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Fluoride in Drinking Water: Status, Issues, and Solutions [Kõva köide]

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(Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India), (TKM College of Engineering, Kerala, India)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 210 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 544 g, 24 Tables, black and white; 12 Illustrations, color; 29 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498756522
  • ISBN-13: 9781498756525
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Fluoride in Drinking Water: Status, Issues, and SolutionsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 210 pages, kõrgus x laius: 234x156 mm, kaal: 544 g, 24 Tables, black and white; 12 Illustrations, color; 29 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 20-Apr-2016
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498756522
  • ISBN-13: 9781498756525
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Teised raamatud sellest sooduspakkumisest: Kevadine sooduspakkumine - kuni 31. maini üle miljoni raamatu kuni 25% soodsamalt
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781498756525.html
Märksõnad:

The aim of this book is to highlight the dimensions of the problem and suggest scientific solutions. The global status of fluoride pollution is conceptually presented in this book. Most of the recent scientific studies undertaken the world over, are carefully summarized and tabulated so as to generate a global database on the status of fluoride pollution. Further, the health issues and associated human stress effects are scientifically discussed. The conventional approaches used for defluoridation in the fluoride endemic areas are discussed in detail, highlighting their limitations. A comparative evaluation of the technologies used for defluoridation has been presented as well.

Arvustused

"This book recorded the outstanding feat of a chemist who in the 1930s managed to measure a few ppm of fluoride in water; in the days before ion selective electrodes and other modern means, this was a magnificent achievement. Each chapter concludes with a comprehensive list of up-to-date references and a summary of the main points and conclusions; a useful practice which might well be followed by other authors." Chromatographia 2016

