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Food Security and Climate Change [Kõva köide]

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  • Formaat: Hardback, 568 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x178x25 mm, kaal: 1111 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Mar-2019
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1119180643
  • ISBN-13: 9781119180647
Teised raamatud teemal:
Food Security and Climate ChangeSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 568 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 246x178x25 mm, kaal: 1111 g
  • Ilmumisaeg: 01-Mar-2019
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1119180643
  • ISBN-13: 9781119180647
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781119180647.html
Märksõnad:

This book looks at the current state of food security and climate change, discusses the issues that are affecting them, and the actions required to ensure there will be enough food for the future. By casting a much wider net than most previously published books—to include select novel approaches, techniques, genes from crop diverse genetic resources or relatives—it shows how agriculture may still be able to triumph over the very real threat of climate change.
Food Security and Climate Change integrates various challenges posed by changing climate, increasing population, sustainability in crop productivity, demand for food grains to sustain food security, and the anticipated future need for nutritious quality foods. It looks at individual factors resulting from climate change, including rising carbon emission levels, increasing temperature, disruptions in rainfall patterns, drought, and their combined impact on planting environments, crop adaptation, production, and management. The role of plant genetic resources, breeding technologies of crops, biotechnologies, and integrated farm management and agronomic good practices are included, and demonstrate the significance of food grain production in achieving food security during climate change.
Food Security and Climate Change is an excellent book for researchers, scientists, students, and policy makers involved in agricultural science and technology, as well as those concerned with the effects of climate change on our environment and the food industry.

List of Contributors xvii
1 Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security 1(24)
Shyam S. Yadav
V. S. Hegde
Abdul Basir Habibi
Mahendra Dia
Suman Verma
1.1 Introduction
1(5)
1.1.1 Climate Change and Agriculture
3(1)
1.1.2 Impact of Dioxide on Crop Productivity
4(1)
1.1.3 Impact of Ozone on Crop Productivity
5(1)
1.1.4 Impact of Temperature and a Changed Climate on Crop Productivity
6(1)
1.2 Climate Change and Food Security
6(4)
1.2.1 Climate Change and Food Availability
7(1)
1.2.2 Climate Change and Stability of Food Production
8(1)
1.2.3 Climate Change and Access to Food
8(1)
1.2.4 Climate Change and Food Utilization
9(1)
1.3 Predicted Impacts of Climate Change on Global Agriculture, Crop Production, and Livestock
10(4)
1.3.1 Climate Change Mitigation, Adaptation, and Resilience
11(1)
1.3.2 Mitigation
12(1)
1.3.3 Adaptation and Resilience
12(1)
1.3.4 Policies, Incentives, Measures, and Mechanisms for Mitigation and Adaptation
13(1)
1.4 Impact of Divergent & Associated Technologies on Food Security under Climate Change
14(3)
1.4.1 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
15(1)
1.4.2 Technological Options for Boosting Sustainable Agriculture Production
15(1)
1.4.3 Mechanization in Agriculture Sector
16(1)
1.4.4 Food Processing and Quality Agro-Products Processing
16(1)
1.4.5 Planning, Implementing and Evaluating Climate-Smart Agriculture in Smallholder Farming Systems
17(1)
1.5 The Government of India Policies and Programs for Food Security
