides a compact guidebook explaining the many different underlying physical mechanisms and their possible effects. Typical phenomena are described to assist in the proper diagnosis of problems and various key strategies for solution are compared and considered with support from practical experience and real-life examples. The link between state-of the-art CFD computation and notorious practical problems is discussed and quantitative data is provided on normal levels of vibration and pulsation so realistic limits can be set for future projects. Current projects are also addressed as the possibilities and limitations of reduced-scale model tests for prediction of prototype performance are explained. Engineers and project planners struggling with the practical problems will find Flow-induced Pulsation and Vibration in Hydroelectric Machinery to be a comprehensive and convenient reference covering key topics and ideas across a range of relevant disciplines.

This book explains the underlying physical mechanisms of flow-induced pulsation and vibration, and their possible effects. Discusses links between state-of the-art CFD computation and notorious practical problems, and offers data on normal vibration levels.
1 Basic Concepts
1(32)
1.1 Hill Charts, Operating Modes, and Parameters
1(6)
1.2 Amplitudes and Spectra
7(5)
1.3 Pulsation Phenomena in Pipes and Plants
12(6)
1.4 Hydraulic Resonance
18(5)
1.5 Hydraulic Instability
23(4)
1.6 Mechanical Assessment of Components
27(6)
References
30(3)
2 Low-Frequency Phenomena in Swirling Flow
33(36)
2.1 Swirling Flows in Pipes, Vortex Breakdown Phenomena
33(2)
2.1.1 Basic Observations
33(1)
2.1.2 Early Research
34(1)
2.2 Draft Tube Vortex Phenomena
35(21)
2.2.1 Partial-Load Vortex: Forced Oscillation (Half-Load Surge)
36(4)
2.2.2 Random pulsation at Very Low Load
40(1)
2.2.3 Partial-Load Vortex: Two Threads (Twin Vortex)
41(1)
2.2.4 Low Partial-Load: Self-Excited Oscillation
41(2)
2.2.5 Upper Partial-Load Vortex: The "80 % Pulsation"
43(1)
2.2.6 Instability of the Helix Flow Pattern
44(1)
2.2.7 Self-Excited Oscillation at High Load (Full-Load Surge)
45(3)
2.2.8 Full-Load Vortex: Forced Oscillation
48(1)
2.2.9 System Response
48(1)
2.2.10 Mechanical Effects
48(2)
2.2.11 Peculiarities of Francis and Other Turbine Types
50(2)
2.2.12 Prediction and Assessment
52(2)
2.2.13 Countermeasures
54(2)
2.3 Runner Inter Blade Vortex
56(3)
2.3.1 Physical Mechanism
56(1)
2.3.2 Prediction, Features, Diagnosis
56(1)
2.3.3 Operation Range Affected
57(1)
2.3.4 Detrimental Effects
57(2)
2.3.5 Countermeasures
59(1)
2.4 Vortex Breakdown: Other Locations
59(10)
2.4.1 Penstock Manifold
59(2)
2.4.2 Kaplan Hub
61(1)
2.4.3 Draft Tube Fin Tip Vortex
62(2)
References
64(5)
3 Periodic Effects of Runner-Casing Interaction
69(42)
3.1 General Properties of Unsteady Blade Row Interaction
69(2)
3.2 Oscillation at Runner Frequency
71(4)
3.2.1 Unbalance of Runner
71(1)
3.2.2 Asymmetry of Casing
72(3)
3.3 Blade Interaction in Reaction Machines
75(9)
3.3.1 Flow Phenomena Involved
75(4)
3.3.2 Mechanical Effects
79(2)
3.3.3 Influence of Design, Countermeasures
81(2)
3.3.4 Numerical Simulation
83(1)
3.4 Axial Machines
84(3)
3.4.1 Wake Effects from Wicket Gates
84(1)
3.4.2 Excitation of Axial Vibration
85(1)
3.4.3 Runner Blade Passage on Axial Machine Discharge Ring
86(1)
3.5 Bucket Passage in Pelton Turbines
87(11)
3.5.1 Physical Background
87(3)
3.5.2 Mechanical Effects
90(2)
3.5.3 Numerical Simulation of Jet Impact
92(1)
3.5.4 Influence of Design Parameters
93(5)
3.6 Pressure Wave Interference in the Spiral Casing
98(13)
3.6.1 Mechanical Effects
105(1)
3.6.2 Possibilities for Mitigation
105(3)
References
108(3)
4 High-Frequency Vortex Phenomena
111(18)
4.1 Von Karman Vortex Street
111(9)
4.1.1 Basic Flow Mechanism
111(2)
4.1.2 Turbine Components Affected by Vortex Streets
113(3)
4.1.3 Related Design Practice
116(2)
4.1.4 Numerical Flow Simulation
118(2)
4.2 Flow Turbulence
120(9)
4.2.1 Physical Background and Properties
120(1)
4.2.2 Operating Conditions and Turbulence Level
121(2)
4.2.3 Transient Operation
123(1)
4.2.4 Numerical Flow Simulation
124(1)
References
125(4)
5 Cavitation-Related Phenomena
129(14)
5.1 Dynamics of Cavitation Bubbles and Clouds
129(2)
5.2 Flow Situations Prone to Cavitation
131(1)
5.3 Cavitation Damage
132(3)
5.4 Other Mechanical Effects
135(3)
5.4.1 Vibration and Noise
135(1)
