|
|
1 | (32) |
|
1.1 Hill Charts, Operating Modes, and Parameters |
|
|
1 | (6) |
|
1.2 Amplitudes and Spectra |
|
|
7 | (5) |
|
1.3 Pulsation Phenomena in Pipes and Plants |
|
|
12 | (6) |
|
|
18 | (5) |
|
1.5 Hydraulic Instability |
|
|
23 | (4) |
|
1.6 Mechanical Assessment of Components |
|
|
27 | (6) |
|
|
30 | (3) |
|
2 Low-Frequency Phenomena in Swirling Flow |
|
|
33 | (36) |
|
2.1 Swirling Flows in Pipes, Vortex Breakdown Phenomena |
|
|
33 | (2) |
|
|
33 | (1) |
|
|
34 | (1) |
|
2.2 Draft Tube Vortex Phenomena |
|
|
35 | (21) |
|
2.2.1 Partial-Load Vortex: Forced Oscillation (Half-Load Surge) |
|
|
36 | (4) |
|
2.2.2 Random pulsation at Very Low Load |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
2.2.3 Partial-Load Vortex: Two Threads (Twin Vortex) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
2.2.4 Low Partial-Load: Self-Excited Oscillation |
|
|
41 | (2) |
|
2.2.5 Upper Partial-Load Vortex: The "80 % Pulsation" |
|
|
43 | (1) |
|
2.2.6 Instability of the Helix Flow Pattern |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
2.2.7 Self-Excited Oscillation at High Load (Full-Load Surge) |
|
|
45 | (3) |
|
2.2.8 Full-Load Vortex: Forced Oscillation |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
2.2.10 Mechanical Effects |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
2.2.11 Peculiarities of Francis and Other Turbine Types |
|
|
50 | (2) |
|
2.2.12 Prediction and Assessment |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
2.3 Runner Inter Blade Vortex |
|
|
56 | (3) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
2.3.2 Prediction, Features, Diagnosis |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
2.3.3 Operation Range Affected |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
2.3.4 Detrimental Effects |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
2.4 Vortex Breakdown: Other Locations |
|
|
59 | (10) |
|
|
59 | (2) |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
2.4.3 Draft Tube Fin Tip Vortex |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
|
64 | (5) |
|
3 Periodic Effects of Runner-Casing Interaction |
|
|
69 | (42) |
|
3.1 General Properties of Unsteady Blade Row Interaction |
|
|
69 | (2) |
|
3.2 Oscillation at Runner Frequency |
|
|
71 | (4) |
|
3.2.1 Unbalance of Runner |
|
|
71 | (1) |
|
3.2.2 Asymmetry of Casing |
|
|
72 | (3) |
|
3.3 Blade Interaction in Reaction Machines |
|
|
75 | (9) |
|
3.3.1 Flow Phenomena Involved |
|
|
75 | (4) |
|
|
79 | (2) |
|
3.3.3 Influence of Design, Countermeasures |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
3.3.4 Numerical Simulation |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (3) |
|
3.4.1 Wake Effects from Wicket Gates |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
3.4.2 Excitation of Axial Vibration |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
3.4.3 Runner Blade Passage on Axial Machine Discharge Ring |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
3.5 Bucket Passage in Pelton Turbines |
|
|
87 | (11) |
|
3.5.1 Physical Background |
|
|
87 | (3) |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
3.5.3 Numerical Simulation of Jet Impact |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
3.5.4 Influence of Design Parameters |
|
|
93 | (5) |
|
3.6 Pressure Wave Interference in the Spiral Casing |
|
|
98 | (13) |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
3.6.2 Possibilities for Mitigation |
|
|
105 | (3) |
|
|
108 | (3) |
|
4 High-Frequency Vortex Phenomena |
|
|
111 | (18) |
|
4.1 Von Karman Vortex Street |
|
|
111 | (9) |
|
4.1.1 Basic Flow Mechanism |
|
|
111 | (2) |
|
4.1.2 Turbine Components Affected by Vortex Streets |
|
|
113 | (3) |
|
4.1.3 Related Design Practice |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
4.1.4 Numerical Flow Simulation |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
|
120 | (9) |
|
4.2.1 Physical Background and Properties |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
4.2.2 Operating Conditions and Turbulence Level |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
4.2.3 Transient Operation |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
4.2.4 Numerical Flow Simulation |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (4) |