17(1)
1.6 Conclusions
18(1)
References
19(2)
In Riculture Seri
21(4)
2 Changes in Food Supply and Demand by 2050 25(26)
Timothy S. Thomas
2.1 Introduction
25(1)
2.2 Model Description
26(1)
2.3 Model Assumptions
26(2)
2.3.1 Economic and Demographic Assumptions
26(2)
2.4 Climate Assumptions
28(2)
2.5 Results
30(8)
2.5.1 Production
30(8)
2.6 Underutilized Crops
38(1)
2.7 Consumption
38(4)
2.8 Trade and Prices
42(4)
2.9 Food Security
46(2)
2.10 Conclusion
48(2)
References
50(1)
3 Crop Responses to Rising Atmospheric [ CO2] and Global Climate Change 51(20)
Pauline Lemonnier
Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
3.1 Introduction
51(7)
3.1.1 Rising Atmospheric [ CO2] and Global Climate Change
51(2)
3.1.2 Measuring Crop Responses to Rising [ CO2]
53(1)
3.1.3 Physiological Responses to Rising [ CO2]
54(4)
3.2 Crop Production Responses to Rising [ CO2]
58(6)
3.2.1 Effects of Rising [ CO2] on Food Quality
59(2)
3.2.2 Strategies to Improve Crop Production in a High CO2 World
61(11)
3.2.2.1 Genetic Variability in Elevated [ CO2] Responsiveness: The Potential and Challenges for Breeding
62(1)
3.2.2.2 Strategies for Genetic Engineering
63(1)
Acknowledgements
64(1)
References
64(7)
4 Adaptation of Cropping Systems to Drought under Climate Change (Examples from Australia and Spain) 71(24)
Garry J. O'Leary
James G. Nuttall
Robert I Redden
Carlos Cantero-Martinez
M. Ines Minguez
4.1 Introduction
71(1)
4.2 Water Supply
72(5)
4.2.1 Changing Patterns of Rainfall
72(2)
4.2.2 Rotations, Fallow, and Soil Management
74(3)
4.3 Interactions of Water with Temperature, CO2 and Nutrients
77(3)
4.3.1 High Temperature Response of Wheat
77(2)
4.3.2 High Temperature and Grain Quality of Wheat
79(1)
4.3.3 Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Crop Growth
79(1)
4.3.4 Elevated Atmospheric CO2 and Grain Quality
80(1)
4.4 Matching Genetic Resources to The Environment and the Challenge to Identify the Ideal Phenotype
80(2)
4.5 Changing Climate and Strategies to Increase Crop Water Supply and Use
82(2)
4.6 Beyond Australia and Spain
84(1)
4.7 Conclusions
85(1)
Acknowledgments
85(1)
References
86(9)
5 Combined Impacts of Carbon, Temperature, and Drought to Sustain Food Production 95(24)
Jerry L. Hatfield
5.1 Introduction
95(1)
5.1.1 Need for Food to Feed the Nine Billion by 2050
95(1)
5.2 Changing Climate
96(1)
5.3 Carbon Dioxide And Plant Growth
97(5)
5.3.1 Responses of Plants to Increased CO2
97(3)
5.3.2 Effect of Increased CO2 on Roots
100(1)
5.3.3 Effect of Increased CO2 on Quality
100(2)
5.4 Temperature Effects on Plant Growth
102(4)
5.4.1 Responses of Plants to High Temperatures
102(2)
5.4.2 Mechanisms of Temperature Effect on Plants
104(2)
5.5 Water Effects on Plant Growth
106(2)
5.5.1 Mechanisms of Water Stress
107(1)
5.6 Interactions of Carbon Dioxide, Temperature, And Water in a Changing Climate
108(2)
References
110(9)
6 Scope, Options and Approaches to Climate Change 119(12)
S. Seneweera
Kiruba Shankari Arun-Chinnappa
Naoki Hirotsu
6.1 Introduction
119(1)
6.2 Impact of CO2 and climate stress on growth and yield of agricultural crop
120(1)
6.3 The Primary Mechanisms of Plants Respond to Elevated CO2
121(1)
6.4 Interaction of Rising CO2 With Other Environmental Factors-Temperature and Water
121(1)
6.5 Impact of Climate Change on Crop Quality
122(1)
6.6 Climate Change, Crop Improvement, and Future Food Security
123(1)
6.7 Intra-specific Variation in Crop Response to Elevated [ CO2]-Current Germplasm Versus Wild Relatives
124(1)
6.8 Identification of New QTLs for Plant Breeding
124(1)
6.9 Association Mapping for Large Germplasm Screening
125(1)
6.10 Genetic Engineering of CO2 Responsive Traits
125(1)
6.11 Conclusions
126(1)
References
127(4)
7 Mitigation and Adaptation Approaches to Sustain Food Security under Climate Change 131(14)