5.4.2 Increased Compressibility of Flow
135(1)
5.4.3 Pressure Shocks
136(2)
5.4.4 Cavitation-Induced Instability
138(1)
5.5 Countermeasures
138(1)
5.6 Numerical Flow Simulation
138(5)
5.6.1 Cavtitation Modeling
139(2)
References
141(2)
6 Stability-Related Unsteady Phenomena
143(20)
6.1 Gap Flow Effects
143(5)
6.1.1 Basic Mechanism
143(2)
6.1.2 Destabilizing Labyrinth
145(1)
6.1.3 Crown/Band Chamber Effects
145(3)
6.2 Flutter of Guide Vanes
148(1)
6.3 Penstock Auto-Oscillation: The `Leaking Seal' Effect
149(2)
6.3.1 Basic Mechanism
149(1)
6.3.2 Characteristic Features
150(1)
6.3.3 Countermeasures
151(1)
6.4 Pump and Pump-Turbine Instabilities
151(12)
6.4.1 Pump Instability due to Excessive Head
151(2)
6.4.2 Pump Turbine Instability due to S-Shaped Characteristics
153(2)
6.4.3 Numerical Simulation
155(1)
6.4.4 Rotating Stall in Pump Turbines, Turbine Brake Quadrant
156(2)
6.4.5 Pump Turbine Instability Influenced by Hysteresis
158(1)
6.4.6 Precautions Recommended for Commissioning
159(1)
References
160(3)
7 Model Tests, Techniques, and Results
163(36)
7.1 Similarity Considerations
163(3)
7.2 Francis Turbine Model Tests
166(19)
7.2.1 Pressure Pulsation
166(11)
7.2.2 Aeration Pressure
177(4)
7.2.3 System Studies
181(4)
7.3 Pump Turbine Model Tests
185(8)
7.3.1 Pressure Pulsation
185(2)
7.3.2 Guide Vane Torque
187(3)
7.3.3 Runner Forces
190(3)
7.4 Axial Turbine Model Tests
193(6)
7.4.1 Bulb Turbine Tests
193(1)
7.4.2 Vertical Kaplan Turbine Tests
194(3)
7.4.3 Vertical Fixed-Blade Turbine Tests
197(1)
References
197(2)
8 Selected Field Experience
199(26)
8.1 Francis Turbine with Forced Oscillation at High Load
199(4)
8.2 Francis Turbine with Self-Excited Oscillation at High Load
203(4)
8.3 Pump-Turbine Pulsation and Instability at Speed-No Load
207(6)
8.3.1 Penstock Vibration and High-Frequency Pulsation
207(2)
8.3.2 Instability at Speed-No Load
209(2)
8.3.3 Medium-Frequency Pulsation
211(2)
8.4 Von Karman vortex in Propeller Turbine Stay Vanes
213(6)
8.4.1 Cracking of Stay Vanes
213(1)
8.4.2 Analysis and Corrective Measures
214(1)
8.4.3 Later Development
215(4)
8.5 Vertical Kaplan Turbine with Disturbed Intake Flow
219(6)
8.5.1 Noise at High Load
220(1)
8.5.2 Root Cause Analysis
221(2)
8.5.3 Possible Solution
223(1)
References
224(1)
9 Practical Guidelines
225(14)
9.1 Planning and Design
225(5)
9.1.1 Influence of Plant Parameters
225(1)
9.1.2 Selection of Unit Data
226(1)
9.1.3 Pulsation and Vibration Guarantees
227(1)
9.1.4 Resonance and Other Kinds of Trouble
228(2)
9.1.5 Good Design Practice
230(1)
9.2 Model Testing
230(2)
9.2.1 Test Conditions
230(1)
9.2.2 Scope of Testing
231(1)
9.2.3 Interpretation
231(1)
9.3 Field Testing
232(3)
9.3.1 Measurement of Pressure Pulsations
232(2)
9.3.2 Vibration measurements
234(1)
9.4 Troubleshooting
235(4)
References
236(3)
Index 239
Peter  Dörfler, M.Eng., Ph.D., has been doing specific research in the area of hydraulic oscillations and transients covering tests at laboratory models and prototype machines, literature surveys and his own publications since 1978. He has issued numerous internal regulations and design rules for the prevention of instability and vibration in water turbines and pumps. He has led many successful troubleshooting campaigns concerning vibration problems in machines of own or third-party design.

Mirjam  Sick, M.Eng., Ph.D., MBA,  is Head of the Engineering Methods Department which comprises the major computational methods in hydraulic turbine development: fluid dynamics, structural mechanics and dynamic system analysis in the hydraulic R&D department of ANDRITZ HYDRO. With many years of experience as a research engineer in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) she has been pursuing R&D in the field of fluid-structure coupling, dynamic load and multi physics during the last 5 years and has been involved in numerous cases of trouble shooting and root cause analysis.

With the hydro business of GE (now Andritz Hydro) since 1980, André Coutu, Eng., M.Eng., MBA,  progressed through increasingly complex technical assignments within the business and now supervises mechanical analysis and mechanical R&D projects at the Andritz Hydro Francis turbines Center of Competence (CoC) in Montréal. He had decisive involvement in solving many complex site and shop mechanical issues and has published several papers related to hydraulic turbines mechanical behavior.