|
5 Cavitation-Related Phenomena |
|
|
129 | (14) |
|
5.1 Dynamics of Cavitation Bubbles and Clouds |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
5.2 Flow Situations Prone to Cavitation |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (3) |
|
5.4 Other Mechanical Effects |
|
|
135 | (3) |
|
5.4.1 Vibration and Noise |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
5.4.2 Increased Compressibility of Flow |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
|
136 | (2) |
|
5.4.4 Cavitation-Induced Instability |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
5.6 Numerical Flow Simulation |
|
|
138 | (5) |
|
5.6.1 Cavtitation Modeling |
|
|
139 | (2) |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
6 Stability-Related Unsteady Phenomena |
|
|
143 | (20) |
|
|
143 | (5) |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
6.1.2 Destabilizing Labyrinth |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
6.1.3 Crown/Band Chamber Effects |
|
|
145 | (3) |
|
6.2 Flutter of Guide Vanes |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
6.3 Penstock Auto-Oscillation: The `Leaking Seal' Effect |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
6.3.2 Characteristic Features |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
6.4 Pump and Pump-Turbine Instabilities |
|
|
151 | (12) |
|
6.4.1 Pump Instability due to Excessive Head |
|
|
151 | (2) |
|
6.4.2 Pump Turbine Instability due to S-Shaped Characteristics |
|
|
153 | (2) |
|
6.4.3 Numerical Simulation |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
6.4.4 Rotating Stall in Pump Turbines, Turbine Brake Quadrant |
|
|
156 | (2) |
|
6.4.5 Pump Turbine Instability Influenced by Hysteresis |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
6.4.6 Precautions Recommended for Commissioning |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
|
160 | (3) |
|
7 Model Tests, Techniques, and Results |
|
|
163 | (36) |
|
7.1 Similarity Considerations |
|
|
163 | (3) |
|
7.2 Francis Turbine Model Tests |
|
|
166 | (19) |
|
|
166 | (11) |
|
|
177 | (4) |
|
|
181 | (4) |
|
7.3 Pump Turbine Model Tests |
|
|
185 | (8) |
|
|
185 | (2) |
|
|
187 | (3) |
|
|
190 | (3) |
|
7.4 Axial Turbine Model Tests |
|
|
193 | (6) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
7.4.2 Vertical Kaplan Turbine Tests |
|
|
194 | (3) |
|
7.4.3 Vertical Fixed-Blade Turbine Tests |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (2) |
|
8 Selected Field Experience |
|
|
199 | (26) |
|
8.1 Francis Turbine with Forced Oscillation at High Load |
|
|
199 | (4) |
|
8.2 Francis Turbine with Self-Excited Oscillation at High Load |
|
|
203 | (4) |
|
8.3 Pump-Turbine Pulsation and Instability at Speed-No Load |
|
|
207 | (6) |
|
8.3.1 Penstock Vibration and High-Frequency Pulsation |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
8.3.2 Instability at Speed-No Load |
|
|
209 | (2) |
|
8.3.3 Medium-Frequency Pulsation |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
8.4 Von Karman vortex in Propeller Turbine Stay Vanes |
|
|
213 | (6) |
|
8.4.1 Cracking of Stay Vanes |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
8.4.2 Analysis and Corrective Measures |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
8.5 Vertical Kaplan Turbine with Disturbed Intake Flow |
|
|
219 | (6) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
8.5.2 Root Cause Analysis |
|
|
221 | (2) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (14) |
|
|
225 | (5) |
|
9.1.1 Influence of Plant Parameters |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
9.1.2 Selection of Unit Data |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
9.1.3 Pulsation and Vibration Guarantees |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
9.1.4 Resonance and Other Kinds of Trouble |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
9.1.5 Good Design Practice |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (2) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (3) |
|
9.3.1 Measurement of Pressure Pulsations |
|
|
232 | (2) |
|
9.3.2 Vibration measurements |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (4) |
|
|
236 | (3) |
Index |
|
239 | |