Li Ling
Xuxiao Zong
7.1 Technology and its Approaches Options to Climate Change in Agriculture System
132(5)
7.1.1 Adjusting Agricultural Farming Systems and Organization, with Changes in Cropping Systems
133(2)
7.1.2 Changing Farm Production Activities
135(1)
7.1.3 Developing Biotechnology, Breeding New Varieties to Adapt to Climate Change
135(1)
7.1.4 Developing Information Systems, and Establishing a Disaster Prevention System
136(1)
7.1.5 Strengthening the Agricultural Infrastructure, Adjusting Management Measures
137(1)
7.2 Development and Implementation of Techniques to Combat Climatic Changes
137(4)
7.2.1 Improving Awareness of Potential Implications of Climate Change Among All Parties Involved (from grassroots level to decision makers)
138(1)
7.2.2 Enhancing Research on Typical Technology
138(2)
7.2.2.1 Enhancing Research on Typical Technology for Different Areas
138(1)
7.2.2.2 Enhancing Research on Food Quality Under Climate Change
138(1)
7.2.2.3 Enhancing Research on Legumes and Its Biological Nitrogen Fixation
139(1)
7.2.3 Developing Climate-Crop Modelling as an Aid to Constructing Scenarios
140(1)
7.2.4 Development and Assessment Efforts of Adaptation Technology
140 (1)
References
141(4)
8 Role of Plant Breeding to Sustain Food Security under Climate Change 145(14)
Rodomiro Ortiz
8.1 Introduction
145(1)
8.2 Sources of Genetic Diversity and their Screening for Stress Adaptation
146(3)
8.2.1 Crop-related Species
146(1)
8.2.2 Domestic Genetic Diversity
146(1)
8.2.3 Crossbreeding
147(1)
8.2.4 Pre-breeding
148(1)
8.2.5 Biotechnology and Modeling as Aids for Breeding Cultivars
148(1)
8.3 Physiology-facilitated Breeding and Phenotyping
149(2)
8.3.1 Abiotic Stress Adaptation and Resource-use Efficiency
150(1)
8.3.2 Precise and High Throughput Phenotyping
150(1)
8.4 DNA-markers for Trait Introgression and Omics-led Breeding
151(1)
8.5 Transgenic Breeding
152(1)
References
153(6)
9 Role of Plant Genetic Resources in Food Security 159(30)
Robert J. Redden
Hari Upadyaya
Sangam L. Dwivedi
Vincent Vadez
Michael Abberton
Ahmed Amri
9.1 Introduction
159(1)
9.2 Climate Change and Agriculture
160(1)
9.3 Adjusting Crop Distribution
160(1)
9.4 Within Crop Genetic Diversity for Abiotic Stress Tolerances
160(1)
9.5 Broadening the Available Genetic Diversity Within Crops
161(1)
9.6 Crop Wild Relatives as a Novel Source Of Genetic Diversity
161(1)
9.7 Genomics, Genetic Variation and Breeding for Tolerance of Abiotic Stresses
162(1)
9.8 Under-utilised Species
163(1)
9.9 Genetic Resources in the Low Rainfall Temperate Crop Zone
164(2)
9.10 Forage and Range Species
166(1)
9.11 Genetic Resources in the Humid Tropics
166(2)
9.12 Genetic Resources in the Semi-arid Tropics and Representative Subsets
168(1)
9.13 Plant Phenomics
168(2)
9.14 Discovering Climate Resilient Germplasm Using Representative Subsets
170(4)
9.14.1 Multiple Stress Tolerances
170(1)
9.14.2 Drought Tolerance
170(3)
9.14.3 Heat Tolerance
173(1)
9.14.4 Tolerance of Soil Nutrient Imbalance
174(1)
9.15 Global Warming and Declining Nutritional Quality
174(1)
9.16 Crop Wild Relatives (CWR)-The Source of Allelic Diversity
174(1)
9.17 Introgression of Traits from CWR
175(1)
9.18 Association Genetics to Abiotic Stress Adaptation
176(1)
9.19 Strategic Overview
177(1)
9.20 Perspectives
177(2)
9.21 Summary
179(1)
References
179(10)
10 Breeding New Generation Genotypes for Conservation Agriculture in Maize-Wheat Cropping Systems under Climate Change 189(40)
Rajbir Yadav
Kiran Gaikwad
Ranjan Bhattacharyya
Naresh Kumar Bainsla
Manjeet Kumar
Shyam S. Yadav
10.1 Introduction
189(2)
10.2 Challenges Before Indian Agriculture
191(8)
10.2.1 Declining Profit
191(2)
10.2.2 Depleting Natural Resources:
193(2)
10.2.2.1 Water:
193(1)
10.2.2.2 Soil Health/Soil Quality
193(2)
10.2.3 Changing Climate
195(3)