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Authors xv
1 Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Global Perspective
1(10)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Drinking-Water Scenario
1(2)
1.3 Geogenic Pollutants
3(2)
1.3.1 Fluorine: The Chemical Profile
3(1)
1.3.2 Sources of Fluoride
3(2)
1.4 Fluoride in Humans
5(1)
1.5 Genesis of Fluoride in Groundwater
5(3)
1.6 Summary
8(3)
References
8(3)
2 Scenario of Fluoride Pollution
11(16)
2.1 Introduction
11(1)
2.2 Global Scenario
11(10)
2.2.1 Asian and African Scenario
11(9)
2.2.2 Indian Scenario
20(1)
2.3 Summary
21(6)
References
22(5)
3 Dental Fluorosis
27(12)
3.1 Introduction
27(1)
3.2 Dental Effects of Fluoride
27(3)
3.2.1 Dental Caries (Tooth Decay)
28(1)
3.2.2 Prevention of Dental Caries by Fluoride
29(1)
3.2.3 Role of Fluoride in Dental Decay
29(1)
3.3 Dental Fluorosis: History and Occurrence
30(1)
3.4 Development of Dental Fluorosis
31(4)
3.4.1 Physical Symptoms of Dental Fluorosis
32(1)
3.4.2 Issues of Dental Fluorosis
33(1)
3.4.3 Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis
33(2)
3.5 Summary
35(4)
References
36(3)
4 Skeletal Fluorosis
39(12)
4.1 Introduction
39(1)
4.2 Action of Fluoride on Bone
39(1)
4.3 Fluoride Exposure Level and Skeletal Fracture
40(1)
4.4 Skeletal Fluorosis
41(3)
4.4.1 Crippling Skeletal Fluorosis
43(1)
4.5 Fluoride Level and Effects Related to Skeletal Fluorosis
44(1)
4.6 Significance of Other Factors
45(1)
4.7 Recent Developments
46(1)
4.8 Summary
47(4)
References
48(3)
5 Stress Effects of Fluoride on Humans
51(8)
5.1 Introduction
51(1)
5.2 Nonskeletal Fluorosis
51(1)
5.3 Fluoride and Cancer
51(2)
5.4 Fluoride and Gastrointestinal System
53(1)
5.5 Other Health Effects
54(1)
5.6 Summary
55(4)
References
56(3)
6 Fluoride in the Environment and Its Toxicological Effects
59(28)
6.1 Introduction
59(1)
6.2 Sources of Environmental Exposure
59(1)
6.3 Environmental Transport, Distribution, and Transformation
60(1)
6.4 Environmental Levels and Human Exposure
61(10)
6.4.1 Fluoride from Dental Products
62(1)
6.4.2 Fluoride from Food and Beverage
63(5)
6.4.3 Fluoride in Soil
68(1)
6.4.4 Fluoride in Tobacco and Pan Masala
69(1)
6.4.5 Fluoride from Occupational Exposure
69(2)
6.4.6 TF Exposure
71(1)
6.5 Effects of Fluoride on Laboratory Animals and In Vitro Systems
71(5)
6.6 Effect of Fluoride on Aquatic Organisms
76(1)
6.7 Effect of Fluoride on Plants
77(1)
6.8 Effect of Fluoride on Animals
78(1)
6.9 Guidelines Values and Standards
79(1)
6.10 Summary
80(7)
References
81(6)
7 Defluoridation Techniques: An Overview
87(36)
7.1 Introduction
87(1)
7.2 Coagulation
87(3)
7.2.1 Lime
88(1)
7.2.2 Magnesium Oxide
88(1)
7.2.3 Calcium and Phosphate Compounds
89(1)
7.3 Co Precipitation of Fluoride
90(3)
7.3.1 Alum
90(1)
7.3.2 Alum and Lime (Nalgonda Technique)
91(2)
7.4 Adsorption
93(13)
7.4.1 Bone and Bone Charcoal
93(1)
7.4.2 Clays and Soils
94(2)
7.4.3 Carbonaceous and Other Adsorbents
96(3)
7.4.4 Alumina
99(2)
7.4.5 Activated Alumina
101(2)
7.4.6 Other Alumina-Based Adsorbents
103(3)
7.5 Electrochemical Methods
106(3)
7.5.1 Electrocoagulation
106(3)
7.5.2 Electrosorption
109(1)
7.6 Membrane Processes
109(5)
7.6.1 Reverse Osmosis
110(2)
7.6.2 Nanofiltration
112(1)
7.6.3 Electrodialysis
113(1)
7.7 Defluoridation Techniques: A Summary
114(1)
7.8 Summary
115(8)
References
117(6)
8 Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride: A Case Study
123(66)
8.1 Introduction
123(1)
8.2 Materials and Methods
123(2)
8.2.1 Reagents and Adsorbate
123(1)
8.2.2 Synthesis of the Adsorbent
124(1)
8.2.3 Instrumentation
124(1)
8.2.4 Characterization of the Adsorbent
124(1)
8.3 Batch Studies
125(3)
8.3.1 Effect of Process Parameters
125(1)
8.3.2 Equilibrium Studies
126(1)
8.3.3 Column Studies
127(1)
8.4 Theoretical and Mathematical Formulations
128(20)
8.4.1 Adsorption Capacity
128(1)
8.4.2 Kinetic Modeling
129(1)
8.4.2.1 Pseudo-First-Order Model
129(1)
8.4.2.2 Pseudo-Second-Order Model
130(1)
8.4.2.3 Intra Particle Diffusion Model
131(1)
8.4.2.4 Elovich Equation
131(1)
8.4.2.5 Arrhenius Equation
132(1)
8.4.3 Elucidation of Rate-Limiting Step
132(1)
8.4.4 Adsorption Equilibrium and Isotherms
133(1)
8.4.4.1 Langmuir Isotherm
134(1)
8.4.4.2 Freundlich Isotherm
135(1)
8.4.4.3 Dubinin--Radushkevich (D--R) Isotherm
136(1)
8.4.4.4 Selection of Best-Fitting Isotherm
137(1)
8.4.4.5 Natural and Synthetic Systems
137(1)
8.4.4.6 Concentration and Dose Variation Studies
138(1)
8.4.5 Factors Influencing Adsorption
138(1)
8.4.5.1 Adsorbent Dose
138(1)
8.4.5.2 Contact Time
139(1)
8.4.5.3 Agitation Rate
139(1)
8.4.5.4 Effect of pH and Coexisting Ions
139(1)
8.4.5.5 Temperature
140(1)
8.4.5.6 Ionic Strength
141(1)
8.4.6 Behavior of Adsorption Columns
141(2)
8.4.7 Analysis and Modeling of Breakthrough Profile
143(1)
8.4.7.1 Hutchins BDST Model
143(1)
8.4.7.2 Thomas Model
144(1)
8.4.7.3 Yoon--Nelson Model
145(1)
8.4.7.4 Clark Model
146(1)
8.4.7.5 Wolborska Model
146(1)
8.4.7.6 Bohart and Adams Model
147(1)
8.4.8 Regeneration
147(1)
8.5 Results and Discussions
148(31)
8.5.1 Characterization of the Adsorbent
148(1)
8.5.2 Kinetics Studies
149(1)
8.5.2.1 Agitation Rate
149(1)
8.5.2.2 Adsorbent Dosage
150(2)
8.5.3 Kinetic Profile of Fluoride Uptake
152(1)
8.5.3.1 Pseudo-First-Order Model
153(1)
8.5.3.2 Pseudo-Second-Order Model
153(1)
8.5.3.3 Intra Particle Surface Diffusion Model
154(1)
8.5.3.4 Elovich Model
154(1)
8.5.3.5 Arrhenius Equation
155(1)
8.5.4 Elucidation of Rate-Limiting Step
156(2)
8.5.5 Fluoride Removal Mechanism
158(4)
8.5.6 Isotherm Studies
162(1)
8.5.6.1 Effects of Temperature
163(1)
8.5.7 Performance Evaluation of ALC in Natural and Synthetic Systems
163(1)
8.5.7.1 Effect of pH, Ionic Strength, and Temperature
164(2)
8.5.7.2 Effects of Other Ions
166(1)
8.5.8 Column Studies
167(1)
8.5.8.1 Effect of Process Parameters on Breakthrough
168(3)
8.5.9 Application of Sorption Models
171(4)
8.5.9.1 Comparison of the Applied Models (Synthetic Water)
175(1)
8.5.9.2 Comparison of the Applied Models (Natural Water)
176(1)
8.5.10 Fluoride Desorption Studies
177(2)
8.6 Summary of the Case Study
179(5)
8.7 Conclusions of the Case Study
184(5)
References
185(4)
Index 189
A. K. Gupta earned a PhD in environmental science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India. Currently, he is a professor in the environmental engineering division of the civil engineering department at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, and he is actively involved in teaching, research, and consultancy. His research interests include water treatment, environmental impact assessment, monitoring, and modeling of air and water pollution, and geogenic pollutant scavenging. He has more than 60 publications in top-ranking international journals and is a renowned technical consultant in the arena of environmental engineering.

S. Ayoob is a professor in the department of civil engineering and the principal of the TKM College of Engineering, Kerala, India. He graduated in civil engineering from the TKM College of Engineering, Kollam, India, and earned his masters and doctoral degrees at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India. He also served as course leader and headed the department of health, safety, and environmental management at the International College of Engineering and Management, the Sultanate of Oman (affiliated with the University of Central Lancashire, UK) for a short period of time.