10.2.4 Climate Change Adaptation: Why it is Important in Wheat?
198(1)
10.3 CA as a Concept to Address These Issues Simultaneously
199(1)
10.4 Technological Gaps for CA in India
199(3)
10.4.1 Machinery Issue
199(1)
10.4.2 Non-availability of Adapted Genotypes for Conservation Agriculture
200(1)
10.4.3 Designing the Breeding Strategies
201(1)
10.5 Characteristics of Genotypes Adapted for CA
202(12)
10.5.1 Role of Coleoptiles in Better Stand Establishment Under CA
202(2)
10.5.2 Spreading Growth Habit During Initial Phase for Better Moisture Conservation and Smothering of Weeds
204(1)
10.5.3 Exploitation of Vernalization Requirement for Intensification
205(4)
10.5.4 Integrating Cropping System and Agronomy Perspective in Breeding for CA
209(5)
10.6 Wheat Ideotype for Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems of Northern India
214(1)
10.7 Breeding Methodology Adopted in IARI for CA Specific Breeding
215(1)
10.8 Countering the Tradeoff Between Stress Adaptation and Yield Enhancement Through CA Directed Breeding
216(4)
10.8.1 Yield Enhancement by Increasing Water Use Efficiency Through CA
218(2)
10.9 Conclusions
220(1)
References
221(8)
11 Pests and Diseases under Climate Change; Its Threat to Food Security 229(22)
Piotr Trebicki
Kyla Finlay
11.1 Introduction
229(2)
11.2 Climate Change and Insect Pests
231(4)
11.3 Climate Change and Plant Viruses
235(3)
11.4 Climate Change and Fungal Pathogens
238(2)
11.5 Climate Change and Effects on Host Plant Distribution and Availability
240(1)
Acknowledgments
241(1)
References
241(10)
12 Crop Production Management to Climate Change 251(38)
Sain Dass
S.L. Jot
Gangadhar Karjagi Chikkappa
C.M. Parihar
12.1 Introduction
251(1)
12.2 Maize Scenario in World and India
251(3)
12.3 The Growth Rate of Maize
254(2)
12.4 Maize Improvement
256(1)
12.5 Single Cross Hybrids
256(1)
12.6 Pedigree Breeding for Inbred Lines Development
257(2)
12.6.1 Seed multiplication
258(1)
12.6.2 Single Cross Development
258(1)
12.7 Preferred Characteristics for Good Parent
259(24)
12.7.1 Female or Seed Parent
259(1)
12.7.2 Development of Specialty Corn Schs
259(1)
12.7.3 Baby Corn and Sweet Corn
259(1)
12.7.4 Quality Protein Maize (QPM)
260(3)
12.7.4.1 Improvement of Inbred Lines
260(1)
12.7.4.2 Improvement of Inbred Lines through MAS
260(1)
12.7.4.3 Foreground selection
260(1)
12.7.4.4 Background selection
261(1)
12.7.4.5 Marker Assisted Backcross Breeding strategies (MABB)
262(1)
12.7.4.6 MABB at What Cost?
262(1)
12.7.5 Doubled Haploid (DH) Technique
263(2)
12.7.5.1 Steps Involved In Vivo DH Inbred Lines Development
263(2)
12.7.5.2 Advantages of DH Lines over Conventional Inbred Lines
265(1)
12.7.6 Transgenic Maize and its Potential
265(3)
12.7.6.1 Abiotic Stresses
266(1)
12.7.6.2 Drought Tolerance
267(1)
12.7.6.3 Screening Techniques
267(1)
12.7.7 Hybrid Seed Production
268(1)
12.7.7.1 Pre-requisites of Single Cross Hybrid Seed Production
268(1)
12.7.8 Important Considerations for Hybrid Seed Production
268(4)
12.7.8.1 Isolation Distance
268(1)
12.7.8.2 Male:female Ratio
269(1)
12.7.8.3 How to Bring Male: female Synchrony?
269(1)
12.7.8.4 Hybrid Seed Production Technology
269(3)
12.7.8.5 Hybrid Seed Production Sites
272(1)
12.7.9 Crop Production
272(11)
12.7.9.1 Cropping System Optimization
272(1)
12.7.9.2 Crop Sequence
273(1)
12.7.9.3 Best Management Practices (BMP) for Crop Establishment
274(1)
12.7.9.4 Crop Establishment
274(2)
12.7.9.5 Raised Bed/Ridge and Furrow Planting
276(2)
12.7.9.6 Zero-till Planting
278(1)
12.7.9.7 Conventional Till Flat Planting
278(1)
12.7.9.8 Furrow Planting
278(1)
12.7.9.9 Transplanting
279(1)
12.7.9.10 BMP for Water Management
279(2)
12.7.9.11 BMP for nutrient management
281(2)
12.8 Nutrient Management Practices for Higher Productivity and Profitability in Maize Systems
283(4)
12.8.1 Timing and method of fertilizer application
284(1)
12.8.2 Integrated Nutrient Management (INM)
284(1)
12.8.3 Biofertilizers
285(1)
12.8.4 Micronutrient Application
285(1)
12.8.5 Slow Release Fertilizers
285(1)
12.8.6 Precision Nutrient Management
285(1)
12.8.7 Conservation Agriculture and Smart Mechanization
286 (1)
References
287(2)
13 Vegetable Genetic Resources for Food and Nutrition Security under Climate Change 289(30)
Andreas W. Ebert
13.1 Introduction
289(1)
13.2 Global vegetable production
290(1)
13.3 The Role of Genetic Diversity to Maintain Sustainable Production Systems Under Climate Change
290(6)
13.4 Ex Situ Conservation of Vegetable Germplasm at The Global Level
296(6)
13.5 Access to Information on Ex Situ Germplasm Held Globally
302(8)
13.5.1 SINGER: Online Catalog of International Collections Managed by the GCIAR and WorldVeg
303(1)
13.5.2 EURISCO: the European Genetic Resources Search Catalog
303(1)
13.5.3 GRIN of USDA-ARS
304(1)
13.5.4 GENESYS: the global gateway to plant genetic resources
304(1)
13.5.5 The Crop Wild Relatives Portal
305(1)
13.5.6 Crop Trait Mining Platforms
305(2)
13.5.6.1 Crop Trait Mining Informatics Platform
305(1)
13.5.6.2 The Diversity Seek Initiative
306(1)
13.5.7 Trait information portal for CWR and landraces and crop-trait ontologies
307(1)
13.5.8 Summary and Outlook
308(2)
13.6 In Situ and On-farm Conservation of Vegetable Resources
310(1)
13.7 Summary and Outlook
311(1)
Acknowledgment
312(1)
References
312(3)
Annex 1
315(4)
14 Sustainable Vegetable Production to Sustain Food Security under Climate Change at Global Level 319(40)
Andreas W. Ebert
Thomas Dubois
Abdou Tenkouano
Ravza Mavlyanova
Jaw-Fen Wang
Bindumadhava Hanumantha Rao
Srinivasan Ramasamy
Sanjeet Kumar
Fenton D. Beed
Marti Pottorff
Wuu-Yang Chen
Ramakrishnan M. Nair
Harsh Nayyar
James J. Riley
14.1 Introduction
319(1)
14.2 Regional Perspective: Sub-Saharan Africa
320(5)
14.2.1 The Effects of Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa
320(1)
14.2.2 Interactions Between Climate Change and Other Factors Driving Vegetable Production and Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa
321(1)
14.2.3 Implications of Climate Change and Other Factors on Vegetable Production and Consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa
321(4)
14.3 Regional Perspective: South and Central Asia
325(3)
14.3.1 The Effects of Climate Change in South Asia
325(1)
14.3.2 The Effects of Climate Change in Central Asia
326(1)
14.3.3 Climate Change Adaptation Options in South and Central Asia
326(2)
14.4 The Role of Plant Genetic Resources for Sustainable Vegetable Production
328(1)
14.5 Microbial Genetic Resources to Boost Agricultural Performance of Robust Production Systems and to Buffer Impacts of Climate Change
329(1)
14.6 Physiological Responses to a Changing Climate: Elevated CO2 Concentrations and Temperature in The Environment
330(5)
14.6.1 CO2 and Photosynthesis
330(1)
14.6.2 CO2 and Stomatal Transpiration
331(1)
14.6.3 Dual Effect of Increased CO2 and Temperature
331(3)
14.6.3.1 High Temperature (HT) Effect on Mungbean
332(1)
14.6.3.2 Current and Proposed Mungbean Physiology Studies at Worldveg South Asia
332(2)
14.6.4 Conclusion
334(1)
14.7 Plant Breeding for Sustainable Vegetable Production
335(3)
14.7.1 Formal Vegetable Seed System-Lessons Learned
335(1)
14.7.2 Role of WorldVeg's International Breeding Programs
336(1)
14.7.3 Impact of WorldVeg's Breeding Programs
337(1)
14.7.4 Future Outlook
337(1)
14.8 Management of Bacterial and Fungal Diseases for Sustainable Vegetable Production
338(4)
14.9 Management of Insect and Mite Pests
342(2)
14.10 Grafting to Overcome Soil-borne Diseases and Abiotic Stresses
344(3)
14.11 Summary and Outlook
347(1)
Acknowledgment
347(1)
References
348(11)
15 Sustainable Production of Roots and Tuber Crops for Food Security under Climate Change 359(18)
Mary Taylor
Vincent Lebot
Andrew McGregor
Robert J. Redden
15.1 Introduction
359(2)
15.2 Optimum Growing Conditions for Root and Tuber Crops
361(3)
15.2.1 Sweet Potato
361(1)
15.2.2 Cassava
361(1)
15.2.3 Edible Aroids
362(1)
15.2.3.1 Taro
362(1)
15.2.3.2 Cocoyam
362(1)
15.2.3.3 Giant Taro
363(1)
15.2.3.4 Swamp Taro
363(1)
15.2.4 Yams
363(1)
15.3 Projected Response of Root and Tuber Crops to Climate Change
364(2)
15.3.1 Sweet Potato
364(1)
15.3.2 Cassava
364(3)
15.3.2.1 Edible Aroids
365(1)
15.3.2.2 Yam
365(1)
15.4 Climate Change and Potato Production
366(1)
15.5 Sustainable Production Approaches
367(2)
15.5.1 Agroforestry Systems
367(1)
15.5.1.1 Combining Tree Crops and Roots and Tubers
367(1)
15.5.2 Soil Health Management
368(1)
15.5.3 Utilizing Diversity
368(1)
15.6 Optimization of Root and Tuber Crops Resilience to Climate Change
369(2)
15.7 Conclusion
371(1)
References
371(6)
16 The Roles of Biotechnology in Agriculture to Sustain Food Security under Climate Change 377(36)
Rebecca Ford
Yasir Mehmood
Usana Nantawan
Chutchamas Kanchana-Udomkan
16.1 Introduction
377(1)
16.2 Reduced Water Availability and Drought
378(1)
16.3 Drought-proofing Wheat and Other Cereals
378(2)
16.4 Drought Tolerance in Temperate Legumes
380(1)
16.5 Drought Tolerance in Tropical Crops
381(2)
16.6 Rainfall Intensity, Flooding and Water-logging Tolerance
383(2)
16.7 Heat Stress And Thermo-tolerance
385(1)
16.8 Thermo-tolerance and Heat Shock Proteins in Food Crops
385(3)
16.9 Heat Stress Tolerance in Temperate Legumes
388(1)
16.10 Salinity Stress, Ionic and Osmotic Tolerances
388(1)
16.11 Salinity Tolerance in Rice
389(1)
16.12 Salinity Tolerance in Legumes
390(1)
16.13 Transgenics to Overcome Climate Change Imposed Abiotic Stresses
390(2)
16.14 Conclusion
392(1)
References
393(20)
17 Application of Biotechnologies in the Conservation and Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources for Food Security 413(20)
Toshiro Shigaki
17.1 Introduction
413(1)
17.2 Climate change
413(2)
17.2.1 Population Explosion
414(1)
17.2.2 Vandalism
414(1)
17.3 Collecting Germplasm
415(1)
17.4 Conservation
415(5)
17.4.1 In situ Collection
415(1)
17.4.2 Ex situ Collection
416(1)
17.4.3 Slow Growth in Tissue Culture
416(1)
17.4.4 Cryopreservation
417(2)
17.4.5 Herbarium
419(1)
17.4.6 Svalbard Global Seed Vault
419(1)
17.5 Characterization of Germplasm
420(2)
17.5.1 Early Developments
420(1)
17.5.1.1 RFLP
420(1)
17.5.1.2 RAPD
421(1)
17.5.2 New Developments
421(1)
17.5.2.1 Genotyping by Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR)
421(1)
17.5.2.2 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
421(1)
17.5.3 Recent Developments
422(1)
17.5.3.1 Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS)
422(1)
17.5.4 Future Prospects
422(1)
17.6 Germplasm Exchange
422(3)
17.6.1 Bioassay
423(1)
17.6.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
423(1)
17.6.3 PCR
423(1)
17.6.4 Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
423(2)
17.7 Germplasm Utilization
425(3)
17.7.1 Embryo Rescue
425(1)
17.7.2 Somatic Hybridization
426(1)
17.7.3 Molecular Breeding
426(1)
17.7.4 Genetic Engineering
426(2)
17.7.5 Biosafety
428(1)
17.8 Future Strategies and Guidelines for the Preservation of Plant Genetic Resources
428(2)
References
430(3)
18 Climate Change Influence on Herbicide Efficacy and Weed Management 433(16)
Mithila Jugulam
Aruna K. Varanasi
Vijaya K. Varanasi
P.V.V. Prasad
18.1 Introduction
433(1)
18.2 Herbicides in Weed Management
434(1)
18.3 Climate Factors and Crop-Weed Competition
434(4)
18.4 Climate Change Factors, Herbicide Efficacy and Weed Control
438(4)
18.4.1 Effects of Elevated CO2 and High Temperatures
438(2)
18.4.2 Effects of Precipitation and Relative Humidity
440(1)
18.4.3 Effects of Solar Radiation
441(1)
18.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Direction
442(1)
Acknowledgments
442(1)
References
442(7)
19 Farmers' Knowledge and Adaptation to Climate Change to Ensure Food Security 449(22)
Lois Wright Morton
19.1 Farmers and Climate Change
449(2)
19.2 Knowledge About Climate
451(1)
19.3 Weather and Climate
452(1)
19.4 Values and Beliefs About Climate Change
453(1)
19.5 Farmer Climate Beliefs
454(2)
19.6 Vulnerability, Experiences of Risk, Concern About Hazards and confidence
456(2)
19.7 Climate Related Hazards
458(2)
19.8 Adaptation Factors
460(2)
19.9 Water is the Visible Face of Climate
462(1)
19.10 Making Sense of Climate: Local, Indigenous and Scientific knowledge
463(2)
19.11 System Adaptation or Transformation
465(2)
References
467(4)
20 Farmer and Community-led Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation of Agriculture Using Agricultural Biodiversity and Genetic Resources 471(28)
Tony McDonald
Jessica Sokolow
Danny Hunter
20.1 Introduction
471(1)
20.2 Impact of Climate Change on Farming Communities
472(2)
20.3 Inequity of Climate Change across Farming Communities
474(1)
20.4 Impact of Climate Change on the Many Elements of Genetic Resources and Agricultural Biodiversity
475(1)
20.5 Monocultures
475(1)
20.6 Wild Species
476(1)
20.7 Role of Genetic Resources and Agricultural Biodiversity in Coping with Climate Change
477(1)
20.8 Brief Overview of Approaches Using Genetic Resources and Agricultural Biodiversity to Cope with Climate Change
478(4)
20.9 Identification of a Spectrum of Examples of Farmer-led Approaches
482(1)
20.10 Examination of Barriers to Implementation of Farmer-led Approaches
483(10)
20.10.1 Farmers & their Communities
490(1)
20.10.2 Institutional & Collaborative mechanisms
491(1)
20.10.3 Contextual & Background
492(1)
20.11 Systems that are working
493(1)
20.12 Conclusion
494(1)
References
494(5)
21 Accessing Genetic Diversity for Food Security and Climate Change Adaptation in Select Communities in Africa 499(24)
Otieno Gloria
21.1 Introduction
499(2)
21.2 Methodology
501(3)
21.2.1 Reference Sites and Crops
501(1)
21.2.2 Data and Methods
502(2)
21.3 Results and Discussion
504(16)
21.3.1 Summary of Climate Change in Selected Sites
504(1)
21.3.2 Finding Potentially Adaptable Accessions from a Pool of National and International Plant Genetic Resources
504(16)
21.3.2.1 Zambia
505(3)
21.3.2.2 Zimbabwe
508(1)
21.3.2.3 Benin
508(12)
21.4 Conclusions and Policy Implications
520(1)
References
521(2)
Index 523
About the Editors

SHYAM S. YADAV, Freelance International Consultant in Agriculture, Manav Memorial Trust/ Manav Foundation, Vikaspuri, New Delhi, India and Manav Mahal International School, Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ROBERT J. REDDEN, RJR Agricultural Consultants, Horsham, Victoria, Australia.



JERRY L. HATFIELD, USDA-ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment, Ames, Iowa, USA.

ANDREAS W. EBERT, Freelance International Consultant in Agriculture and Agrobiodiversity, Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany.

DANNY HUNTER, Senior Scientist, Healthy Diets from Sustainable Food Systems Initiative, Bioversity International, Rome, Italy and Adjunct Researcher, Plant and Agricultural Biosciences Centre (PABC), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUIG).